12份美国玉米自交系配合力评价

以12份引进美国解禁玉米自交系为供试材料,4份课题组骨干玉米自交系(KA105、KA064、KB043和KB204)为测验种,采用NC-II遗传交配设计,进行配合力测定与分析。结果表明,测验种KA105和KA064产量一般配合力(GCA)效应表现优良,供试美国玉米自交系中PHPR5、MBST、LH213、2FACC、LH212Ht、LH209和PHR47产量GCA效应表现优良。杂交组合PHPR5×KA105、LH213×KA105、PHH93×KA105、2FACC×KA064、LH212Ht×KA105、PHPR5×KB204产量的超标优势较强,可进一步试验。     

外来玉米群体选系的配合力及杂种优势研究

为了认知外来玉米群体PF6J155选系的配合力差异以及配合力与杂种优势的关系,以12个外来玉米群体选系为母本、5个分属于不同杂优类群的代表系为父本,按照NCⅡ设计配成60个杂交组合,在辽宁省4个不同生态区裂区试验,分析自交系的一般配合力以及60个杂交种主要性状的特殊配合力和杂种优势。结果表明,外来玉米群体PF6J155选系之间的一般配合力(GCA)效应差别明显,单株产量GCA效应值高的自交系为ZL2116、ZL2436、ZL8344,其部分产量构成因子(穗长、行粒数、百粒重和出籽率)的GCA效应也较高,是表现比较理想的自交系;不同组合单株产量的特殊配合力(SCA)效应也不同,ZL8344×昌7-2在单株产量SCA和对照杂种优势方面都表现出较好的水平,可对其生产应用价值进一步试验鉴定。聚类分析结果表明,外来玉米群体PF6J155偏属于Reid种质,与塘四平头、旅大红骨和Lancaster具有较好的杂种优势,可形成一定的杂优模式。     

41份中晚熟欧洲玉米选系的配合力及杂种优势分析

试验以东北农业大学利用17份欧洲玉米种质选育的41份中晚熟优良自交系为材料,以代表瑞德类群的自交系D1798Z和兰卡斯特类群的HCL645为测验种,采用NCII遗传交配设计组配82个杂交组合,分析产量配合力及杂种优势关系。结果表明,41份欧洲选系的单株产量GCA相对效应值为-20.95%~26.72%,20份材料的一般配合力表现为正效应。DNF26-7-1、DNF03-12-2、DNP03-7-1等28份选系偏向于瑞德类群,DNF06-1-1、DNPA4-5-3-2、DN-2-12-1等13份选系偏向于兰卡斯特类群,其杂种优势模式为瑞德×兰卡斯特。18个杂交组合单株产量对照优势为正值,选系DNF14-9-2、DNR11-10-1和DNF26-6-1与HCL645组配的3个组合对照优势表现突出,育种潜力较大。     

富铁玉米自交系的筛选及配合力研究

以30个玉米自交系以及从中随机抽取的16个自交系按Griffing方法4组配的120个杂交组合为供试材料,在春、夏播中对玉米子粒铁含量、铁含量的配合力进行了分析。结果表明:①供试玉米自交系铁含量变幅为14.98～26.83mg/kg,春、夏播杂交组合铁含量变幅分别为12.39～24.43mg/kg和14.18～27.25mg/kg;②铁含量除受遗传控制外,还明显受播期、基因型与播期互作的影响;③铁含量的GCA(一般配合力)、SCA(特殊配合力)、播期、GCA与播期互作、SCA与播期互作均达到显著或极显著水平;④多数铁含量SCA效应值较高的组合,至少有一个亲本的GCA效应值较高,但也有部分铁含量SCA效应值较高的组合,其双亲的GCA效应值却较低,表明在选育杂交组合时,应在选择铁性状GCA较高亲本基础上,通过广泛测交加强SCA选择;⑤亲本铁含量的表型值与GCA效应呈极显著正相关,相关系数r=0.70,在一定程度上可通过亲本铁含量表型值的水平来预测亲本GCA效应值的高低。     

20份早熟欧美血缘玉米自交系利用潜力分析

以20份早熟欧美血缘自交系为供试材料,9份SS群自交系为母本、11份NSS群自交系为父本,采用不完全双列杂交设计,进行配合力分析评价。结果表明,自交系DNF342、DNLM18、东407、东409和东401产量一般配合力(GCA)优良,东304和东503株高、穗位高一般配合力优良,有利于降低杂交组合株高和穗位高。杂交组合东407×东601、东409×DNF342、东502×DN4206、东409×东305、东407×DN4206和东401×东601产量对照优势较强,可用于新品种试验。     

高寒山区几个玉米自交系数量性状配合力分析

利用9个玉米自交系,按 Griffing完全双列杂交方法4组配成36个杂交组合进行试验。对主要数量性状的一般配合力、特殊配合力、配合力总效应以及各自交系的特殊配合力方差进行估算和分析。结果表明,自交系411的一般配合力最高,自交系405和琼180具有较高的一般配合力和特殊配合力方差,其配制的组合配合力总效应高,系组配强优势杂交组合的优良自交系。     

Lancaster群体改良自交系株型性状的配合力分析

采用不完全双列杂交,分析8个含有Lancaster血缘的自交系与4大类群代表系中5个自交系的一般配合力(GCA)和特殊配合力(SCA)。结果表明：株高、穗位高、茎直径、雄穗长、雄穗分枝的GCA和SCA方差均达极显著水平;一般配合力及小区产量较高的自交系有N305、N575、N583、吉853、丹340、丹988;N575×丹340的总配合力效应值最高,是最好的杂交组合。在供试的8个自交系中,N575、N583、N305与各父本所配杂交组合产量较高,是比较理想的自交系。株型性状间的相关分析表明,株高与穗位高、雄穗长度有较大的正相关,穗位高与茎直径相关性较大。     

热带亚热带优质蛋白玉米自交系与温带普通玉米自交系产量配合力研究

采用NCⅡ设计对4个热带亚热带优质蛋白玉米(QPM)自交系和10个温带普通玉米优良自交系配制杂交组合,将组合在云南省3种不同生态环境下进行产量鉴定,以分析这些自交系的配合力,并研究热带亚热带QPM自交系与温带普通玉米自交系间的遗传关系。方差分析表明,地点和组合×地点方差达极显著水平,杂交组合、QPM自交系(P1)和普通玉米自交系(P2)的产量GCA方差以及P1×P2的产量SCA方差达极显著水平。配合力分析结果表明,多数自交系在昆明、保山、曲靖3种不同生态环境下产量GCA、SCA表现差异较大,表明产量GCA、SCA与环境存在互作。产量SCA效应值与产量简单相关分析表明,特殊配合力在产量形成中的作用较小。根据产量SCA相对值,结合自交系系谱来源,分析P1和P2之间遗传关系,结果表明,自交系LX9801、掖107与CML166遗传关系较近;K12、97P-69、97P-64与CML171和CML161遗传关系较近;陕五2134、H84-89-1、K22、云147、90211与CML194遗传关系较近。     

玉米籽粒几个物理性状的遗传与配合力分析

用14份玉米自交系采用7×7不完全双列杂交设计组配的49个F1组合为供试材料,研究了玉米籽粒几个物理性状的遗传规律和配合力效应。结果表明,粒宽和容重主要受加性基因效应影响;千粒重和比重加性效应及非加性效应同等重要;粒长主要受非加性效应影响。同一物理性状在不同自交系间其GCA效应有较大差异,其中自交系5003的粒长GCA效应最高,533粒宽和比重GCA效应均为最高,千粒重和客重GCA效应最高者分别为425和48—2。     

部分高油玉米自交系产量性状配合力分析

以来自中国农业大学的15份高油玉米自交系为被测系,以黑龙江省6个常用骨干自交系为测验种,采用NCII遗传交配设计,系统地比较分析15个高油玉米自交系产量性状的配合力。结果表明,高油玉米自交系BY812、BY815、GY798、GY237多数产量性状的GCA较高,就产量而言应视为优良自交系。高油系GY302、GY923、GY1007多数产量性状的GCA较低,用这些自交系做亲本,选育高产组合的概率不大。大多数高油系与81162、444间的单株产量总配合力效应值为正值,而与434、红玉米间的总配合力效应值多为负值,说明多数高油系的适宜的组配方向为Reid系统和唐四平头系统。高油系BY832、BY815与6个测验种间的总配合力效应值均为正值．是黑龙江省今后需重点应用的高油系。而GY302、GY462、GY923、BY807与6个测验种间的总配合力效应值均为负值,在黑龙江省难以组配优良杂交种,需进一步探索其杂优模式。     

In vitro reproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.)

Pasture legumes are important components of both mixed farming rotations and permanent pastures in temperate climates. Breeding of two widely sown pasture legumes, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativus Brot.), is constrained by the long generation cycle, typically enabling only one generation per year. We hypothesized manipulation of culture medium and conditions would enable the development of a laboratory‐based protocol for in vitro reproduction in subterranean clover and French serradella. In vitro flowering and viable seed set was induced from both species. For subterranean clover, the most effective treatment was culturing on modified MS medium with 1 μm kinetin and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and continuous photoperiod. For French serradella, culture on a hormone‐free B5 medium with 5 mm NH₄Cl and 0·1 m sucrose under a 100 μmol m^?2 s^?1 light intensity and 20 h photoperiod was optimum. It is expected this technique will have application in accelerating generation turnover within breeding programs, for the study of factors influencing flowering in pasture legumes, and for the propagation of valuable yet enfeebled plants such as embryo‐rescued hybrids.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Estimation of lucerne yield stability for enabling effective cultivar selection under rainfed conditions

Evaluation of crop and forage yield stability is of increasing relevance in the context of current and recent environmental changes but, in contrast to other field crops, there are no published systematic analyses among forage crops in Europe. A study of stability performance was conducted with 13 Czech cultivars of lucerne at four locations over a 2‐year period with the following aims: (a) to evaluate yield stability of varieties across different environments and (b) to calculate measurable benefits of variety selection in relation to the specific environment. The cultivar Vlasta was identified as the highest yielding cultivar (annual yield 16.0 t DM/ha), whereas the lowest yielding cv. Magda, Tereza and Oslava averaged around 14.9 t DM/ha. Effect of genotype × environment interaction (G × E) was two times higher than for genotype alone. Additive main effects and the multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model showed that the highest yielding cultivars may not be stable across environments. This study demonstrated further that significant yield improvement could be detected, even among a relatively homogenous group of domestic cultivars, and this was driven mainly by site productivity: the improvement was +10% in low‐yielding sites, compared with +3% in high‐yielding sites. Results highlight that advanced agronomy should also consider stability parameters such as AMMI stability value or superiority measures for forage crops in response to the challenges associated with climate change.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

稻文化的再思考3:稻与社稷——印度、泰国等东南亚、南亚主要国家

东南亚、南亚地区是世界上重要的稻米产区,稻米在民众饮食生活和国家社会政治中占有重要地位,民众生活中也保存了非常悠久和丰富的稻作文化习俗及稻谷起源神话传说。本文分析了水稻在东南亚、南亚主要国家印度、印度尼西亚、泰国、越南、菲律宾、孟加拉国、缅甸的作用、地位、生产、消费、文化等情况,并指出了印度、印度尼西亚稻文化的主要标志。     

Irrigation but not N fertilization enhances seedhead density in plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii)

Plains rough fescue ( F estuca hallii) is an important forage grass species in western Canada. Seed for use in pastures and ecological restoration is in high demand but supply is limited because F. hallii is an erratic seed producer. Seed producers require an understanding of the factors that influence flowering and seed set in this species. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the flowering and growth of F. hallii in a native rough fescue prairie in Alberta, Canada. Irrigation had a strong positive effect on seedhead density, whereas fertilization had limited effects on growth and reproduction of F. hallii. These results demonstrate that under field conditions, available moisture is likely to be a key factor driving flowering and seed production in F. hallii.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.     

Model of wheat yield response to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum)

A general model of crop yield response to herbicide application is proposed. The model includes three components: the effect of herbicide dosage on weed density, the effect of surviving weed density on crop yield and the effect of herbicide directly on the crop. The model is used to estimate the response of wheat yield to application of diclofop-methyl to control ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in Australia. It is found that the competitiveness of ryegrass plants surviving treatment is reduced by the treatment and that the proportion of yield loss at a given ryegrass density is not independent of the absolute weed-free yield. The response function is used to calculate economic thresholds and optimal herbicide dosages.