61份玉米DH系的SSR标记分析及性状遗传研究

采用SSR标记对由玉米自交系四-287×PHBIM组配的杂交F1经"吉高诱3号"诱导以及秋水仙素加倍后筛选所得的61份DH系进行进一步鉴定,并运用NCⅡ设计,将61份DH系与优良自交系L98与PH6WC组配成122个杂交组合,对DH系以及杂交组合的7个性状进行配合力及遗传力分析。结果表明,经SSR分子鉴定,61份DH系未发现偏分离现象;以单穗粒重、百粒重为目标,筛选出9个表现优良的DH系;以单穗粒重为目标,筛选出(M45×PH6WC、M42×PH6WC、M47×PH6WC)3个优良杂交组合。遗传力分析表明,株高、穗长可在早代选择,穗位高和秃尖长在晚代选择。     

玉米DH系遗传参数分析和育种效果

利用PH4CV×A6 F1进行单倍体育种,育成336份DH系为父本、以PH6WC为母本组配336个杂交组合,通过2年鉴定淘汰后综合性状较好的14个组合及先玉335(PH6WC×PH4CV)、通育99(PH6WC×A6)进行3次重复鉴定试验,就10个性状加显性效应进行方差、遗传系数和聚类分析。结果表明,株高、穗位高、子粒水分、百粒重和容重存在超高亲、超低亲遗传,粒穗比存在超高亲遗传,穗粒重无超高亲遗传。各性状对穗粒重通径系数影响,正向作用为百粒重穗行数穗长容重株高穗位高,负向作用为子粒水分粒穗比秃尖长(绝对值)。14个DH系可划分为3个群,PH4CV和A6的卡方距离为3.45,D752与A6卡方距离为1.96。单倍体育种实践,D752穗粒重加显性效应达到PH4CV水平,同时兼顾了低株高、低穗位等多数优良性状,改良效率为0.30%(1/336)。     

基于DH系的种质基础和秋水仙素浓度对玉米单倍体加倍效果的研究

以先玉335为母本、高频孤雌生殖诱导系G5为父本杂交诱导产生的单倍体为实验材料,研究秋水仙素浸芽加倍处理玉米单倍体的最佳浓度和时间。结果表明,秋水仙素浓度为0.7 mg/m L、浸芽8 h处理下的玉米单倍体加倍率最高,高达14.4%;秋水仙素浓度为0.8 mg/m L、浸芽8 h处理下的单倍体加倍率次之,为12.1%。以自交系PHB1M、PH4CV、PH6WC、PHGJ4和DH系Z2、Z8为亲本组配的PHB1M×PH4CV、PHB1M×Z2、PH4CV×DZ2、PH6WC×PHGJ4、PH6WC×Z8、PHGJ4×Z8组合为母本,以G5为父本,研究玉米DH系对杂交后代加倍率的影响,结果表明,PH4CV×Z2(26.2%)、PHB1M×Z2(25.8%)、PHGJ4×Z8(23.3%)和PH6WC×Z8(21.3%)的单倍体加倍率显著高于PHB1M×PH4CV(13.5%)和PH6WC×PHGJ4(8.4%),以DH系为亲本组配选系基础材料可显著提高玉米杂交组合的单倍体加倍率。     

玉米F1、F2代穗粒性状的遗传效应分析和适宜群体筛选

利用2个优良爆裂玉米自交系与6个Reid类群普通玉米自交系杂交组配12个杂交组合,研究穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、百粒重、穗重、穗粒重和出籽率8个穗粒性状的F1表现、杂种优势和F2群体表现、分离特征及其与亲本的相关性。结果表明,不同组合F1表现、中亲优势(MH)、超高亲优势(HH)和F2群体的平均值(F2M)、变幅、变异系数、优势衰退(HDR)等均存在不同程度差异,各穗粒性状杂交早代的遗传背景效应突出;F2群体各性状均呈连续正态分布,存在超双亲分离,为多基因控制的复杂数量性状;杂种优势较小的穗行数、出籽率和穗粗可以根据两类亲本或其均值初步预测其组合F1和F2M值的表现,对于杂种优势较大的穗重、穗粒重和百粒重不宜进行预测;除穗行数和出籽率外,其余性状F1表现与F2M、MH和HH以及F2M、MH、HH间多呈显著或极显著正相关,HDR与F1、F2M、MH和HH均呈显著或极显著负相关;R2×N04、R4×N10和R5×N10组合为进一步开展遗传作图和改良爆裂玉米自交系穗粒性状的最佳群体。     

玉米自交系郑58×PH6WC二环选系的配合力研究

以郑58×PH6WC为基础试材选育的二环系M5861、M5862、M5864、M5866和M5867作被测系,与不同杂种优势群的PH4CV、丹3140、昌7-2和京92共4个测验系进行NCⅡ杂交,分析主要农艺性状和产量配合力效应。结果表明,被测系M5861和M5866不同性状的一般配合力效应值较高;M5861×PH4CV、M5864×丹3140、M5866×PH4CV和M5866×丹3140这4个组合的特殊配合力效应值较高;M5861×PH4CV、M5861×丹3140和M5866×PH4CV总的配合力效应较高,与实际表现基本一致,总配合力效应更能准确地反应杂交种各性状的综合表现。一定程度上反应出郑58×PH6WC二环系与先锋父本类自交系组配效果较好。     

玉米品种穗轴重和出籽率等性状的相关及遗传关系研究

以先玉335的亲本及2个美系材料和自选系为试验材料,组配16个杂交组合,在保苗61 530株/hm2的条件下进行产量比较,同时分析子粒水分、穗轴重、出籽率等相关数据,进行简单相关和遗传分析。结果表明,杂交种穗轴重与出籽率呈极显著负相关;出籽率与双亲平均穗轴重、父本穗轴重呈极显著负相关,与双亲平均出籽率、父本出籽率呈极显著正相关;百粒重与产量呈显著正相关,与子粒水分呈显著负相关,与父本百粒重呈显著正相关;产量与父本百粒重呈极显著正相关,与双亲平均百粒重呈显著正相关。穗轴重、百粒重遗传累加效应极显著,超高亲效应明显;出籽率以遗传累加效应为主,存在超亲效应。组配新组合途径可以直接利用PH6WC及Reid系统的美系材料与自选系组配,从而获得高出籽率的品种。     

四川省玉米杂交种综合评价及主要农艺性状的关联度分析

利用灰色关联度分析的方法,对四川省玉米区试2005年平丘1～4组参试的40个玉米新组合及相应对照分组进行综合评价。结果表明:玉米杂交种产量与其主要农艺性状的关联度大小顺序为:单穗粒重>株高>穗位高>出籽率>穗长>适应度>穗行数>百粒重>抗倒伏>CV值>生育期>行粒数,与产量密切相关的性状是单穗粒重、株高、穗位高、出籽率和穗长等。选育玉米杂交种时,在保证适当的株高和穗位高的前提下,要注重单穗粒重、出籽率、适应性、长穗和多行的选择,同时不要忽略百粒重和抗倒性的选择。     

玉米品种先玉335的血缘系谱及主要农艺性状遗传分析

利用先玉335品种(PH6WC×PH4CV)P1、P2、F_1、B1、B2、F2共6个世代,运用主基因+多基因遗传模型和六世代联合分析方法,进行农艺性状株高、穗位高、穗重、穗粒重、穗轴重、穗长、穗行数、秃尖长、百粒重、出籽率的遗传分析。结果表明,株高、穗重、穗粒重、穗轴重、穗长、穗行数6个性状均为2对主基因加、显、上+多基因加、显混合遗传模型;秃尖长、百粒重两个性状为2对主基因加、显、上+多基因加、显、上混合遗传模型;穗位高为1对主基因加性+多基因加、显混合遗传模型;出籽率为多基因加、显、上遗传模型。株高、穗轴重、百粒重以主基因遗传为主、多基因遗传为辅。穗重、穗粒重、穗行数以主基因遗传为主;穗长主基因遗传、多基因遗传同等重要;秃尖长以多基因遗传为主,主基因遗传为辅;穗位高、出籽率多基因起决定作用。     

玉米Non-Reid群产量因素遗传改良效果及杂种优势和配合力分析

以No-Reid优良自交系PH4CV、PHB1M为基础材料,采用DH技术和常规技术方法,经过两轮改良,育成4个改良系,以4个改良系及PH4CV、PHB1M为父本,5个Reid优良自交系为母本,作5×6不完全双列杂交,设置3个密度梯度,研究单株产量的遗传增益、杂种优势及配合力。结果表明,第二轮改良系J1881,在3个密度下单株产量遗传增益高于原基础系和第一轮改良自交系;第一轮改良系J9D207、J1577遗传增益高于原始基础系。3种密度梯度下,4个改良系与Reid自交系单株产量杂种优势普遍存在,杂种优势最高的组合为J1590×J9D207、J1590×J1881。3个密度下,第二轮改良系J1881均有较高一般配合力,稳产性较好。     

玉米高淀粉含量育种进步与遗传效应研究

针对2021年国家玉米品种区域试验及2019、2020、2021年内蒙古自治区生产试验淀粉含量≥75%的品种或组合进行分析，对PH6WC×PH4CV、PH6WC×B20、PH6WC×D1279及亲本淀粉含量差异进行分析，对PH6WC×D1279组建6世代群体(P₁、P₂、F₁、B₁、B₂、F₂)，运用主-多基因混合模型遗传分析方法对淀粉含量遗传进行分析。结果表明，我国玉米高淀粉含量育种水平进步显著，实现了高产、高淀粉含量、广适性的良好结合。F1淀粉含量显著或极显著高于亲本，F₁超高亲优势为1.72%～2.54%。淀粉含量遗传模型为2对主基因加、显、上模型，主基因显性效应>上位性效应>加性效应，遗传率为80.58%～82.68%。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Cytoplasmic substitution inSolanum. II. Tuber characteristics of reciprocal backcross progeny

Summary Recurrent backcrosses (BC) were used to introduce nuclear factors ofS. tuberosum L. ssp.tuberosum into the cytoplasm of Andean potatoesS. tuberosum ssp.andigena (Juz. and Buk.) Hawkes andS. phureja Juz. and Buk. Each generation BC was produced in reciprocal directions to test the effect of cytoplasmic substitution on yield. This report analyses tuber number, tuber weight, and tuber length of BC₂ and BC₃ substitution into ssp.andigena cytoplasm and BC₂ and BC₂ substitutions intoS. phureja cytoplasm. Direction of cross had no consistent significant effect on yield components of ssp.andigena substitution lines. InS. phureja reciprocal progenies direction of cross was responsible for significant differences of some reciprocal sets. When there were significant differences the higher yield usually occurred when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent, but in some progenies when ssp.tuberosum was the pistillate parent the yield was significantly lower than in the reciprocals. It is suggested that differences between reciprocals resulted from chromosomally encoded gene action, resulting from maternal and/or paternal effects, rather than cytoplasmic factors. Authorized for publication as paper No. 7494 in the Journal Series of The Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station.