苦参功劳颗粒中盐酸小檗碱含量测定研究

建立并验证了苦参功劳颗粒中盐酸小檗碱的含量测定方法。采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为Agilent Zorbax SB-C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.05 mol/L磷酸二氢钾缓冲液;检测波长为265 nm;流速为1.0 mL/min;柱温为30℃。试验结果表明盐酸小檗碱在4.9～78.6μg·mL~(-1)范围内,峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系(r=1),加样回收率在101.38%-103.74%之间,平均回收率为102.7%,RSD=0.8%(≤2.0%)。所建立的方法简便、准确度高、专属性强,可用于苦参功劳颗粒中盐酸小檗碱的含量测定。     

兽用白头翁颗粒中盐酸小檗碱含量测定方法的建立

采用ZORBAX.SB-C18(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm)为色谱柱,柱温30℃,流动相为乙腈-0.05 moL/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(50∶50)(每100 mL中加十二烷基硫酸钠0.4 g,以磷酸调节pH值为4),流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长342 nm,进样量10μL。结果显示:盐酸小檗碱在0.1².5 mg/mL范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 95,n=7),平均含量为6.23 mg/g,平均加样回收率99.33%(n=9,RSD=0.82%),盐酸小檗碱的定量限为1.0 ng/mL,检测限为0.15 ng/mL。本方法简便、快速、准确、重现性好,可用于兽用白头翁颗粒中盐酸小檗碱的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定预混剂中盐酸环丙沙星和盐酸小檗碱含量

以C18为固定相,0.002 5 mol/L磷酸溶液(用三乙胺调pH值至3.0±0.1)-乙睛(75∶25)为流动相,335 nm为检测波长,采用高效液相色谱法同时测定盐酸环丙沙星、盐酸小檗碱预混剂中盐酸环丙沙星和盐酸小檗碱的含量。盐酸环丙沙星和盐酸小檗碱线性范围分别为1～600μg/mL和0.4～400μg/mL,平均加标回收率分别为100.0%和100.1%,RSD均为0.11%(n=5)。     

高效液相色谱法测定微球中硫酸小檗碱的含量

建立了测定微球中硫酸小檗碱含量的高效液相色谱法(HPLC)。采用C18色谱柱(4.6×250 mm,5μm),以乙腈-水(45∶55)为流动相,流速1.0 mL/min,检测波长349 nm,进样量5μL,柱温30℃。硫酸小檗碱浓度在0.098~49.00μg/mL时,其峰面积与浓度线性关系良好(R 2=0.9991),无杂质干扰,稳定性高,平均回收率为98.98%。本操作方法简便,分析快速,结果准确,适用于微球中硫酸小檗碱的含量测定。     

UPLC法同时测定苦参功劳颗粒中苦参碱和盐酸小檗碱的含量

建立超高效液相色谱法(UPLC)同时测定苦参功劳颗粒中苦参碱和盐酸小檗碱含量的方法。采用Acquity BEH C18(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7μm)色谱柱，以甲醇-0.02 mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(用磷酸调节pH值至3.0)为流动相，梯度洗脱，流速为0.2 mL/min,柱温为30℃,检测波长为214 nm。苦参碱和盐酸小檗碱分别在12.04～48.17μg/mL、13.18～52.71μg/mL浓度范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系，相关系数(r)分别为1.0000、0.9999;准确度考察中苦参碱和盐酸小檗碱平均加样回收率分别为99.6%(RSD=1.0%,n=6)、98.9%(RSD=1.0%,n=6)。该方法具有良好的专属性、精密度及准确度，且操作简便、环境友好，可用于苦参功劳颗粒的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定清瘟败毒颗粒中盐酸小檗碱的含量研究

为了建立"清瘟败毒颗粒"中盐酸小檗碱含量的高效液相色谱检测方法(high-per-formance liquid chromatography,HPLC),采用SB-C18柱(StableBond,4.6×150 mm,5μm),流动相:乙腈-0.05mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(50∶50),紫外检测波长为345nm,流速1.0mL/min,柱温30℃。在选择色谱条件下,盐酸小檗碱与辅料、溶剂及清瘟败毒颗粒中的其他成分的峰之间分离良好,在16.0～48.0μg/mL范围内峰面积与盐酸小檗碱含量直线关系(r2=1,n=6),平均回收率为99.09%。该方法简便、灵敏、可重复性好,可用于清瘟败毒颗粒的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定清胃润肠合剂中4种成分含量

建立高效液相色谱法同时测定清胃润肠合剂中芒果苷、盐酸巴马汀、盐酸小檗碱、甘草酸含量的方法。采用Welchrom?C₁₈(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-0.05 mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(用磷酸调节pH值至3.5),梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,进样量10μL,检测波长258 nm。结果表明,芒果苷、盐酸巴马汀、盐酸小檗碱、甘草酸分别在13.600～217.550μg/mL、9.410～150.560μg/mL、35.670～570.690μg/mL、40.910～654.560μg/mL范围内线性关系均良好(r>0.999 0),平均加样回收率(n=6)分别为102.88%、102.60%、99.50%、100.77%,RSD分别为0.49%、0.91%、0.49%、0.41%。该方法快速简便、精密度好、灵敏度高,可用于清胃润肠合剂的质量控制。     

白头翁汤中6种指标成分含量测定

建立高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定白头翁汤中4味中药(白头翁、黄连、黄柏及秦皮)的6种成分含量的方法。采用安捷伦色谱柱(4.6mm×150mm,5μm),以乙腈-1mg/mL磷酸水溶液为流动相进行线性梯度洗脱,检测波长205nm,流速0.8mL/min(白头翁皂苷B4)、检测波长335nm,流速1.0mL/min(盐酸小檗碱、盐酸药根碱、盐酸巴马汀、秦皮甲素和秦皮乙素)。秦皮甲素在1.04μg^6.24μg(r=0.9999)、秦皮乙素在0.92μg^5.52μg(r=0.9998)、盐酸药根碱在0.7μg^4.2μg(r=0.9987)、盐酸巴马汀在1.04μg^6.24μg(r=0.9978)、盐酸小檗碱在2.2μg^13.2μg(r=0.9979)、白头翁皂苷B4在5.5μg^33μg(r=0.9980)范围内线性关系良好。秦皮甲素、秦皮乙素、盐酸药根碱、盐酸巴马汀、盐酸小檗碱和白头翁皂苷B4的加样回收率分别98.74%、98.12%、97.90%、96.95%、97.43%和98.45%,RSD均在2.0%以下,秦皮甲素、秦皮乙素、盐酸药根碱、盐酸巴马汀、小檗碱和白头翁皂苷B4在白头翁汤供试品中的含量分别为0.7%、0.36%、0.12%、0.38%、8.26%和4.71%。所建立的方法重复性、线性及稳定性等良好,准确灵敏,可用于白头翁汤及相关制剂的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定白头翁散中盐酸小檗碱的含量

建立中兽药散剂白头翁散中盐酸小檗碱的含量测定方法,为其质量标准的制订提供实验依据。采用HPLC法测定,色谱条件,Eclipse XDB-C18柱(5μm,4.6mm×150mm);流速,1.0mL/min;流动相,乙腈:0.05mol/L磷酸二氢钾=28:72;柱温,30℃;检测波长,348nm。盐酸小檗碱在进样量为0.05～0.50μg之间范围内呈良好的线性关系,r=0.9999;样品中盐酸小檗碱的平均含量为0.781%,RSD为0.86%。该方法简便,易行,专属性强,可以作为白头翁散中盐酸小檗碱的含量测定方法。     

HPLC同时测定翻黄合剂中芍药苷和盐酸小檗碱含量

为了测定翻黄合剂中芍药苷和盐酸小檗碱的含量。采用中性氧化铝柱对供试品溶液进行处理,使目标峰不被杂质峰干扰。采用YMC-PackProC18色谱柱(250×4.6mm),流动相为乙腈-0.15%磷酸溶液(梯度洗脱),流速为1.0mL/min,柱温为26℃,检测波长为245nm,建立了高效液相色谱测定方法。芍药苷和盐酸小檗碱的进样量分别在0.307~4.920μg(r=0.9996)和0.064~1.025μg(r=0.9998)范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,平均回收率分别为91.10%(RSD=1.75%,n=6)和92.06%(RSD=1.69%,n=6)。该方法简单、可靠,可以同时检测翻黄合剂中芍药苷和盐酸小檗碱的含量,为翻黄合剂的质量控制提供了依据。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.