免疫诊断用羧化聚苯乙烯载体微球的制备

采用“无化乳剂”乳液聚合法合成了表面“清洁”的聚苯乙烯－丙烯酸胶乳微球，并对影响微球粒径、单体转化率的诸因素进行了探讨。结果表明：所合成的胶乳微球呈圆球状，粒径大小可控制在０．１～０．６μｍ范围内，且单分散性良好。调节单体的含量和亲疏水性可控制微球粒径和表面性能。将此微球分别与血清抗原共价偶联，其抗原效价高于有乳化剂的胶乳微球，这表明免疫化的无乳化剂微球具有良好的生物特异性。     

羧化胶乳凝集抑制试验快速鉴别牛肉和马肉的研究

以羧化聚苯乙烯胶乳作为载体,将牛血清和马血清分别共价交联到载体微球的表面,制成免疫微球.将此免疫微球同相应的抗血清配对,进行胶乳凝集抑制试验以鉴别牛肉和马肉.通过对265头份牛肉、242头份马肉、100头份猪肉、60头份羊肉、30头份狗肉、13头份骡肉和4头份驴肉鉴别,牛肉胶乳试剂和马肉胶乳试剂的敏感性均为100%,牛肉胶乳试剂的特异性为100%,马肉胶乳试剂同骡肉和驴肉呈完全交叉反应.实验具有良好的重复性和稳定性,试剂易于保存,本试验可在5min内报告结果,操作简便,适于基层动检部门应用.     

表面富含环氧基团的单分散P(St-GMA)共聚物微球的制备

以苯乙烯和甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯为共聚单体,用分散共聚方法合成了聚(St-GMA)微球.通过扫描电镜(SEM)对P(St-GMA)微球的表面形貌进行了表征,并讨论了溶剂条件对微球粒径的影响.     

载副猪嗜血杆菌PLGA Omp16蛋白微球的制备及其免疫效果的初步研究

为研究载副猪嗜血杆菌(H. parasuis)外膜蛋白Omp16 PLGA微球的生物学特性,本研究以H. parasuis外膜蛋白Omp16为芯材,聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)为壁材,通过复乳溶剂挥发法制备PLGA微球疫苗。通过扫描电镜测定微球的形态、激光粒径仪测定微球的粒径分布。结果显示,PLGA微球呈球性,表面圆整,粒径分布较窄,平均粒径为5.2μm;采用BCA法测定微球的包封率和载药率,结果显示,微球的包封率为70.5%,载药率为5.78%;以透析释药法测定微球的体外释放特性,结果显示,微球体外释放42 d累计释放抗原95.3%。用该微球0.2 mg/次,免疫小鼠二次(间隔14 d)后,采用ELISA法测定小鼠抗H. parasuis IgG水平,结果显示,微球佐剂组小鼠H. parasuis IgG抗体水平显著高于灭活疫苗组(p0.01);腹腔注射H. parasuis LY02株(血清5型)进行攻毒保护试验,结果显示,微球佐剂组小鼠攻毒保护率(81.8%)显著高于灭活疫苗组(63.6%)(p0.05)。以上试验结果表明,制备的PLGA微球具有良好的缓释性能,能增强小鼠体液免疫应答,提高H. parasuis攻毒保护率。本研究为H. parasuis亚单位微球疫苗的制备奠定基础。     

副猪嗜血杆菌微球疫苗制备及免疫效果研究

副猪嗜血杆菌感染是猪场主要细菌性疾病之一,而疫苗免疫为控制副猪嗜血杆菌感染的重要手段。本研究以壳聚糖和海藻酸钠为微球壁材,以副猪嗜血杆菌LY02株(血清5型)裂解蛋白为抗原,通过乳化交联法制备了副猪嗜血杆菌微球疫苗。微球平均粒径为2.58μM,微球的平均包封率为68.3%,平均载药率为3.56%。体外释放试验结果显示,微球具有良好的缓释性能,抗原释放时间超过30 d。小鼠免疫试验显示该微球疫苗对血清5型副猪嗜血杆菌的攻毒保护率达90%。该微球疫苗的研究为副猪嗜血杆菌病疫苗开发提供了一个新的思路。     

胶乳凝集抑制试验快速鉴定肉种类研究

以羧化聚苯乙烯胶乳作载体,将动物血清分别共价交联到载体微球表面,制成免疫微球。将此微球同相应抗血清配对,进行胶乳凝集抑制试验以鉴定牛肉、马肉、羊肉、狗肉和猪肉。通过对162份牛肉、43份马肉、100份猪肉、34份羊肉、30份狗肉、10份骡肉、4份驴肉和7份山羊肉的鉴定,制备的5种胶乳试剂敏感性均为100％。除马肉胶乳试剂和羊肉胶乳试剂有种属内交叉反应外,其它胶乳试剂特异性为100％。实验具有良好的重复性,试剂稳定性强,易于保存。5分钟内出结果,操作简便,适于基层单位应用。     

星点设计-效应面法优化硫氰酸红霉素肺靶向明胶微球的配方

用星点设计-效应面法优化硫氰酸红霉素明胶微球的处方,以期得到分散性好、粒径符合要求的明胶微球。本研究采用乳化-化学交联法制备,以明胶浓度、油水比例、乳化剂浓度为自变量,微球的平均粒径、载药量、包封率、跨距为因变量对自变量的各水平进行多元线性回归和二项式拟合。根据因变量效应面法选取较佳工艺,并在此基础上制备了硫氰酸红霉素微球,且进行了优化处方的验证。结果显示,二项式模型拟合效果较多元线性回归要好,最佳优化处方为明胶浓度0.156g/mL、油水比例12∶2、乳化剂浓度0.03g/mL,根据优化工艺制备的微球分散性好,平均粒径、载药量、跨距、包封率分别为12.51μm、21.28%、1.51和84.39%。体外释药特性研究表明,该微球符合一级方程规律,具有明显的缓释效果。通过星点设计-效应面法成功建立了处方优化模型,且预测性良好。     

恩诺沙星肺靶向微球的制备

以天然可生物降解的明胶为载体材料,液体石蜡为油相,Span80为乳化剂,采用正交试验优化空白明胶微球的乳化法制备工艺,并在此基础上制备了恩诺沙星明胶微球。结果显示,含药微球平均粒径为12.35μm,粒径7～30μm的微球占总数的92.3%,符合肺靶向的要求。恩诺沙星明胶微球载药量为20.67%、包封率为43.62%,动态透析法研究体外释放特性,符合Higuchi规律,释药t1/2比原药延长了约6倍,表明有明显的缓释功能。在37℃、相对湿度值（RH）75%考察3月,几乎无变化。兔体内分布试验表明具有明显的肺靶向性,肺中药代动力学行为符合三室开放模型。     

恩诺沙星分子印迹聚合物的制备及表征

为了制备恩诺沙星分子印迹聚合物,以恩诺沙星（ENRO）为模板分子,甲基丙烯酸（MAA）为功能单体,采用沉淀聚合法合成了ENRO分子印迹聚合物（MIPs）纳米微球,优化了模板与功能单体的比例、溶剂种类及溶剂用量,并对MIPs进行了表征。结果表明,MIPs微球粒径（190—290nm）大于非印迹聚合物（NIPs）微球粒径;同时Scatchard分析表明,在研究的浓度范围内MIPs存在两个不同的结合位点,其离解平衡常数Kd-0最大表观结合量Qmax分别为Kd1=0．2313g／L,Qmax1=34．7540mg／g,Kd2=0．5841g／L,Qmax2=57．4298mg／g;与环丙沙星和氧氟沙星相比,MIPs对ENRO表现出更强的特异性吸附能力。     

莫能菌素交联淀粉微球的制备及其工艺优化

为了制备莫能菌素淀粉微球,掩盖莫能菌素原料药的不良嗅味,降低药物毒性,扩大应用范围,试验采用乳化交联法制备微球,以主药的包封率和载药量为双重指标,通过单因素试验初步确定莫能菌素淀粉微球的影响因素,用L9(34)正交试验优化制备工艺,经平行试验验证重复性。用扫描电镜观察莫能菌素淀粉微球的外观、结构。结果表明:影响因素顺序从大到小:莫能菌素与淀粉的投料质量比、反应时间、乳化剂的用量、交联剂的用量;最佳制备工艺:淀粉4 g、莫能菌素0. 2 g、交联剂1. 2 g、乳化剂1 g、反应时间40 min。制得微球载药量为3. 27%,包封率为84. 34%。制得的淀粉微球为白色粉末,微球呈球形或类球形、分散均匀、粘连少、表面粗糙、有孔隙。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.