短短芽孢杆菌Brevibacillus brevs HAB-5主要抑菌活性成分的分析及其特性研究

本文采用乙醇低温沉淀法及 Sephadex G-50凝胶柱等手段分离纯化短短芽孢杆菌 Brevibacillus brevs HAB-5主要活性成分。针对芒果炭疽病菌C7-2,菌株HAB-5发酵产生抑菌活性物质的最佳培养基为改良的LB,命名为ZS,其最佳发酵条件为28℃、2 d和装液量为50 mL/250 mL。菌株HAB-5总蛋白没有拮抗活性,但HAB-5菌液的上清液能产生较强的抑菌效果;同时,在单独培养和与病原菌对峙培养下,取距HAB-5菌落1 cm处的培养基（MB）均对病原菌产生了明显的抑菌圈。菌株HAB-5上清液经硫酸铵沉淀不具有抑菌活性,但采用低温乙醇法等提取具有抑菌作用的菌株HAB-5上清液或MB,其粗提物均产生较强的抑菌效果,再经Sephadex G-50凝胶柱过柱和SDS-PAGE分析,在14.4 kD位置均具有较强信号的条带。因此,菌株HAB-5主要抑菌活性物质为肽类,其中14.4 kD大小的肽类是菌株HAB-5重要抑菌成分。     

贝莱斯芽胞杆菌HN-2的鉴定及对杧果炭疽菌的抑菌活性研究

菌株HN-2为本实验室分离得到的一株生防细菌，通过采用形态学观察结合现代分子生物学的手段鉴定生防菌HN-2为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillus velezensis，以杧果炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz作为靶标，其发酵上清液的正丁醇萃取粗提物的活性最好，抑菌圈大小为20.93 mm，半最大效应浓度（EC₅₀）为70.62 μg/mL。通过飞行时间质谱（MALDI-TOF-MS）数据结合基因检测的结果分析发现，正丁醇提取物中主要活性成分为脂肽类物质，其中含有表面活性素（surfactin）、伊枯草菌素（iturins）和泛革素（fengycin）等。通过显微观察发现正丁醇粗提物可以造成杧果炭疽病菌菌丝扭曲、膨大、畸形，从而抑制杧果炭疽病菌的生长，菌株HN-2正丁醇提取物处理后的杧果15 d内未出现杧果炭疽病病状，对杧果果实具有较好的保护作用。贝莱斯芽胞杆菌HN-2的主要活性物质为脂肽类物质，其对植物病原真菌有较好的防治效果，具有进一步深入研究和开发应用的潜力。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌YN-1抑制植物病原真菌活性物质鉴定

为了鉴定解淀粉芽孢杆菌YN-1发酵液中抑制植物病原真菌物质的主要种类及其相对含量,本研究根据已知的脂肽抗生素合成相关基因序列设计了4对特异引物对YN-1菌株进行了检测,对PCR产物克隆、测序,然后采用酸沉淀法从菌株发酵液制备出抑菌物质粗提液,平板拮抗试验确定其抑菌活性,最后对活性粗提物进行HPLC-ESI-MS和MALDI-TOF-MS分析。3对引物的扩增产物经克隆、测序和BLAST分析,表明解淀粉芽孢杆菌YN-1基因组中含有sfp、fen B、itu A或bam A基因。YN-1菌株发酵液的粗提物对棉花枯萎病菌具有抑菌活性,质谱分析发现活性粗提物中含有C14-Iturin A、C15-Iturin A、C16-Iturin A、C14-Fengycin A、C15-Fengycin A、C16-Fengycin A、C17-Fengycin A、C16-Fengycin B和C17-Fengycin B9种脂肽抗生素,其中C16-Iturin A、C14-Fengycin A、C16-Fengycin A、C17-Fengycin A和C17-Fengycin B5种脂肽抗生素为活性粗提物中的主要成分。该研究结果为利用YN-1菌株开发成微生物杀菌剂奠定了基础。     

红树内生细菌AmS2菌株对芒果炭疽病菌的抑制作用

为了解红树内生细菌AmS2菌株对芒果炭疽菌的抑菌机制及其分类学地位,采用生长速率法测定了菌株抗菌活性对芒果炭疽菌菌丝生长及孢子萌发的有效中浓度(EC50)。结果表明:经形态与培养特征观察、生理生化测定及16S rDNA序列分析,将AmS2菌株鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens。抗菌活性物质分析发现,菌株可分泌产生易溶于水和甲醇等强极性溶剂、对热稳定、pH4~7条件下较稳定的非蛋白类抗菌活性物质。毒力测定表明,菌株抗菌物质粗提物对芒果炭疽病菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的EC50分别为0.9772 mg/mL和1.9027mg/mL,当提取物浓度3.0mg/mL时,可致使病菌分生孢子壁消解。     

产芽孢细菌T99生防作用评价及其活性产物分析

从京郊菜田土壤中分离获得一株具显著抗菌活性的产芽孢细菌199.室内离体测定表明其对多种植物病原真菌及细菌均具很好的抑制作用,对峙培养法测定对苹果轮纹病菌的抑菌带宽达15mm;牛津杯法测定对蜡状芽孢杆菌抑菌圈直径达24mm.温室和田间小区防治试验其对甘蓝枯萎病的防治效果分别达89.9%和81.5%,优于对照药剂多菌灵.其发酵液中的抗菌物质耐酸碱、抗热性和抗紫外照射能力强,且可用硫酸铵沉淀法和正丁醇单一溶剂提取,粗提物对蜡状芽孢杆菌的最小抑制浓度为350μg/ml.     

茶树叶部内生真菌相互关系及抗菌活性初步研究

研究分离自健康茶树叶部的主要内生真菌之间的相互关系,以及内生真菌的抗菌性。结果表明：分布普遍、分离频率较高的茶叶内生真菌如芒果球座菌、拟盘多毛孢菌和炭疽菌,在PDA平板上、对峙培养条件下的抑菌性不强或者不明显,内生真菌相互之间能有限生长,生长到一定程度即达到平衡而共存于一个生态空间;分离频率低的内生真菌如木霉、菌株FHM等,则表现出较强的抑菌性。内生真菌菌株FHM和内生木霉代谢产物抑菌活性较强,经乙酸乙酯提取的FHM发酵液能对茶芽枯病菌、茶轮斑病菌和茶炭疽病菌等茶树的病原真菌,以及白色念珠菌、枯草芽孢杆菌等菌株起抑制作用。     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌XJ5挥发性物质抑菌活性及对苹果褐腐病防效测定

解淀粉芽胞杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens XJ5挥发性物质对苹果褐腐病菌Monilinia fructigena等多种病原真菌具有良好的拮抗活性。通过固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用仪（Solid-phase microextraction-Gas chromatography mass spectrometry，SPME-GC-MS）对菌株XJ5产生的挥发性物质进行检测，利用平板对扣法测定挥发性化合物的抑菌活性，并离体接种评价菌株XJ5挥发性物质对苹果褐腐病的防效。结果表明，XJ5菌株挥发性物质对9种植物病原真菌的抑菌率在47.9%~84.8%，其中对苹果褐腐病菌的抑菌率最高为84.8%。SPME-GC-MS检测及抑菌活性测定表明，菌株XJ5分泌的主要挥发性物质为十二醛（Dodecanal），具有抑菌活性的挥发性物质主要为2-壬醇（2-Nonanol）、2-乙基己醇（2-Ethyl-1-hexanol）和2-十一醇（2-Undecanol）。其中2-壬醇抑制苹果褐腐病菌的EC₅₀为3.43 μg/mL，且XJ5菌液离体熏蒸与2-壬醇离体熏蒸均可有效抑制苹果褐腐病菌丝生长及病斑扩展，其对苹果褐腐病的离体防效分别在14.4%~71.2%和66.4%~97.6%，与对照差异显著。     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌TS-1203对苹果炭疽叶枯病菌的抗生作用

为明确解淀粉芽胞杆菌TS-1203对苹果炭疽叶枯病菌的抗生作用, 采用平板对峙法和菌丝生长速率法以及孢子萌发法测定了解淀粉芽胞杆菌TS-1203对苹果炭疽叶枯病菌菌落生长和孢子萌发的抑制作用?结果表明:菌株TS-1203对苹果炭疽叶枯病菌具有显著的抑制作用, 其菌液对病菌的抑制率高达70.4%; 其发酵液对苹果炭疽叶枯病菌的抑制率随着发酵液浓度的增加而升高, 尤其当发酵液浓度为15%时, 其抑菌率为 59.0%; 发酵液处理苹果炭疽叶枯病菌孢子24 h后, 其萌发抑制率与芽管生长抑制率分别为78.2%与64.3%, 且芽管出现畸形; 利用TS-1203发酵液处理苹果离体叶片后接种炭疽叶枯病菌, 其防效为70.1%?综合分析表明, 解淀粉芽胞杆菌TS-1203对苹果炭疽叶枯病菌具有良好的抑制作用?     

除虫菊内生真菌Y2菌株的分离鉴定及其 发酵产物抑菌活性初步研究

在对从除虫菊中分离到的内生真菌进行抑菌活性系统筛选的基础上,对其中活性较高的Y2菌株进行了初步的鉴定和活性物质的分离。经形态学初步鉴定该菌株为镰孢属真菌Fusarium sp.,其发酵液粗提物高抑菌活性馏分集中在丙酮、乙酸乙酯等中等极性馏分段。Y2菌株发酵液10倍稀释液对玉米大斑病菌Exserohilum turcicum等6种供试植物病原真菌菌丝生长的抑制率在80.41% ~93.26%之间,其5倍稀释液对番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea和苹果炭疽病菌Glomerella cingulata孢子萌发的抑制率均大于80%。活体生测结果表明,该发酵液对番茄灰霉病和黄瓜霜霉病的保护效果大于50%,治疗效果不明显。     

贝莱斯芽胞杆菌HN-2发酵上清液抑制三种黄单胞菌的生物活性研究

贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillus velezensis HN-2为本实验室从土壤中分离得到的一株生防菌，本文研究了菌株HN-2发酵上清液活性成分的最优提取方式、抑菌效果及其活性成分的稳定性。结果表明，通过不同方式提取的菌株HN-2发酵上清液活性成分对3种黄单胞菌均有良好的抑菌活性。其中正丁醇提取物对水稻细菌性条斑病菌Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola的抑菌效果最好，抑菌圈大小为（41.57±0.33）mm；并且在10 mg/mL浓度下，贝莱斯芽胞杆菌HN-2正丁醇提取物比杆菌肽、春雷霉素和叶枯唑具有更好的抑菌效果。稳定性试验结果表明，贝莱斯芽胞杆菌HN-2正丁醇提取物对pH有较宽的适应范围（pH 1.0～9.0），且在紫外线及高温等环境下仍具有较好的稳定性。综上所述，贝莱斯芽胞杆菌HN-2正丁醇提取物具有开发成为生物源农药的潜力。     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Epidemiology and simulation of population development of Sitobion avenae in winter wheat

The epidemiology ofSitobion avenae and its natural enemies in winter wheat was studied in 1975, 1976 and 1977. Immigration was important until the end of flowering. The alate immigrants had apterous offspring. These became the driving force in population growth. Their offspring were mostly alatae which usually left the field. A model of the epidemic was developed. Quantitative relations between the aphids and their environment were obtained from literature or established in laboratory trials. The model simulated population development and population composition from the beginning of June till the population peak at the end of June or early in July. Because quantitative data on relations between aphids and their natural enemies and pathogens are scarce, and since the knowledge on wing formation is still limited, the population collapse could not be predicted. In the future, prognosis over a period of three weeks seems possible.Samenvatting De toenemende betekenis van graanbladluizen (vooralSitobion avenae) gepaard gaande met een sterke toename van het gebruik van insecticiden op granen maakte verbetering van de prognose over het schadelijk optreden wenselijk. Door gedetailleerde tellingen in het veld (Fig. 1–7) werden gegevens verkregen over het verloop van de epidemie en het optreden van natuurlijke vijanden in 1975, 1976 en 1977.Een immigratieperiode tot in de bloei kon worden vastgesteld. Daarna lijkt de aantrekkelijkheid van het gewas voor alate luizen te verminderen. De alate immigranten krijgen aptere nakomelingen. Deze vormen de stuwende kracht van de populatiegroei. De nakomelingen van apteren zijn merendeels alaat. Zij verlaten het gewas.Een model van de populatieontwikkeling gedurende de epidemie werd opgesteld. De relatiediagrammen Fig. 9 en 10 laten groei en ontwikkeling vanS. avenae en een predator (Syrphus corollae) zien. Kwantificering van de betrekkingen werd mogelijk door literatuurgegevens en laboratoriumexperimenten.Met het model kon de populatieontwikkeling vanS. avenae vanaf begin juni tot aan de populatiepiek in 1975, 1976 en 1977 vrij goed worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 12). Ook de populatieopbouw kon worden gesimuleerd (Fig. 14). De teruggang van de populatiedichtheid blijkt moeilijker te voorspellen door het ontbreken van gegevens over natuurlijke vijanden.Het lijkt waarschijnlijk dat in de toekomst met het model een prognose over de piek van de bladluispopulatie circa 3 weken tevoren mogelijk zal zijn.     

A new <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhizoctonia</Emphasis> sp. closely related to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Waitea circinata</Emphasis> causes a new disease of creeping bentgrass

Isolates of an unidentified Rhizoctonia sp. (UR isolates) were obtained from creeping bentgrass and Kentucky bluegrass with reddish brown sheath and foliar rots. Because the UR isolates anastomosed with isolates of three varieties of Waitea circinata (var. oryzae, var. zeae, and var. circinata), colony morphology, hyphal growth rate at different temperatures, pathogenicity, sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region of ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) were compared. The colony color of mature UR isolates was distinct from isolates of the other three varieties of W. circinata. In pathogenicity tests on creeping bentgrass, the severity of the disease caused by UR isolates was significantly higher than that caused by the three varieties of W. circinata. Sequence similarities of the rDNA-ITS region between UR isolates and between isolates within each variety were high (97–100%), but they were lower among isolates from UR and the varieties of W. circinata (88–94%). In a phylogenetic tree based on the rDNA-ITS sequences, UR isolates formed a cluster separate from each of the clusters formed by the three varieties of W. circinata. These results indicate that the UR isolates clearly differ from the three varieties of W. circinata. We therefore propose that the UR isolates be classified as new Rhizoctonia sp. that are closely related to W. circinata and that the disease on creeping bentgrass should be called Waitea reddish-brown patch disease (Sekikasshoku-hagusare-byo in Japanese).     

Inactivation of soil-borne plant pathogens during small-scale composting of crop residues

Samples of heavily infested crop residues were incorporated in static compost heaps (2.5–4.6 m³) of the Indore type. Temperature increased to 50–70°C within 6 days depending on the type of crop residues used and the location within the heap. The heat phase (>40 °C) lasted 2–3 weeks and was followed by a c. 5-months maturation phase (<40 °c).=" among=" the=" 17=" pathogens=" tested,=">Olpidium brassicae and one of the four formae speciales ofFusarium oxysporum that were tested survived composting, but also their inoculum was greatly reduced.Survival during specific phases of composting was studied by incorporation and retrieval of samples at various stages of the process.F. oxysporum f. sp.melonis was completely inactivated andO. brassicae andPlasmodiophora brassicae were almost completely inactivated during the short heat phase. The three pathogens survived the long-lasting maturation phase without loss of viability. Heat evolved during composting was found to be the most important factor involved with sanitation of crop residues. The possible involvement of fungitoxic conversion products and microbial antagonism is discussed.     

Functional analysis of the 3′ end of avrBs3/pthA genes from two Xanthomonas species

The phytopathogens Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar (pv.) oryzae and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri each contain several avrBs3/pthA family genes. Structural features of these genes important for avirulence and/or virulence functions include a central region of multiple direct repeats and three nuclear localization signals (NLSs) and an acidic activation domain (AAD) at the 3′ end. To identify other regions critical to function in the 3′ ends of these genes, we constructed several chimeras using apl1 and apl2 from X. axonopodis pv. citri and avrXa10 and avrXa7 from X. oryzae pv. oryzae and evaluated their functions by inoculation to citrus and rice. The apl1 and avrXa7 genes are major virulence determinants in citrus and rice, respectively, while the contributions of apl2 and avrXa10 to virulence are negligible or not measurable. Constructs that contained a 417 bp HincII-SphI fragment from the 3′ end of apl1 in combination with the repeats from avrXa7, avrXa10, and apl1 caused a canker phenotype on citrus. Interchange of the HincII-SphI fragment between avrXa7 and avrXa10 abolishes avrXa7 avirulence function and reduces its virulence but it does not affect avrXa10 avirulence function in rice. avrXa7 caused a hypersensitive response (HR) in citrus and replacement of it's 3′ end with that of apl1 resulted in loss of canker and induction of HR. Thus, the HincII-SphI fragment of the avrBs3/pthA gene family is important for avirulence and virulence functions in two different plant species, Oryza sativa and Citrus natsudaidai HAYATA.     

Identification,incidence and characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium proliferatum</Emphasis>on ornamental palms in Spain

During a survey conducted from 1998 to 2002, Fusarium proliferatum was found associated with young and adult palms belonging to the genera Chamaerops, Phoenix, Trachycarpus and Washingtonia showing symptoms of wilt and dieback. The fertility and toxicological profile of 36 strains representing different locations and hosts were studied. All of them except two, which were infertile, belonged to mating population D. Both mating types (MATD-1 and MATD-2) were isolated from the same host species, showing a high potential of genetic recombination in the field. Additionally, eight strains were fertile once crossed as female. Toxin analysis showed differences in the ability of strains to produce fumonisin B₁, moniliformin, beauvericin, fusaric acid and fusaproliferin. Only 17 of them produced all the toxins analyzed. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on Phoenix dactylifera and P. canariensis using nine F. proliferatum Spanish strains and two reference strains from Saudi Arabia. Eight months after inoculation all strains caused disease, with palms showing lesions on the bases of leaves and development of wilt symptoms similar to those originally observed in affected plants. This is the first report on the occurrence of F. proliferatum on P. dactylifera in Spain and also the first report of this pathogen on C. humilis, P. canariensis, P. reclinata, T. fortunei, W. filifera and W. robusta.     

Nematicidal Activity of Chrysanthemum coronarium

Organic amendments and green manure are potential alternatives to the harmful chemical control means currently used against plant-parasitic nematodes. In this work, Chrysanthemum coronarium was applied to the soil as a green manure to control the root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. Chrysanthemum coronarium significantly reduced nematode infection of tomato roots and improved plant-top fresh weight, both in the greenhouse and in microplots. Other green manures, derived from Anthemis pseudocotula, wild chickpea (Cicer pinnatifidum), Geranium spp. and wheat, were not as effective as C. coronarium. Chrysanthemum coronarium, retained its nematicidal activity even when applied as a dried material. Only mature C. coronarium plants, in their flowering stage, exhibited nematode control activity, but the green plant parts were more effective than the flowers. An aqueous extract of C. coronarium exhibited in vitro, nematostatic activity towards M. incognita and M. javanica second-stage juveniles and inhibited their hatching from eggs and egg-masses; its nematostatic activity was expressed also against other phytonematode species such as Heterodera avenae and Pratylenchus mediterraneus, but did not affect the beneficial entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae.     

Relationships of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Barley yellow dwarf virus</Emphasis>-PAV and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cereal yellow dwarf virus</Emphasis>-RPV from Iran with viruses of the family <Emphasis Type="Italic">Luteoviridae</Emphasis>

Barley yellow dwarf disease is one of the most important problems confronting cereal production in Iran. Barley yellow dwarf virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV (CYDV-RPV) are the predominant viruses associated with the disease. One isolate of BYDV-PAV from wheat (PAV-IR) and one isolate of CYDV-RPV from barley (RPV-IR) were selected for molecular characterisations. A genome segment of each isolate was amplified by PCR. The PAV-IR fragment (1264 nt) covered a region containing partial genes for coat protein (CP), read through protein (RTP) and movement protein (MP). PAV-IR showed a high sequence identity to PAV isolates from USA, France and Japan (96–97%). In a phylogenetic analysis it was placed into PAV group I together with PAV isolates from barley and oats. The fragment of RPV-IR (719 nt) contained partial genes for CP, RTP and MP. The sequence information confirmed its identity as CYDV. However, RPV-IR showed 90–91% identity with both RPV and Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPS (CYDV-RPS). Phylogenetic analyses suggested that it was more closely related to RPS. These data comprise the first attempt to characterise BYD-causing viruses in Iran and southwest Asia. The nucleotide sequence data reported appear in the EMBL, GenBank and DDBJ Nucleotide Sequence Databases under the accession numbers AY450425 and AY450454     

Survey of Bacterial and Fungal Seedborne Diseases in Imported and Domestic Potato Seed Tubers

Potato seed tubers are imported to Israel from northern Europe and planted in spring; tubers harvested early from the spring crop are used as seed for the autumn crop. Although only seed lots registered as certified are imported, a previous survey (1984–1994) indicated that most imported lots were affected by latent or active infections caused byErwinia carotovora,Streptomyces scabies, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp. andSpongospora subterranae. The survey was extended until 1998, and included additional pathogens:Ralstonia solanacearum,Helminthosporium solani, Colletotrichum coccodes andVerticillium dahliae. Most of these pathogens were also monitored in domestic seed tubers, and are reported for the first time. Brown rot was not observed in any of the imported lots. Blackleg and soft rot caused byErwinia spp. were detected in most of the imported lots; however, less than 7% of the lots were contaminated at high levels, while approximately 65% were contaminated at moderate levels. Common scab was detected in most of the imported lots; 51% of the imported lots were contaminated at moderate or high levels, whereas only 6.5% of the domestic seed lots were contaminated at these levels. Black scurf was detected in most of the imported lots; on average, 47.3%, 44.2% and 1.4% of the lots were contaminated at low, moderate and high levels, respectively, and only 7.1% were disease-free. In contrast, most of the domestic lots were either disease-free (45.4%) or had a low disease incidence (37.3%). Only 16.7% of the lots were moderately infected and 0.2% were highly contaminated. Silver scurf was observed in most of the imported lots during all years of the survey, with no differences among the producing countries; on average, 22.7%, 66.1% and 7.5% of the lots were contaminated at low, moderate and high levels, respectively, and only 3.7% were disease-free. Most of the domestic lots (76%) were disease-free and only 6.6% were infected at moderate or high levels. Black dot was observed in a considerable portion of the shipments from Holland during all years of the survey, particularly in 1998, when 34% of the lots were infected. The shipments from France and Germany were infected at low levels, except in 1998, when 19% and 11% of the lots, respectively, arrived infected. In shipments from Scotland and Ireland low incidences of the disease were observed in 1994 and 1995. In the domestic lots, black dot incidence was low (<2.4%) except in 1996, when 11% of the lots were infected.V. dahliae was monitored only in domestic seed tubers. The incidence of disease-free lots was 56–64%, whereas in 20–30% of the lots the level of infection was <5%, and in 6–16% of the lots the level was >5%. The survey findings demonstrate transmission of seedborne pathogens; most of these pathogens can become established in the soil and eventually cause severe outbreaks of disease in potatoes grown in Israel. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 16, 1999.     

浅黄恩蚜小蜂和丽蚜小蜂对温室白粉虱的寄生潜能分析

浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia GiraultDodd和丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa Gahan是防治粉虱类害虫的优势寄生蜂,通过生命表技术方法分析了2种寄生蜂对温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Westwood)的防治潜能。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂在羽化第3天和第10天出现2次寄生高峰,占其总寄生量的13.7%和8.0%,在2次高峰之间逐日寄生粉虱数量比较平稳,单雌逐日平均产雌数保持在10.6~13.4头,10 d后寄生量呈明显的下降趋势;而浅黄恩蚜小蜂羽化10 d内逐日寄生粉虱量变化不大,单雌逐日产雌数稳定在4.2~5.4头,羽化14 d后寄生量呈明显下降趋势。丽蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂的R0、T、rm、λ值分别为171.5、18.0、0.2854、1.3303和61.6、16.2、0.2544、1.2897;粉虱若虫充足时,丽蚜小蜂平均单雌寄生若虫数是浅黄恩蚜小蜂的2.7倍,而后者平均单雌取食若虫数为60.6头,明显高于前者42.7头,总的来看,丽蚜小蜂通过寄生和取食杀死粉虱总量220.8头,明显高于浅黄恩蚜小蜂的127.9头。表明在应用寄生蜂防治温室白粉虱时,单独释放丽蚜小蜂比浅黄恩蚜小蜂显示出更好的防治潜能。