CP7菌株的抗菌活性及菌种鉴定

经分离、筛选获得一株高效分泌抗菌物质的CP7菌株,从该菌株中提取的抗菌产物,对大肠杆菌标准株、金黄色葡萄球菌标准株、苏云金杆菌等细菌;瓜类炭疽病菌、水稻纹枯病菌等真菌有较好的抑菌作用。用16S rDNA序列分析法进行生物分子的分类,该菌株16S rDNA序列与类芽孢杆菌属的34个细菌的同源性为96%~99%,与多粘类芽孢杆菌的同源性为99%。用传统细菌学的方法对CP7菌株进行鉴定,其形态特征、生理生化特性与多粘类芽孢杆菌的特征特性相一致。表明CP7菌株属于多粘类芽孢杆菌。     

拮抗细菌B8对烟草黑胫病菌的抑制作用及其菌株鉴定

从烟草根际土壤中分离到对烟草黑胫病菌及其它植物病原菌具有抑制作用的菌株B8,平板对峙培养抑菌带内菌丝畸形、原生质凝集或外渗。其发酵原液和发酵液的无菌滤液均能抑制烟草黑胫病菌和蜡状芽孢杆菌;离体叶片接种法测定其发酵液对烟草黑胫病的防效,结果表明预防作用达100%。室内盆栽试验表明B8菌株发酵液对烟草黑胫病的预防作用可达78.1%,优于治疗作用。该菌菌体杆状,芽孢侧生、椭圆形,经形态学、生理生化性状和16S rDNA序列测定,将其鉴定为侧孢短芽孢杆菌。     

中华真地鳖抗菌物质的抑菌活性测定

以研磨法从中华真地鳖五龄若虫体内提取得到抗菌物质,分别采用比浊法和菌碟法测定了其对多种细菌和植物病原真菌的抑菌活性。结果表明,该抗菌物质对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白菜软腐菌和枯草芽孢杆菌等4种细菌生长均有一定的抑制作用,对数期延迟1~4h,菌的浓度、繁殖速度减缓。对7种植物病原真菌的抑菌试验表明,该抗菌物质对玉米茎基腐病菌、小麦根腐病菌、棉花枯萎病菌抑制效果较好,抑制率分别为50.0%、49.2%、45.2%;而对白菜黑斑病菌和玉米大斑病菌活性较差,抑制率仅为28.3%和24.5%。     

水稻稻瘟病拮抗细菌的筛选与防治初探

从水稻作物根际分离筛选得到的 2 0 8个细菌菌株对稻瘟病病菌具有较强的抑制能力 ;抑菌圈直径在 2 0mm以上的有 65株。选用室内拮抗性较稳定的 8株细菌菌株经两年的田间防病试验 ,不同菌株间防效差异显著 ,其中两年防效较好的菌株是Ma 3 2 (蜡状芽孢杆菌 )和Xi 55(枯草芽孢杆菌 )。一些菌株处理种子对秧苗生长有促进作用。     

花生青枯病内生拮抗细菌的鉴定、抗菌活性及其田间防效

从病区健康花生植株茎秆内分离到1株对花生青枯病菌Ralstonia solanacearum有强拮抗作用的内生细菌,命名为BZ6-1菌株.拮抗试验表明,该菌具有较广抗菌谱,对多种植物病原真菌有较强的抑制作用.形态观察和16S rDNA同源性分析初步鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens.该菌的最佳培养基组成为:糖蜜10g·L-1,蛋白胨0.5g·L-1,酵母膏0.5g·L-1.最适发酵条件为pH8.5、装液量50mL/250mL、温度25℃、转速200r·min-1、培养时间21h,在此条件下拮抗圈直径达34.0mm.田间试验结果表明BZ6-1菌株对花生青枯病防效达62.3%.     

应用生物防治棉蝗及星天牛——沿海防护林木麻黄病虫害综合控制技术研究报告

本研究筛选出蝗虫微孢子虫、蜡状芽孢杆菌及簇孢霉等微生物杀虫剂,并应用于防治棉蝗的感染率达77% 以上;应用从星天牛中分离的白僵菌防治星天牛,感染率达77.8% ;应用芜菁夜蛾线虫和蠹蛾线虫防治星天牛,感染率达90% 以上。为沿海防护林木麻黄病虫害的综合控制提供科学依据。     

芽孢杆菌组合BCL-8的筛选及其促生抗病效果

为了获得对加工番茄具有促生、抗病双重功效且防治效果稳定的生防细菌组合,进行芽孢杆菌菌株组合的复配筛选.根据菌株间相互拮抗试验和菌株生长特性,将12株对6种番茄痛原菌有较强拮抗作用的芽孢杆菌组合培养,平板对峙筛选得到23个抑菌活性优于单一芽孢杆菌的组合.活体接种进一步筛选,发现芽孢杆菌组合BCL-8具有显著的抗病促生效果.室内促生试验结果表明:组合BCL-8可促进加工番茄发芽和苗期生长,发芽率提高10%,苗期株高、鲜重和干重分别增加66.58%、176.19%和143.75%.在温室和田间条件下,组合BCL-8对加工番茄立枯病的防治效果分别达40.08%和55.42%,大田试验增产效果达24.32%.     

植物病害生防芽孢杆菌抗菌机制与遗传改良研究

 芽孢杆菌是土壤和植物微生态的优势微生物种群,具有很强的抗逆能力和抗菌防病作用,许多性状优良的天然分离株已成功地应用于植物病害生物防治。芽孢杆菌抗菌防病机制包括竞争作用、拮抗作用和诱导植物抗病性。其中,核糖体合成的细菌素、几丁质酶和葡聚糖酶等抗菌蛋白以及次生代谢产生的抗生素与挥发性抗菌物质产生的拮抗作用是生防细菌最主要的抗菌机制。通过现代生物技术提高抗菌基因的表达水平和实现外源杀虫或抗菌基因的高效稳定共表达是增强生防芽孢杆菌抗菌活性和扩大防治对象的重要途径。基因组和蛋白组研究的迅猛发展必将极大地促进芽孢杆菌抗菌分子机制和抗菌基因工程研究的深入发展和广泛应用。     

紫茎泽兰对石榴枯萎病菌和枯草芽孢杆菌生长的影响

在室内条件下,利用20%的MS营养液（MS0.2）和灭菌蒸馏水培养的紫茎泽兰根系分泌物对石榴枯萎病和生防细菌枯草芽孢杆菌生长进行测定。结果表明,2种方式培养的紫茎泽兰根系分泌物均不能有效抑制枯萎病菌的生长,但对枯草芽孢杆菌的生长具有极强的促进作用。其中30%MS0.2对枯草芽孢杆菌的促进率达29.85%,而40%蒸馏水的促进率可达87.46%。恢复石榴园紫茎泽兰可能提高利用生防细菌枯草芽孢杆菌防治石榴枯萎病的效果。     

草莓根腐病防控生物药剂筛选与田间防治效果验证

草莓根腐病是陕西关中地区草莓生产中的主要病害之一。采用组织分离法对引起草莓根腐病的病原菌进行分离,通过形态学和分子生物学的方法鉴定其为茄腐镰刀菌Fusarium solani和尖孢镰刀菌Fusarium oxysporum。采用菌丝生长速率法测定了4种植物源农药对上述两种镰刀菌的抑菌活性。结果表明,1.5%苦参 ? 蛇床子素水剂(AS)对尖孢镰刀菌的抑菌活性最强,EC₅₀值为2.7 μg/mL,0.3%苦参碱乳油(EC)对茄腐镰刀菌的抑菌活性最强,EC₅₀值为4.5 μg/mL。选择室内抑菌活性较高的3种植物源杀菌剂和3种微生物菌剂 (枯草芽孢杆菌、多粘类芽孢杆菌和哈茨木霉菌) 为供试药剂进行田间试验,发现1000亿芽孢/g枯草芽孢杆菌可湿性粉剂(WP) 600倍液对草莓根腐病的防治效果最好,达69.25%,10亿芽孢/g多粘类芽孢杆菌 WP 800倍液、1.5%苦参 ? 蛇床子素 AS 700倍液、2亿芽孢/g哈茨木霉菌 WP 200倍液防治效果分别为63.14%、62.84%和59.74%。因此推荐使用枯草芽孢杆菌 WP、多粘类芽孢杆菌 WP、苦参 ? 蛇床子素 AS 和哈茨木霉菌 WP 作为草莓根腐病的田间防治药剂。     

Richtlinien der Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus zum Vorratsschutz

Zusammenfassung Verbände des ökologischen Landbaus wie z. B. Bioland, Gäa, Demeter; Naturland, Ernte für das Leben oder Bio Suisse beschränken ihre Mitglieder bei der Wahl von Vorratsschutzmaßnahmen. Vorrang besitzen Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Schädlingen gegenüber Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen. Fallen müssen zur Befallsüberwachung eingesetzt werden, um einen Befall durch Vorratsschädlinge frühzeitig zu erkennen. Diese Maßnahmen sollen den weitgehenden Verzicht auf chemisch-synthetische Mittel ermöglichen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Empfehlungen der Verbände mit den derzeit verfügbaren chemischen Mitteln für den Vorratsschutz abgeglichen. Erfahrung in der praktischen Umsetzung von physikalischen und biologischen Verfahren werden diskutiert und Defizite bei der Befallsüberwachung und Bekämpfung beschrieben.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Development of protocols for detection of Colletotrichum acutatum and monitoring of strawberry anthracnose using real-time PCR

Real-time PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection and discrimination of Colletotrichum spp., C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing anthracnose in strawberry using the most divergent area of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5·8S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene region. The specificity of the new assays was tested using DNA from six species of Colletotrichum and nine fungal species commonly found associated with strawberry material, and additionally by comparing the sequences with those from databases using a blast search. The sequences only showed identity with homologous sequences from the desired target organisms. The new assays were 10–100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR methods previously published for the diagnosis of strawberry anthracnose. When real-time PCR was compared with ELISA methods, PCR improved the sensitivity of the identification by obtaining positive results for samples of strawberry plant material that tested negative with ELISA. The development of C. acutatum was monitored using artificially infected strawberry crowns from two strawberry cultivars (Camarosa and Ventana) and a real-time PCR assay specific for this species between January and June 2006. The amount of C. acutatum detected using real-time PCR varied significantly by month ( P  < 0·001), but not by cultivar ( P  = 0·394). The new assays were shown to be useful tools for rapid detection and identification of these pathogens and to allow rapid and accurate assessment of the casual agents of anthracnose in strawberry.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.