施肥对多盐水池塘浮游植物演替的影响

选择辽宁盘锦光合水产有限公司养殖基地为试验场所,于2002年春季4~5月进行试验。选择5个具有代表性的土池作为试验池,同时另选一土池作为对照池。研究相同N/P比值下不同施肥量对室外土池多盐水体的水化学和浮游植物群落、叶绿素a含量和初级生产力的影响,以及浮游动物对浮游植物的下行效应。共检出浮游生物42种。其中,浮游植物33种,浮游动物9种。浮游植物生物量高达288.2 mg.L-1,优势种为蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidesa)。叶绿素a含量为5.89~325.44μg.L-1。各池在第2次施肥后5~6天,叶绿素a含量达到高值,之后开始下降,8~9 d后恢复到原来水平。初级生产力均值为4.40 g(O2).m-2.d-1,呈低-高-低的变化,极值为1.25 g(O2).m-2.d-1和10.92 g(O2).m-2.d-1。以施N 2.0 mg.L-1、P 0.3 mg.L-1的4#池高峰期维持最长,施肥量的不同对浮游植物的生物量、种类数和种类组成影响较大。在北方地区的多盐水池塘,施氮磷混合肥能有效促进小球藻等藻类增长,达到定向培育的目的。     

小球藻不同生长时期总脂含量和脂肪酸组成的变化

在25～28．5℃条件下,于室外土池中培养小球藻18 d ,分别采集不同生长时期（延缓期、指数生长期、稳定期、衰亡期）的小球藻样本,采用毛细管气相色谱法测定脂肪酸的组成和含量,研究了土池小球藻在不同生长时期的总脂含量和脂肪酸组成的变化规律。试验结果表明,小球藻在指数生长期的粗脂肪含量（占鲜质量4．85％）明显高于其他生长期（占鲜质量1．44％～1．85％）。多不饱和脂肪酸和二十碳五烯酸的最高值出现在指数生长期,稳定期和延缓期次之,衰亡期最低。指数生长期、稳定期、延缓期和衰亡期的含量分别为总脂肪酸的23．37％、17．92％、17．53％和12．47％;二十碳五烯酸含量分别为总脂肪酸的17．92％、12．98％、13．02％和8．62％。因此,指数生长期末期或稳定期初期是室外土池培养小球藻的最佳收获期。     

营养方式对小球藻生长性能及营养价值的影响

分别对小球藻Chlorellasp.2003ZGH023进行光合自养、混合营养高碳、混合营养低碳和异养低碳培养,探讨不同营养方式对小球藻生长及细胞营养组成的影响。结果表明,在基础培养基中添加有机碳源,可显著提高小球藻的细胞密度和生物量,其中异养低碳组细胞密度可达54.73×106cell/ml,生物量6.86 g(dw)/L,且混合营养和异养小球藻细胞体积变大。在细胞营养组成上,与自养小球藻细胞相比,异养培养的小球藻细胞内蛋白含量显著下降而脂肪含量显著增加。光合自养组、混合营养高碳组、混合营养低碳组和异养组小球藻细胞粗蛋白含量分别是41.88%±0.14%、24.60%±0.07%、21.93%±0.13%和12.91%±0.35%。不同营养方式下小球藻的氨基酸总量变化与其粗蛋白含量的变化趋势相一致,光合自养组>混合营养高碳组>混合营养低碳组>异养组。小球藻总脂肪含量最高的为混合营养高碳组(15.32%±1.58%)和异养低碳组(14.15%±0.93%),显著高于混合营养低碳组(12.35%±0.25%)和光合自养组(10.04%±0.39%)。小球藻的脂肪酸组成会随着营养方式的改变而改变,光合自养组小球藻...     

小球藻对草鱼生长、免疫、消化酶活性和肌肉的影响

为探明饲料中添加不同水平的小球藻对草鱼生长性能、非特异性免疫机能、消化酶活性及肌肉品质的影响,选用平均体质量(105.92±2.79) g的草鱼随机分为5个组,每组30尾,分别投喂添加小球藻为0(对照组)、0.25%、0.50%、0.75%和1.00%的试验饲料,饲养周期为28 d。试验结果显示,0.50%、0.75%和1.00%添加组的终末平均体质量、质量增加率和特定生长率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),饲料系数均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。当添加量达0.75%时,能显著提高草鱼血清的溶菌酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性,增强草鱼的非特异性免疫机能(P<0.05)。各添加组血清中超氧化物歧化酶活性和抗氧化能力(除0.25%添加组)显著提高。各添加组草鱼脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活性明显升高,淀粉酶(除0.25%添加组)活性显著减弱(P<0.05)。添加组草鱼肌肉的氨基酸组成与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。1.00%添加组的草鱼肌肉中亚麻酸和二十碳五烯酸含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),0.25%、0.75%和1.00%添加组的花生四烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸含量显...     

配合饲料完全替代鲜活饵料对翘嘴鳜生长、体成分及消化能力的影响

为研究配合饲料完全替代鲜活饵料对翘嘴鳜生长和消化的影响,将初始体质量为(27.3±2.4)g、经过驯化的翘嘴鳜分别用配合饲料和鲜活饵料喂养90 d,比较不同饵料对翘嘴鳜生长、体成分和消化能力的影响。试验结果:配合饲料组翘嘴鳜的终末体质量(74.0 g)和特定生长率(1.34%/d)均显著低于鲜活饵料组(P0.05);配合饲料组翘嘴鳜的体蛋白含量(质量分数为67.3%)显著高于鲜活饵料组,但其体脂肪含量显著低于鲜活饵料组(P0.05);配合饲料组翘嘴鳜的蛋白酶活力显著低于鲜活饵料组,但其肠道淀粉酶活力则显著高于鲜活饵料组(P0.05)。结果表明:翘嘴鳜摄食配合饲料可维持一定的生长,其体内的消化器官也在某种程度上适应了饵料向饲料的转变,但若要用配合饲料完全取代鲜活饵料,还需做更多更深入的研究。     

海水小球藻池塘规模化培育技术

海水小球藻营养丰富．生长条件要求不低．是河蟹幼体（zl～Z5）、轮虫和卤虫的理想饵料。作为一种优质单细胞饵料．海水小球藻已经实现人工培养生产。与人工室内培育小球藻相比,室外土池培育小球藻操作程序简单、培育成本低、产量高,现将海水小球藻室外土池培育技术介绍如下：     

三种渔肥对池塘水质和浮游生物的影响

为优选出安全、高效的渔肥,试验研究了有机肥、生物肥和化肥三种渔肥对池塘水质和浮游生物的影响。结果表明:与有机肥和化肥比,生物肥能稳定水体pH值,明显增加水体溶氧,显著降解水体总无机氮(TIN)的含量(P0.05);三种渔肥都能使水体中浮游生物的生物量增加,生物肥优于有机肥优于化肥,但之间差异不显著(P0.05);有机肥组和化肥组水体中浮游植物的优势种类没有发生变化,还是以蓝藻、绿藻和隐藻为主;而生物肥组水体中的隐藻和硅藻所占的比例增加,隐藻占绝对优势,浮游植物的种类以隐藻、绿藻和蓝藻为主,有效地降低了蓝藻的比例;三种渔肥浮游动物种类的变化不明显。     

两种微藻对分散橙S-4RL胁迫的光合活性响应

探究环境中分散橙S-4RL对水生藻类的污染胁迫,为评估合成染料对水生生态环境的风险提供参考依据。分散橙S-4RL(C.I.分散橙30)纯度≥95%,水华微囊藻(Microcystisflos-aquae)、蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)按照OECD 201藻类生长试验规定培养。最终染毒浓度分别为0.625、1.25、2.5、5、10 mg/L,使用多脉冲调制叶绿素荧光仪每24 h测定叶绿素a含量1次,其他叶绿素荧光参数每隔48 h测定1次。结果表明:(1)在试验浓度范围内,分散橙S-4RL对蛋白核小球藻的叶绿素a含量具有促进作用,其中最低浓度(0.625 mg/L)处理组在第6天达到了空白对照组的115%;而分散橙S-4RL对水华微囊藻的叶绿素a含量均呈现抑制作用。(2)分散橙S-4RL对蛋白核小球藻和水华微囊藻光合反应过程最大光能转换效率(F_v/F_m),PSⅡ的潜在活性(F_v/F_0)以及初始斜率(α)影响不大;但蛋白核小球藻和水华微囊藻的最大电子传递速率(ETR_(max))和半饱和光强点(I_k)均随着分散橙S-4RL浓度增加而增加,在试验第5天,水华微囊藻的ETR_(max)和I_k均为空白对照组的119%。2种微藻对分散橙S-4RL的胁迫敏感性不同,但都能提高光合活性来缓解胁迫。     

饲料中小球藻添加量对杂交黄颡鱼“黄优1号”生长性能的影响

开展了饲料中小球藻添加量对杂交黄颡鱼“黄优1号”生长性能和抗氧化能力影响试验。共设置5组,分别为1个对照组(G0)和4个处理组(G1—G4)。其小球藻的添加量分别为0.00%(G0),2.50%(G1),5.00%(G2),7.50%(G3)和10.00%(G4)。于养殖的第28和56天,测定杂交黄颡鱼“黄优1号”鱼体生长指标和抗氧化能力指标。结果表明,随着饲料中小球藻含量的增加,杂交黄颡鱼“黄优1号”的体质量增加率和特定体质量增加率呈上升趋势,并显著高于对照组(P<0.05),饵料系数呈下降趋势,肝体指数较对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。抗氧化能力方面,饲料中添加小球藻可以显著提高杂交黄颡鱼“黄优1号”肝脏和血清中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性,能降低鱼体内丙二醛含量。指出,饲料中添加小球藻不仅可以促进杂交黄颡鱼“黄优1号”的生长,并提高其抗氧化能力。     

池塘内循环“跑道”与传统土池模式养成梭鱼的营养成分对比研究

以池塘内循环"跑道"与传统土池模式养成的梭鱼(Liza haematocheila)为研究对象,分析2种不同模式对梭鱼肌肉基本营养组成、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成、质构参数以及土腥味物质含量等指标的影响。结果表明,相比于土池组,"跑道"组梭鱼背肌粗脂肪含量显著下降,粗灰分含量显著增加(P0.05);"跑道"组鱼肉中赖氨酸和缬氨酸含量以及必需氨基酸总量/非必需氨基酸总量显著高于土池组(P0.05);"跑道"组鱼肉饱和脂肪酸总量显著低于土池组(P0.05),但多不饱和脂肪酸总量显著增加(P0.05);硬度等7项质构参数指标均以"跑道"组高于土池组(P0.05)。土池组的梭鱼肌肉中检测有土臭素存在,而"跑道"组中未检测到土臭素和2-甲基异莰醇。研究表明"跑道"模式能够一定程度提升梭鱼的营养品质。     

Biochemical Composition of Pond Biota, Shrimp Ingesta, and Relative Growth of Penaeus vannamei in Earthen Ponds

Indigenous pond biota contribute to the nutrition of shrimp grown in semi-intensive and extensive earthen ponds. Penaeus vannomei ingesta was used to assess the nutritional contribution of pond biota and applied feed in model 225 m² nominally managed earthen ponds. Biochemical analyses were also performed on representative pond biota and pond environment samples. Average dry matter shrimp ingesta composition ( N = 64) was: available carbohydrate, 4.2%± 1.8%; lipid, 4.8%± 2.3%; available protein, 9.6%± l.0%; carbon, 9.6%± 1.0%; nitrogen, 5.9%± 2.9%. Ingesta carbon decreased from 27.0%± 3.9% on week 2 to 16.3%± 3.3% on week 8, and nitrogen content decreased from 9.5%± 4.3% to 3.6%± 0.8% during the same interval. The decrease of ingesta C:N ratio from weeks 2 to 8 may indicate changing nutritional requirements of the shrimp. Ingesta essential amino acids varied by less than 10% from short-neck clam protein. Except for several samples which were low in arginine, pond biota and environment samples contained amino acid profiles which were close to short-neck clam. Essential fatty acid composition of shrimp ingesta was highly variable. Ingesta 22:6 fatty acid was present in populations of shrimp from ponds experiencing the highest weekly growth rates. Ingesta 22:6 fatty acid was not present in measurable amounts in shrimp experiencing the lowest growth. The unsaturated fatty acids 20:5 and 22:6 were absent from some pond biota and environment samples and abundant in others. The applied diet contained no measurable 20:5 or 22:6. The management implications of shrimp ingesta biochemical analyses are that diets may be fed which nutritionally complement pond biota consumed by the shrimp.     

干燥方法及保存条件对小球藻粉脂肪酸含量和种类组成的影响

研究了低温烘干、真空冻干和微波干燥3种干燥方式对蛋白核小球藻粗脂肪、脂肪酸含量和种类组成的影响及不同保存条件下脂肪酸的变化规律。试验结果表明,低温烘干藻粉的粗脂肪含量明显低于真空冻干藻粉和微波干燥藻粉。3种干燥方式对小球藻脂肪酸含量无显著影响,但藻粉颜色明显不同。藻粉脂肪酸含量与鲜藻之间无显著差异。在小球藻粉保存过程中,脂肪酸种类组成保持不变。藻粉在常温(14.5～18.5℃)下保存半年、4℃下保存1年时,多不饱和脂肪酸含量显著减少,饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸含量显著增加。在-24℃下保存1年时,各脂肪酸含量无明显变化。     

Effects of Pond Volume Manipulation on Production of Fingerling Largemouth Bass,Micropterus salmoides

Hatchery ponds were manipulated by timing of filling to increase the efficiency of production of fingerling largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. The effects on pond productivity of fertilizing with chicken manure versus plant meals (consisting of equal parts by weight of cottonseed meal, alfalfa meal, and wheat shorts) were also examined. When ponds were filled in stages, more favorable water temperatures for largemouth bass were achieved, and desirable dissolved oxygen concentrations were maintained. Chlorophyll a levels and plankton community respiration rates were higher in ponds that were fertilized with the plant meals than in ponds fertilized with chicken manure (25% dry matter). Secchi disk visibility was relatively greater in chicken manure ponds than in ponds fertilized with the plant meals; however all differences were not significant. Zooplankton densities were comparable among treatments. Filling ponds in stages had no significant effects on chlorophyll a, plankton community respiration rate, Secchi disk visibility, or zooplankton abundance and population dynamics. Daily production of largemouth bass was greater in ponds filled in stages and fertilized with plant meals than in other treatment ponds. Yield was highest in stage-filled ponds fertilized with plant meals and lowest in full ponds fertilized with chicken manure. Filling ponds in stages reduced the fertilizer cost per kilogram of largemouth bass by 50% in ponds fertilized with plant meals and by 65% in manure-fertilized ponds.     

深水网箱和池塘养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉营养成分的比较分析

对深水网箱和池塘养殖凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)肌肉常规营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸质量分数进行了比较分析。结果显示:1)网箱养殖对虾肌肉粗蛋白质量分数显著高于池塘养殖(P0.05),而水分、粗脂肪和粗灰分质量分数无显著差异(P0.05);2)肌肉中检测到18种常见氨基酸,网箱养殖对虾肌肉氨基酸总量(TAA)、天门冬氨酸(Asp)、异亮氨酸(Ile)、精氨酸(Arg)和脯氨酸(Pro)质量分数显著高于池塘养殖(P0.05),而必需氨基酸(EAA)、半必需氨基酸(HEAA)、鲜味氨基酸(DAA)和虾味氨基酸(PFAA)两者无显著差异(P0.05);3)肌肉中检测到30种常见脂肪酸,两者的饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(EPA和DHA)质量分数差异显著(P0.05),以网箱养殖对虾较高;两者的棕榈酸(C16∶0)质量分数最高,且网箱养殖对虾EPA+DHA质量分数是池塘养殖的1.90倍。结果表明,网箱养殖对虾营养成分要优于池塘养殖,具有较高的营养价值。     

鸡粪浆及5种微藻对轮虫脂肪酸组成的影响

采用投喂鸡粪浆的方法培养轮虫,并与5种微藻培养轮虫的脂肪酸组成进行了比较。结果表明:鸡粪轮虫具有较高的营养价值,HUFA含量达25.9%,仅次于小球藻轮虫和新月菱形藻轮虫,EPA和DHA的含量分别为11.2%和4.4%;在5种微藻培养的轮虫中,用小球藻、新月菱形藻和球等鞭金藻培养的轮虫营养价值较高,而用微绿球藻和衣藻培养的轮虫营养价值相对较低;轮虫的脂肪酸组成受饵料影响显著,但又不完全取决于饵料。     

Effect of substitution of maize bran with chicken manure in semi-intensive pond culture of Tilapia rendalli (Boulenger)

An experiment was carried out to determine the effect of substituting maize bran with chicken manure on the production of Tilapia rendalli semi‐intensive pond culture. The experiment was carried out at Bunda College of Agriculture's fish farm, University of Malawi, where twelve 20 m² concrete ponds of 1 m depth were used for 3 months from October 2005 to January 2006. A thin layer of soil was spread at the bottom of all ponds to allow growth of natural food. Each pond was stocked with 3 fish m⁻² of 10.71 g average weight. Chicken manure was used as the organic manure applied at 1.6 kg 20 m⁻² and substituted for maize bran by 25%. All treatments were replicated three times. It was observed that fish growth was higher in the 3/4 maize bran+1/4 chicken manure with a final weight of 25.1 g, followed by 1/4 maize bran+3/4 chicken manure with a final weight of 21.6 g. The lowest final weight was 19.3 g in the chicken manure only, but did not differ significantly (P<0.05) from the maize bran treatment, which had a final weight of 19.7 g. This suggests that the use of chicken manure would produce better results and may increase yield when combined with supplementary feed like maize bran evidenced by high survival rates of 80% and above in all treatments.     

Production of Oreochromis niloticus (L.) and ecosystem dynamics in manured ponds of three depths

Abstract. During three 5-month experiments in Thailand, earthen ponds of approximately 370m2 surface area were stocked with male Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), fingerlings of 4–12g weight at densities of 0·5 to l·6fish/m². Stocking and fertilization (with chicken manure, urea and TSP) in triplicated depth treatments of 0·6,1·0 and 1·5m were proportional to pond volume in two experiments (wet and dry seasons) and to pond area in the other (dry season).
Depth showed no direct effect on fish yields of 0·9–6·3t/ha/year, on survival rates of 66 to 98%, nor on final individual weights of 96–313 g/fish. Greater yields were obtained from deeper ponds when they received proportionally greater stocking and fertilizer inputs. Inputs per unit area were the most important factor accounting for yield variation.
Temperature, dissolved N and P, and suspended solids showed little or no relation to depth treatments. Time-averaged chlorophyll concentrations and photosynthetic production of dissolved oxygen were greater in treatments receiving greater inputs of nitrogen per unit pond volume.
Deeper ponds produced the greatest areal yields of fish, when fertilized in proportion to their volumes. Shallow ponds produced fish and dissolved oxygen at least as efficiently per unit input as did deep ponds, which is consistent with models of photosynthesis-depth relations.     

山泉流水与池塘养殖草鱼营养成分比较

为比较山泉流水和池塘养殖草鱼的品质区别,测定了体质量为1500~1750 g的两种方式养殖草鱼的基本营养、矿物元素、胶原蛋白、氨基酸和脂肪酸含量及肌肉抗氧化能力。测定结果表明,山泉流水养殖草鱼水分、粗脂肪、K和Na含量显著低于池塘养殖草鱼(P<0.05),粗蛋白、灰分、P、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn和Se含量显著高于池塘养殖草鱼(P<0.05);山泉流水养殖草鱼肌肉不可溶性胶原蛋白含量和超氧化物歧化酶活力显著高于池塘养殖草鱼(P<0.05),丙二醛含量则显著低于池塘养殖草鱼(P<0.05);山泉流水养殖草鱼的总必需氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸分别为15.76%、5.60%,显著高于池塘养殖草鱼(P<0.05),氨基酸评分、化学评分和必需氨基酸指数均高于池塘养殖草鱼;山泉流水养殖草鱼饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸显著低于池塘养殖草鱼(P<0.05),多不饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于池塘养殖草鱼(P<0.05)。综上可知,山泉流水养殖草鱼在蛋白与脂肪含量、肌肉抗氧化能力、氨基酸平衡性及脂肪酸质量等方面优于普通池塘养殖草鱼。     

Evaluation of relative growth performance and genotype by environment effects for cross-bred yellow perch families reared in communal ponds using DNA parentage analyses

From 24 mating sets, 6300 fingerling of yellow perch ( Perca flavescens ) were stocked into one pond and equal numbers of progeny from six representative sets out of the 24 were stocked into each of two other ponds. After communal rearing for 21 months, total length and body weight were assessed for n =300 fish in each of the three ponds and molecular pedigrees were performed for each sampled individual to assign the progeny back to the original parents. The overall average number of alleles per locus was A =16.4 and observed and expected heterozygosities were H _o=0.88 and H _e=0.77 respectively. The mean weight of random samples and the top 10% fast-growing fish from the pond with all the sets was significantly greater than those from either of the two replicate ponds with six crosses. For the two replicate ponds, no significant differences were found in family rankings and assignment of the top 10% fast-growing fish, indicating that families with superior growth performance in one pond also exhibited the same superior growth performance in the replicate pond. However, there were no significant correlations detected in family mean weights of the top 10% fish between any two of the three ponds.     

生态浮床对养殖水产品中重金属含量和肌肉品质的影响

为比较铺设海马齿生态浮床的鱼、贝混养池塘(实验塘)和鱼、贝单一养殖池塘(对照塘)的养殖质量,实验采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定黄鳍鲷、尼罗罗非鱼、鲻3种鱼的鳃、内脏和肌肉及近江牡蛎、泥蚶两种贝类软体部分的Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb 5种重金属含量,并进行食用安全性评价;同时,测定了两种模式下养殖的黄鳍鲷与尼罗罗非鱼肌肉中氨基酸和脂肪酸组成及一般营养成分,以进行肌肉品质评价。结果显示,实验塘中各种水产品食用部分的重金属含量均未超过国家水产品相关限量标准;对照塘中近江牡蛎软体部分中Cu和Cd的含量分别为57.113 mg/kg wet wt.和1.163 mg/kg wet wt.,泥蚶软体部分中Cd含量达到1.231 mg/kg wet wt.,均超过了限量标准。黄鳍鲷、尼罗罗非鱼、鲻3种鱼类肌肉的安全性评价结果显示,两组鱼肉的摄入均不会对人体健康造成潜在威胁。实验塘黄鳍鲷肌肉中的鲜味氨基酸含量显著高于对照塘,而实验塘尼罗罗非鱼肌肉中氨基酸总量TAA、必需氨基酸总量EAA、鲜味氨基酸含量DAA均显著高于对照塘(P0.05);实验塘两种鱼肌肉中粗蛋白和多不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,饱和脂肪酸含量低(P0.05)。研究表明,实验塘鱼体肌肉的营养价值高于对照塘,且肉质更加鲜美。