基于谐波法的塑料大棚内气温日变化模拟

依据浙江省慈溪市2006-2009年塑料大棚小气候数据进行季节和天气状况分类,以棚外气象要素为自变量进行逐步回归模拟得到棚内气温二阶谐波模型所需参数,据此构建冬春季晴、昙、阴3种天气状况下塑料大棚内24h气温谐波预测模型并进行验证。结果表明:晴天和昙天的气温预测值与实测值间拟合直线方程的决定系数均在0.92以上,预测值与实测值间的均方根误差(RMSE)在3.0℃以内,绝对误差在2.4℃以内;阴天气温预测值与实测值间拟合直线方程的决定系数均在0.79左右,RMSE在3.0℃以内,绝对误差在2.0℃左右。从均方根误差和绝对误差来看,昙天预测模型精度最高,阴天次之,晴天最低;相同天气状况下冬季预测模型精度均略低于春季,两季相差在0.1~0.4℃。棚内预测气温相位均略提前于棚外,晴、昙天比阴天明显,冬季比春季明显;棚内日最低气温始终低于棚外,以晴天尤其明显,昙天次之,阴天基本持平;相同天气状况下春季均明显低于冬季。本研究论证了谐波分析方法在特定条件的塑料大棚气温日变化模拟方面的可行性,可为大棚小规模种植管理工作提供参考。     

杭州冬季塑料大棚内气温变化特征及日最低气温预报模型

利用2010-2012年冬季塑料大棚内外气象资料,分析晴天、多云、寡照3种天气类型下的单、双层棚内气温变化特征,采用逐步回归方法构建适于杭州地区的棚内日最低气温预报模型,并对模型进行拟合和预报试验。结果表明:单、双层棚内气温变化趋势基本一致,晴天、多云条件下日变化剧烈,阴雨寡照下较平缓。棚内日最低气温在晴天、多云条件下比寡照时低,易出现低温危害。棚内外日最低气温温差单层棚平均为2.0℃,双层棚平均3.0℃。日最低气温预报模型拟合结果表明,单、双层棚内日最低气温拟合值与实际值的均方根误差(RMSE)分别小于1.0℃和0.5℃,晴天、多云和寡照3种天气类型下,单层棚分别为0.5℃、1.3℃和0.7℃,双层棚分别为0.4℃、0.3℃和0.5℃;实际预报检验表明,模型具有较高的模拟精度和较强的实用性。     

冬季塑料大棚多重覆盖及电加热增温效果研究

对普通塑料大棚内加设中棚、小棚,再覆盖无纺布被、地膜以及用电热线加热等不同处理,沉淀了棚内冬季的温度动态变化规律。结果表明,每增加一层覆盖物,都可以提高夜间温度1～2℃,且保温效果具有累加效应,晴天白天棚内升温加快。在小棚内使用空气加热线的增温效果比单纯覆盖措施效果好。采用大棚内多层覆盖,再辅之以电热线加温,长江流域地区冬天塑料大棚内可栽培番茄等喜温作物     

太阳能联栋温室耐弱光半夏栽培试验

2015年2月至2016年12月,在湖北汉川的光伏联栋温室大棚内及棚外露地同期进行中草药半夏栽培,结果表明,半夏棚内出苗、齐苗、结果均较棚外早,倒伏始期晚,倒伏期长,棚内半夏的667 m2产量较棚外高,品质较棚外好。半夏适宜在光伏联栋大棚内栽培。     

南方塑料大棚“棚温逆差”特征及其预报

"棚温逆差"指设施大棚采取保温措施时出现棚内日最低气温低于棚外的现象,利用2010-2015年冬季和初春浙江地区塑料大棚内外气象资料,结合大棚覆膜保温、开窗通风等人工操作记录,对南方塑料大棚"棚温逆差"发生的特征及关键影响因子进行探究;选用5种常见神经网络方法(BP、GA-BP、RBF、GRNN、PNN)分别构建"棚温逆差"预报模型,并基于不同模型预报准确率构建集合预报模型。结果表明:(1)初春和初冬季"棚温逆差"频率较严冬高3倍,棚内1.5m高处出现概率较0.5m处偏高3倍;0.5m高处大棚边缘出现"棚温逆差"概率为中央的8～13倍,1.5m高处中央和边缘位置出现概率差异较小。(2)"棚温逆差"发生时,棚外日最低气温主要在2～11℃区间,大棚保温方式为单膜或双膜覆盖,其中单膜覆盖占比达93%以上。"棚温逆差"多发生在白天东西侧窗开启高度较高(平均高度35～40cm)且夜间放小缝通风时;0.5m处发生"棚温逆差"时,天气条件较1.5m处发生时明显偏差,日最小相对湿度、总云量和日均风速偏高,日照时数偏少。(3)5种神经网络方法对"棚温逆差"的预报准确率在80%左右,其中GA-BP模型预报准确率最高;集合预报模型对0.5m高度处"棚温逆差"预报准确率在85%左右,1.5m高度处准确率在80%左右,且预报稳定性较单一模型高。     

1992年度全国农业气象条件评述(续)

<正> 6 华南地区上半年多阴雨天气,对作物的生长影响较大;盛夏有伏旱发生、部分地区持续到秋初,农业生产为一般年景. 大部地区冬季多雨、低温.季内有4～5旬气温偏低1～3℃,阴雨日达30～40d,降水量比常年同期偏多8成至2倍,其中12月下旬受强寒潮影响,旬末华南北部极端最低气温降至-1℃至-3℃,加之有20～40mm的     

基于主成分回归的日光温室内低温预测模型

利用2010/2011年度冬季日光温室内小气候观测资料对冬季日光温室内温度变化特征进行分析,并结合温室外温度以及用云遮系数法和风级风速转换方法得到的室外总云量和最大风速,采用主成分回归分析法建模,以对日光温室内日最低气温进行预报.结果表明,(1)通过云遮系数法和风速风级转化标准模拟的室外总云量和最大风速误差较小.(2)日光温室内最低气温与温室内前一天的各小气候要素有较好的相关性,此外,温室内外各气象要素之间也存在显著的相关性.(3)主成分回归提取了温室内小气候要素主成分、温室外天气状况与温度主成分、风速主成分3个主要因子.建立的日光温室内最低气温预报模型,其复相关系数为0.857,并通过显著性检验.(4)利用2011/2012年冬季温室资料对低温预报模型进行检验,预测值与实际值之间的平均绝对误差小于1℃,平均相对误差在13％以内,整个冬季的均方根误差为1.1℃.说明所建日光温室内低温预报模型有较高的精度,能够满足温室内最低温度的预测需求.     

塑料大棚气流场模拟及作物蒸腾量计算

为了分析塑料大棚内气流场的特征和计算与作物蒸腾量有关的通风参数,该文通过计算流体动力学模拟了塑料大棚内自然通风量,建立了华东地区常见塑料大棚内平均风速和外部风速之间的线性关系,根据能量平衡和紊流扩散模型建立了一个计算作物蒸腾量的数学模型,并利用棚外的常规气象资料和棚内的实测温度计算了棚内作物蒸腾量。通过将作物蒸腾量的计算值和实测值进行比较,结果发现作物蒸腾量的计算值与实测值比较一致,逐日蒸腾量间的决定系数为0.7756,累积蒸腾量间的决定系数为0.9983,模拟累计值与实测累计值之间标准误差为1.16 mm,最大绝对误差为4.82 mm;结果表明,所建立的计算方程参数较少,推求的风速参数比较适用于普通塑料大棚。该研究可满足大棚内作物水分管理、温室大棚设计规划和区域水资源管理等方面的需要。     

基于BP神经网络的杨梅大棚内气温预测模型研究

利用2009年12月-2010年5月塑料大棚内外观测的气象数据,构建了基于BP神经网络的杨梅生产大棚内的最高、最低气温预测模型,根据逐时转化系数计算出棚内相应的逐时气温,达到逐时预报大棚内气温的目的。通过模拟回代和对独立试验数据的验证,基于BP神经网络模型对大棚内日最低气温、日最高气温和逐时气温预测值与实际值的回归估计标准误差（RMSE）分别为0.8℃、1.4℃和0.7℃,精度明显高于同时利用逐步回归法建立的模型。该模型所需参数少,实用性强,模拟精度高,可为设施杨梅气象服务和环境调控提供依据。     

长江中下游地区夏季温室黄瓜冠层温度模拟与分析研究

根据作物冠层能量平衡原理，建立了以温室内温度、湿度、冠层净辐射等为变量的温室作物冠层温度的模拟模型，并利用实测资料对模型的可靠性进行了检验，同时就温室内部温度、冠层净辐射、蒸腾速率对冠层温度的影响进行了敏感性分析。结果表明：模型能较好地预测长江中下游地区温室作物冠层温度，模型对该地区夏季(2002年6月24至7月12日，梅雨季节)温室内作物冠层温度预测值与实测值的决定系数(R²)和标准误(SE)分别为：0.8321，0.0037℃；建立的温室内部温度、相对湿度、净辐射和作物蒸腾速率的多元线性回归模型，其决定系数(R²)和标准误(SE)分别为：0.9996，0.8829℃；通过敏感性解释因子的分析表明，作物冠层温度对温室内部温度最为敏感，室内温度是预测冠层温度的主要因子。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.     

Karyotypic and genome size variation in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (pigeonpea) and some wild relatives

Detailed karyotypes and 4C DNA amounts have been studied in five cultivars of Cajanus cajan and 20 species belonging to Cajanus, Rhynchosia, Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx. C. cajan shows intraspecific variability and its karyotype is most similar to that of C. cajanifolius (sect. Cajanus) in the morphology and number of satellite chromosomes and the lack of any correlation between chromosome size within the complement and asymmetry. Karyotypes of C. lineatus and C. sericeus belonging to sect. Atylia are similar with respect to maximum r-index and the ratio of longest and shortest chromosomes in their respective complements. C. acutifolius (sect. Frutocosa) is distinct in having a very low ratio (1.44) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes, while in C. albicans, C. goensis, C. scarabaeoides (sect. Cantharospermum) there is no chromosome pair with r-index >2.0. C. mollis and C. volubilis (sect. Volubilis) show similarity with regard to ratio between the longest and the shortest chromosomes and a distinct chromosome pair with an arm ratio of 2.7 and C. platycarpus is distinct (sect. Rhynchosoides) in having the smallest ratio (1.36) between the longest and the shortest chromosomes. 4C DNA amounts in Cajanus and Rhynchosia vary between 3.28 pg to 11.69 pg and 4.92 pg to 11.13 pg respectively, while in Dunbaria, Flemingia and Paracalyx these vary between 4.70 and 7:06 pg. In the genus Cajanus karyotypic features and 4C DNA amounts agree with the sectional classification and bring out a close relationship between C. cajan and C. cajanifolius. This is supported by studies based on seed protein patterns, isozyme analysis, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor patterns, RFLP and RAPD data and crossability relationships. A clear relation between DNA amount and abnormalities effecting the extent of pairing and recombination in interspecific hybrids shows the importance of this study in developing future breeding programme involving C. cajan and its wild relatives that are of potential value.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.