检测减蛋综合征抗体间接ELISA法的建立及应用

用蔗糖不连续梯度纯化的减蛋综合征＊（ＥＤＳ－７６）病毒包被ＥＬＩＳＡ板，建立了检测ＥＤＳ－７６抗体的间接ＥＬＩＳＡ法。经测定，抗原最适包被浓度为１μｇ／ｍＬ，待检血清最佳稀释度为１：２００，以ＯＤ４９０〉０．３，Ｐ／Ｎ〉２．１判为阳性结果。对４个鸡场的１２０份鸡血清进行检测，阳性率分别为０，４３．３３％，８０．００％和９３．３３％。     

斑点酶联免疫吸附试验检测猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒抗体方法的建立

首次建立了斑点－酶联免疫吸附试验（Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ）检测猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（ＰＲＲＳＶ，美洲株）抗体的方法。特异性鉴定表明，ＰＲＲＳＶ不与猪瘟病毒、猪伪狂犬病病毒、猪细小病毒阳性血清反应；与美国进口的ＰＲＲＳＶ抗体ＥＬＩＳＡ诊断试验盒检测结果比较，３５份猪血清的阴、阳性检出总符合率为８２．９％（２９／３５），其中Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ的阳性检出率略高于进口试剂盒的检出率。     

应用间接酶联免疫吸附试验检测鸡传染性支气管炎抗体的研究

建立了辣根过氧化物酶标记兔抗鸡ＩｇＧ检测鸡传染性支气管炎抗体的间接ＥＩＳＡ法，其抗原包被浓度为４ｍｇ／Ｌ，待检血清与酶结合物的最佳稀释度各为１：８０，酶结合物，抗原抗体的作用时间分别为６０ｍｉｎ，３０ｍｉｎ，封闭液的浓度和作用时间分别为１％和６０ｍｉｎ，ＯＤ值大于０．２８７的判为阳性。用此法检测经ＩＢＶ灭活苗免疫鸡所产蛋孵出的雏鸡的母原抗体，ＯＤ值的Ｐ／Ｎ值为６．０，１５ｄ后降至２．０以下。检测１     

酶联免疫吸附试验诊断环形泰勒虫感染牛的研究

用层析法制备的牛环形泰勒虫抗原用于ＥＬＩＳＡ试验，检测６２头份带虫牛血清，阳性符合率９６．６７％；在疫区检测１５０头份牛血清，阳性率８０．４３％；在瑟氏泰勒虫流行区检测４５４头份牛血清，有交叉反应，阳性率２８．１９％；检测８９头份安全区牛血阴性符合率１００％。用正常红细胞抗原和环形泰勒虫抗原分别对人工感染和自然感染牛作了特异性试验，结果ＥＬＩＳＡ前者ＯＤ值为阴性，后者ＯＤ值来阳性。２头人工感染牛于     

直接法单克隆抗体酶联免疫吸附试验和常规酶联免疫吸附试验诊断耕…

比较了直接法单克隆抗体酶联免疫吸附试验和常规酶联免疫吸附试验诊断耕牛日本血吸虫病方面的差异。实验结果表明，直接法ＭｃＡｂ－Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ对实验感染耕牛的阳性检出率为１００％（３２／３２），对安微省自然感染耕牛（粪孵阳性）的阳性检出率为９３．９０％（４１８／４４５），对健康耕牛的阴性符合率为９８．５０％（６６／６７）；而常夫ＥＬＩＳＡ对实验感染耕牛的阳性检出率为９５．３５％（４１／４３），对安徽     

鸡传染性法氏囊病双抗体夹心Dot─ELISA诊断法的建立及应用

以醋酸纤维素膜作为固相载体，辣根过氧化物酶标记鸡抗传染性法氏囊病病毒抗体（ＩＢＤ—ＩｇＧ），饱和二氨基联苯胺为底物显色，建立了鸡传染性法氏囊病双抗体夹心Ｄｏｔ—ＥＬＩＳＡ诊断法。经方阵实验确定最佳反应条件为：ＩｇＧ的包被液为０．０５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ（ｐＨ９．６）碳酸盐缓冲液，包被浓度为１：５０；酶标抗体的工作浓度为１：１００；洗涤液为含０．０５％吐温—８０的０．０２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ（ｐＨ７．４）磷酸盐缓冲液；封闭液为含０．２％明胶的洗涤液；封闭时间、抗原及酶标抗体的作用时间均为３７℃３０ｍｉｎ。应用本方法和琼扩试验同步检测２０份已知阳性病料、１２０份待检病料和胚毒尿囊液、１０份正常鸡样品，结果表明，Ｄｏｔ—ＥＬＩＳＡ阳性率为９０％，而琼扩试验为４０％；凡琼扩试验阳性者，Ｄｏｔ—ＥＬＩＳＡ均呈强阳性，而在Ｄｏｔ—ＥＬＩＳＡ阳性样品中，只有４４％呈琼扩试验阳性，Ｄｏｔ—ＥＬＩＳＡ的敏感度为琼扩试验的１００倍。     

猪瘟兔化弱毒犊牛睾丸细胞苗免疫程序研究

猪瘟（ＨＣ）犊睾细胞苗７５０个兔感染量，免疫空杯母猪所产亲代仔猪取血清监测其母源传递抗体ＥＬＩＳＡ效价。１０日龄ＯＤ值＞０．３０ ６３％（１９／３０），０．３０≥ＯＤ＞０．２０ ３７％（１１／３０），保护率为９０．８５％；２０日龄ＯＤ值＞０．３０ ２８％（８／２９），０．３０≥ＯＤ值＞０．２０ ５５％（１６／２９），保护率为６８．９６％；３０日龄ＯＤ值＞０．３０ ７％（２／２９），０．３０≥ＯＤ值     

斑点酶联免疫吸附试验检测牛羊捻转血矛线虫病的研究

应用斑点酶联免疫吸附试验（Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ）检测牛羊捻转血矛线虫病抗体，经对３９头剖检羊血纸检测，结果表明该法与剖检法的阳性符合率达１００％（２７／２７），阴性符合率也达１００％（１２／１２）。Ｄｏｔ＝ＥＬＩＳＡ能检出第四胃寄生１＝３３８条捻转血矛线虫羊的血清或血纸抗体；应用Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ对５９９份牛、羊血纸的测定结果，与粪检地的阳性符合率达９５．５８％，阴性符合率达９１．４３％。初步认为Ｄ     

单克隆抗体捕捉法ELISA检测DHV抗体的研究

以ＤＨＶ单克隆抗体包被反应板，以粗提病毒作为抗原，建立了检测ＤＨＶ抗体的单抗捕捉法ＥＬＩＳＡ，经与间接ＥＬＩＳＡ作平行试验，二者检测符合率为１００％。     

ELISA检测兔巴氏杆菌病抗体的研究

应用ＥＤＴＡ处理和超声波裂解法提取多杀性巴氏杆菌的荚膜多糖和外膜蛋白抗原，包被酶标板，用ＨＲＰ－ＳＰＡ代替酶标抗体，建立了检测兔多杀性巴氏杆菌病抗体的间接法ＥＬＩＳＡ。试验确定抗原的包被浓度为６．０５μｇ／ｍｌ，ＨＲＰ－ＳＰＡ的适宜稀释度为１１００００，血清ＥＬＩＳＡ滴度在１４００以上判为阳性。测定了多杀性巴氏杆菌灭活菌苗免疫兔血清１０份，均呈阳性，抗体滴度在１１２８０～１４０９６０范围内呈正态分布；血清几何平均效价为１５１２０。重复４次测定１０份阳性血清，其ＯＤ值之标准差（ＳＤ）＜０．１０，变异系数（ＣＶ）＜１０．０％。本法与琼脂扩散沉淀试验相比，敏感度提高约１５７５倍。ＥＬＩＳＡ不仅敏感、特异、快速、简便，而且经济、易于重复，适于推广应用。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.