天然降雨条件下裸露砒砂岩区人工植被的减流减沙效应

裸露砒砂岩区是黄土高原上侵蚀最为剧烈的地区之一,研究裸露砒砂岩区天然降雨下人工植被的减流减沙效应,对于提升砒砂岩区水土流失治理成效与质量有重要意义。以裸露砒砂岩区鲍家沟小流域的典型人工植被为研究对象,运用系统聚类和线性回归相结合的方法,划分裸露砒砂岩区降雨类型,研究不同降雨类型下坡面产流产沙的特征,分析不同人工植被的减流减沙效应。结果表明:(1)裸露砒砂岩的自然降雨可以分为长历时暴雨、长历时的中到大雨、短历时暴雨以及短历时的小到中雨4种类型。(2)天然降雨的降雨量(P)、最大30 min雨强(I₃₀)和最大10 min雨强(I₁₀)与各植被类型坡面的产流量、产沙量间呈y=ax₁+bx₂+cx₃+d的多元线性关系。(3)各植被类型的减流能力依次为沙棘林>油松林>山杏林>柠条林>草地; 减沙能力依次为沙棘林>山杏林>油松林>柠条林>草地。营造人工植被可以有效防治裸露砒砂岩区坡面的水土流失问题,现有的人工植被类型中以沙棘林的抗蚀能力最强。     

植被恢复和覆土厚度对砒砂岩区土壤水分及养分的影响

[目的]研究植被恢复对砒砂岩区土壤水分和养分的影响状况,明确对于砒砂岩地区土壤保水保肥效果最佳的植被恢复类型,为砒砂岩区的生态修复和区域水土流失治理提供理论依据。[方法]选取准格尔旗暖水乡裸露砒砂岩向覆土砒砂岩过渡区域,以黄土—砒砂岩交界带不同人工恢复植被和自然恢复草地的土壤为研究对象,测定土壤水分和养分含量,分析不同植被恢复和覆土厚度对砒砂岩区土壤水分和养分特征的影响(其中天然草地作为对照)。[结果](1)裸露砒砂岩向覆土砒砂岩过渡区域土壤水分含量主要受黄土厚度影响,黄土的持水性能优于砒砂岩土壤,养分含量主要受植被恢复类型影响;(2)研究区土壤各指标均属于中等变异程度,其中土壤水分、碳、氮含量自北向南随覆土厚度增加逐渐增加,磷素分布则相反;(3)对比天然草地,沙棘和油松恢复对砒砂岩区土壤碳、氮含量的提升效果最好,土壤有机质含量分别提高了43.12%和34.27%,全氮提高了78.95%和42.11%,铵态氮提高25.64%和46.15%,硝态氮提高69.44%和42.22%。其中油松恢复下土壤水分含量高于天然草地54.55%,但人工植被恢复后的土壤磷素水平并没有提升。[结论]黄土较砒...     

冰糖橙种植园土壤团聚体特征及其影响因素

[目的] 探究冰糖橙种植园土壤团聚体的特征以及影响因素,为减少土壤侵蚀,增加柑橘园土壤保水保肥能力提供科学参考。 [方法] 采集板页岩风化物、紫色砂岩风化物、砂岩风化物、第四纪红土风化物发育的冰糖橙种植园土壤样本,并同步收集相关的耕作、地理等信息;采用土壤结构稳定性指标R_0.25,GWD,MWD、分形维数(D)与土壤可蚀性K值对团聚体及其有机碳含量等进行方差分析、相关分析。 [结果] ①粒径＞0.25 mm的团聚体占总团聚体的78%～85%。随着团聚体粒径减小,分级土壤含量整体呈逐渐减小趋势。 ②4种母质发育的土壤GWD在0.536～0.797之间;MWD在0.890～1.208之间;分形维数(D)在2.434～2.480之间;土壤可蚀性K值在0.060 8～0.069 7之间。 ③有机碳含量随着粒径增大有先减小后增大趋势,整体上呈V形分布,其中0.250～0.053 mm微团聚体的有机碳含量最低;大团聚体的有机碳相对贡献率在82%～87%。 ④随着种植年限增加,外源有机碳的不断输入,土壤结构稳定性指标R_0.25,GWD与MWD极显著增大,分形维数(D)与土壤可蚀性K值极显著减小;说明土壤结构的稳定性在不断增强。 [结论] 研究区冰糖橙种植园大团聚体含量高,土壤稳定性较强;且各母质的土壤稳定性处于同一水平。成土母质的砂粒含量与人为扰动直接对团聚体稳定性产生作用、外源有机碳、种植年限,纬度与海拔共同作用于有机胶结物质来影响土壤稳定性。     

基于灰色关联分析的砒砂岩区不同林龄沙棘的改土效应

[目的]探究不同林龄沙棘对其下土壤的改良效果,为砒砂岩区人工沙棘林生态建设、恢复和重建提供理论依据。[方法]以内蒙古达拉特旗典型砒砂岩区不同林龄沙棘林为研究对象,利用灰色度关联分析法,对沟坡阳坡1～7 a沙棘林0—40 cm土层土壤物理性质(土壤含水量、土壤容重、土壤总孔隙度、土壤比重、土壤毛管孔隙度、土壤非毛管孔隙度、土壤饱和持水量、土壤最大毛管持水量)进行测定,并以周边荒坡作为对照(CK),对不同林龄沙棘林对砒砂岩土壤的改土效应进行分析。[结果]土壤含水量、土壤总孔隙度随沙棘林龄增加而增大,随土壤深度增加而减少,土壤容重与之相反;不同林龄沙棘能增强土壤持水能力,并且4～7 a沙棘持水能力大于1～3 a沙棘持水能力。[结论]在砒砂岩区营建人工沙棘林有利于土壤改良,不同林龄沙棘对土壤改良作用主要作用于0—10 cm和10—20 cm土层。     

砒砂岩区坡位环境梯度下土壤微生物活性及其环境影响因素

[目的] 开展砒砂岩区土壤微生物活性及其环境影响因素研究，为发掘本土微生物资源及区域生态环境保护和建设奠定基础。[方法] 以鄂尔多斯砒砂岩区为研究对象，通过实地考察取样，测算土壤微生物数量、酶活性、理化性质以及植被相关指标，分析坡面环境梯度土壤微生物数量分布特征、土壤生态功能、植被多样差异之间的相互影响。[结果] ①砒砂岩区土壤微生物区系中细菌为优势类群，放线菌次之，真菌很少。坡位环境梯度间土壤微生物各生理类群数量差异显著。②不同坡位土壤磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性各异但含量极低。真菌数量与酸性磷酸酶显著正相关，细菌数量与脲酶显著负相关，放线菌数量与磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶显著或极其显著正相关。③研究区土壤水稳性团聚体粒径多集中于0.25~0.5 mm；阴坡0.25~0.5 mm土壤粒径比例大，0.106~0.25 mm粒径比例小，而阳坡和沟底与之相反；土壤含水率呈现：阴坡 > 沟底 > 阳坡；土壤的pH值、铵态氮、有效磷、全碳、全钙含量均为阳坡顶大于其他坡位。细菌数量与含水率、钙含量，放线菌数量与酸碱度均极显著负相关。④环境因子可解释土壤微生物数量差异的90%，其中坡位和土层影响最大（37.31%），植被次之（29.83%），土壤理化性质影响最小（22.86%）。在土壤理化性质中，团聚体粒径、含水率及pH值影响较大。[结论] 砒砂岩区坡位加剧土壤微生物数量和生理类群的分化，微生物的生存能力随着环境条件的下降而下降；生存环境适中的沟底孕育着该区生态修复关键的本土植被及土壤微生物资源。     

裸露砒砂岩区人工林地侵蚀特征及其侵蚀量模拟研究

[目的] 研究裸露砒砂区天然降雨条件下不同类型人工林地的侵蚀特征,为裸露砒砂区植被建设和减轻泥沙入黄提供科学指导。[方法] 以裸露砒砂岩区广泛栽植的油松人工林、山杏人工林、沙棘人工林和柠条人工林以及草地和裸地为研究对象,采用径流小区监测的手段,对各类型样地的年内天然降雨以及土壤侵蚀量进行监测。[结果] ①依据研究的年内降雨数据,裸露砒砂岩区长历时的暴雨和中到大雨的情况下,瞬时雨量呈现双峰趋势,累积降雨量呈梯式增长规律;短历时的暴雨和小到中雨的瞬时雨量呈单峰趋势,累积降雨量分别呈S形和线性增长趋势; ②裸露基岩坡面侵蚀较为严重,总产流量达28.48 L,总土壤侵蚀量达31.85 t/(hm²·a),有植被的坡面总产流量在9.8～18.41 L之间,总土壤侵蚀量在1.67～10.14 t/(hm²·a)之间。各类型人工林地的产流量随着降雨类型的变化并无统一规律;但土壤侵蚀量均呈现：裸地>草地>柠条林>山杏林>油松林>沙棘林的规律。油松林和沙棘林地的产流量和土壤侵蚀量均呈极显著相关关系,相关系数分别0.929,0.893;各类型样地的平均雨强和I₃₀均与土壤侵蚀量呈显著相关关系,相关系数高于0.595。③各类型人工林地降雨量分别与径流量、土壤侵蚀量呈多元线性(R²>0.771)的关系。降雨产流模型的Nse值高于0.62,除柠条人工林外降雨产沙模型的Nse值高于0.57,表明模型精度相对较高。[结论] 在裸露砒砂岩区侵蚀性降雨条件下,人工林地降雨、产流与产沙均存在一定的函数关系且人工林地的侵蚀量小于裸露坡面的侵蚀量。     

喀斯特高原峡谷区不同植被类型的土壤抗蚀性

[目的]对喀斯特高原峡谷区不同植被类型土壤抗蚀性的变化特征进行分析,为该区水土保持和脆弱生态系统的恢复工作提供科学支撑。[方法]以喀斯特高原峡谷区5种植被类型土壤为研究对象,选取常用的11个理化指标,运用主成分分析法进行最佳指标筛选及土壤抗蚀性评价。[结果]与耕地相比,其他植被类型土壤抗蚀性均明显增强;土壤团聚状况和水稳性大团聚体含量显著增加(p≤0.05);土壤黏粒含量有增加趋势,差异不显著(p0.05);土壤分散率和团聚体破坏率显著减小(p≤0.05)。主成分分析结果表明,黏粒含量、结构性颗粒指数、分散率、团聚状况、水稳性大团聚体含量和团聚体破坏率是评价该研究区土壤抗蚀性的最佳指标;土壤抗蚀性强弱顺序为:林地林草间作地荒草地退耕还草地耕地。[结论]楸树林自然恢复模式下土壤抗蚀性最优,建议该区域增加楸树林的面积,提高土壤抗蚀性,促进区域生态恢复和增强水土保持功能。     

徂徕山植被类型对不同坡位土壤团聚体特征的影响

[目的] 研究徂徕山不同植被类型不同坡位的土壤团聚体特征,为北方土石山区植被建设和水土保持提供理论支撑。 [方法] 采用干筛和湿筛法分析徂徕山板栗林、刺槐麻栎混交林坡上及坡下的土壤团聚体组成与稳定性,并测定土壤固液气三相比及其结构距离。 [结果] ①机械稳定性团聚体组成中2～0.25 mm粒级所占比例为55.60%～72.76%,0.25～0.053 mm粒级所占比例为25.11%～41.98%,＜0.053 mm粒级含量最低,所占比例为0.60%～3.75%。 ②与板栗林相比,刺槐×麻栎混交林的土壤机械稳定性团聚体的平均重量直径提高10.51%,几何平均直径提高7.51%,不稳定团粒指数降低19.01%,而水稳定性团聚体各指标在不同植被类型及不同坡位均未表现出显著差异。 ③固液气三相体积比例表现为：土壤固相体积(56.46%～66.15%)＞液相体积(21.66%～36.56%)＞气相体积(4.40%～12.19%),刺槐×麻栎混交林的土壤三相结构距离与板栗林相比约减少8.87%。 [结论] 植被类型对徂徕山土壤团聚体结构稳定性的影响大于坡位,其中刺槐×麻栎混交林对土壤团聚体机械稳定性的促进作用显著优于板栗林。固相体积比是解释团聚体组成的关键因子。     

裸露砒砂岩区小流域土壤侵蚀空间自相关特征及影响因素

[目的] 研究裸露砒砂岩区小流域土壤侵蚀空间自相关特征及影响因素,为科学指导植被建设,减轻入黄泥沙提供理论指导。[方法] 以裸露砒砂岩区鲍家沟小流域为研究对象,运用地统计学和灰色关联理论相结合的方法,研究裸露砒砂岩区小流域土壤侵蚀空间自相关特征及影响因素。[结果] ①研究流域土壤侵蚀模数具有显著的空间自相关性（Z值为136.87）,侵蚀强度高值聚集区主要位于基岩大幅出露的区域,低值聚集区主要分布在坡面。②以鲍家沟小流域为代表的裸露砒砂岩区典型流域,流域内的优势景观为裸露基岩景观,其次为大面积的沙棘林景观。③高值聚集区与斑块面积分形维数的关联系数最高（为0.774）,低值聚集区与坡度关联程度最高。[结论] 地形是导致植被景观破碎化并决定水力侵蚀强度的主要因素,而在地形平缓的地带,植被景观的联通程度则是限制水力侵蚀发生发展的主要因素。     

应用Le Bissonnais法研究黄土丘陵区土壤团聚体稳定性

 以黄土丘陵区森林草原过渡带燕沟流域植被自然恢复过程中6种植被类型为研究对象,应用LeBissonnais(LB)法测定了不同植被类型下土壤水稳性团聚体,对比分析了LB法3种处理的测定结果与传统湿筛法(Yoder)的差异性。结果表明:在LB法3种湿润处理下,快速湿润处理(FW)对土壤团聚体结构的破坏程度最大,处理后土壤水稳性团聚体以0.05～0.5mm为主;慢速湿润处理(SW)对团聚体的破坏程度最小,处理后土壤水稳性团聚体主要以>2mm团聚体为主;而预湿后扰动处理(WS)对团聚体的破坏程度介于FW和SW之间,处理后土壤团聚体粒径分布比较均匀。说明该区土壤团聚体破坏的主要机制是土壤孔隙中的气泡爆破产生的消散作用。退耕100a期间,植被群落由1年生草本(4a)—多年生灌草(16 a)—半灌木(29 a)—灌木(55 a)—乔木(100a)方向演替过程中,土壤水稳性团聚体由小粒径向大粒径方向转变,土壤结构趋于稳定。LB法3种处理中,FW处理与SW处理所测得>0.5mm团聚体含量和平均重量直径与土壤有机质和物理性黏粒之间存在显著的相关性,而WS处理未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。说明土壤有机质和物理性黏粒主要影响消散和黏粒膨胀引起的崩解作用,而对机械干扰引起的团聚体破坏无明显影响。LB法3种处理中,慢速湿润方法所获得土壤团聚体稳定性特征更接近湿筛法,适宜于黄土丘陵区植被恢复过程中土壤水稳性团聚体的测定。     

Bodengefüge gegen Verdichtungen schützen – Lösungsansätze für den Schutz landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made.     

Soil health – What should the doctor order?

The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management.     

Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China

In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland.     

土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展

土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。     

土壤润湿性受土壤特性及土地使用的影响

Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered.     

设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究

以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。     

植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例

植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据.     

土壤因子研究综述

介绍了国内外土壤因子的研究方法及研究成果,指出我国目前土壤因子研究中存在的问题,并结合我国土壤因子研究现状,认为继续土壤水蚀机理的研究是今后土壤因子研究的内容之一,同时,随着GIS和RS技术发展,应用GIS和RS技术研究区域土壤因子也将成为潮流。     

金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探

Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant.