油茶扦插生根过程中的营养物质含量变化研究

为了解油茶(Camellia oleifera)扦插生根过程中营养物质含量的动态变化及其与插穗生根的关系,以清水为对照,用IBA、ABT6、NAA生根粉处理插穗,并对油茶嫩枝扦插生根过程中部分营养指标的含量进行了测定.结果表明:外源生长激素提高了插穗生根率,改善了生根性状,其中以IBA处理为最优;处理组与对照插穗的可溶性总糖质量分数、淀粉质量分数随时间变化趋势一致,均呈"下降—升高—下降"趋势,处理组出现的峰值均比对照早且高;总氮质量比变化呈"升高—下降—升高"趋势,处理组全氮含量在根的表达期均低于对照,但生根率均高于对照; C/N值呈现"下降—升高—下降"变化趋势,处理组C/N值变化曲线的峰值显著高于对照,C/N值越高的处理,其生根率越高.     

麻楝扦插生根进程中内源激素和营养物质含量的变化

【目的】研究麻楝扦插生根进程中形态、内源激素和营养物质含量的变化,揭示麻楝插穗内源激素和营养物质含量对其扦插生根的影响。【方法】以麻楝6个月生半木质化枝条为材料进行扦插,在扦插后每隔10 d取一次样,记录插穗生根情况,及测定基部内源激素和营养物质含量。【结果】观测证实麻楝嫩枝插穗生根类型主要为皮部生根型,少量为愈伤组织生根型和中间生根型;其生根进程大致分为3个时期:皮孔萌动根原基诱导期(0～20 d)、不定根表达发生期(20～40 d)和不定根伸长发育期(40 d以后)。外源激素处理组麻楝插穗生根进程研究发现,内源激素IAA含量、IAA/ABA值、IAA/ZR值呈"上升-下降-上升"的变化趋势,ABA含量呈"上升-下降"趋势,GA和ZR含量的变化相似,均为"上升-下降-上升-下降"。营养物质含量变化研究中,处理组可溶性糖与淀粉含量均呈"下降-上升-下降"的变化趋势,可溶性蛋白含量变化表现为先下降而后缓慢上升。【结论】麻楝插穗生根过程中,外源激素IBA的施用可在一定程度上提高插穗内源激素IAA、GA、ZR的含量及IAA/ABA、IAA/ZR的比值,降低ABA的含量。较高浓度的IAA和较为稳定的低浓度ZR有利于插穗不定根的发生;低浓度的ABA有利于不定根的形成与伸长;同时较低水平的IAA和GA对插穗根系伸长生长有益。较高比值的IAA/ZR和IAA/ABA有利于麻楝嫩枝插穗生根。外源激素处理加快了麻楝插穗内各营养物质的代谢进程,对插穗生根有利;各处理可溶性糖和淀粉含量显著高于可溶性蛋白含量,变化幅度也较可溶性蛋白含量大,与麻楝插穗生根的联系更为紧密。     

绿竹侧枝扦插生根机理研究

为了探明生长素处理对绿竹Dendrocalamopsis oldhami扦插苗生根机理的影响,为绿竹扦插育苗提供理论依据,以2年生绿竹粗壮侧枝为实验材料,采用600 mg·L~(-1)的ABT1号先处理5 min,以黄泥土:泥炭土(1:1)为扦插基质,进行扦插试验,研究绿竹插条生根特性和生根过程中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量和相关抗氧化酶活性变化。结果表明:600 mg·L~(-1)的ABT1号处理对扦插生根具有影响,处理后的插条生根率可达57.25%;绿竹扦插生根属于潜伏不定根原基生根型,具体过程分为根的诱导时期(0~14 d)、表达时期(14~21 d)和伸长时期(21~35 d)3个阶段;在扦插生根过程中,可溶性糖含量变化呈下降-上升-下降趋势,可溶性蛋白含量变化呈上升-下降-上升趋势;在不定根诱导期(0~14 d),过氧化物酶(POD),吲哚乙酸氧化酶(IAAO),多酚氧化酶(PPO)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈上升趋势;在表达期(14~21 d),POD和PPO活性下降,IAAO活性上升,SOD活性保持稳定;在伸长期(21~35 d),IAAO和PPO活性下降,POD活性先上升后下降,SOD活性略上升。     

红锥扦插生根过程中内源激素的变化

以红锥嫩枝插穗为材料,用清水处理,研究红锥插穗扦插生根过程中插穗基部韧皮部的4种内源激素含量的变化。结果表明:在插穗生根过程中,插穗基部韧皮部的IAA含量在扦插过程中呈现出先升高、后降低、再升高的变化趋势;ABA、ZR、GA3等激素含量在扦插过程中基本呈现出先降低、后升高、再降低的变化趋势。判别生根难易的IAA/ABA比值呈现出先上升、后下降、再上升的变化趋势,ZR/IAA则呈现先下降、后上升、再下降的变化趋势。外部形态学观察结果,红锥插穗扦插后第21d开始生根,第60天生根基本结束,生根率达92.5%,说明插穗自身的激素含量影响生根性状,红锥插穗自身的激素含量有利于生根,故红锥插穗生根能力较强。     

2种激素处理的山杏插穗生根过程中营养物质及酶活性的变化

以山杏嫩枝为插穗,用IBA和NAA处理插穗,以清水处理为对照,研究扦插生根过程中营养物质及酶活性的变化。结果表明,各激素处理插穗的可溶性总糖含量变化趋势一致,均呈"升高-降低-升高"趋势,且高于对照;生根率高的处理其可溶性总糖含量也相对较高,表明激素处理可以增加可溶性总糖的积累,从而促进生根。各激素处理插穗蛋白质含量变化均呈"升高-降低-升高"趋势,生根率较高的处理其蛋白质含量较高;各激素处理插穗的全氮含量在根伸长期均低于对照,但生根率均高于对照,表明低氮条件更有利于生根;各激素处理C/N值的变化趋势与对照相反,且均高于对照,生根率高的处理其C/N值也相对较高。各激素处理插穗的3种酶(POD、PPO、IAAO)活性的变化趋势一致,其中POD、PPO呈"升高-降低-升高"趋势,IAAO则呈"升高-降低"趋势;POD、PPO的峰值出现较早,表明POD、PPO活性与不定根的诱导有关,IAAO的峰值出现较晚,表明IAAO活性与不定根的伸长关系更为密切;生根率高的处理3种酶活性也相对较高,表明激素处理可以提高山杏酶活性。     

大头典竹扦插过程中营养物质和氧化酶活性变化研究

以2年生大头典竹(Dendrocalamopsis beecheyana)的粗壮主侧枝为实验材料,采用600 mg·L~(-1)的ABT1溶液预先处理5 min,以m(黄泥土)∶m(泥炭土)=1∶1混合为基质,进行扦插,研究不同扦插时期大头典竹生根特性和扦插生根后可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和相关抗氧化酶活性变化。结果表明:600 mg·L~(-1)的ABT1处理对扦插生根具有重要影响,处理后的插条生根率最高可达69.84%。大头典竹侧枝扦插生根属于潜伏不定根原基生根型,具体过程分为根的诱导时期(0~14 d)、表达时期(14~21 d)和伸长时期(21~35 d)3个阶段。扦插后,可溶性糖质量分数呈现先降低后上升再下降的变化趋势,可溶性蛋白质量分数则呈现相反变化趋势。在扦插生根过程中氧化酶活性呈规律性变化,过氧化物酶(POD)、吲哚乙酸氧化酶(IAAO)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在不定根诱导时期呈上升趋势;在不定根表达形成期,POD、PPO活性下降,IAAO活性急剧上升,SOD活性保持稳定;在不定根的伸长时期,IAAO和PPO活性下降,POD活性先上升后下降,SOD活性仍维持较高水平。     

品种和穗条类型对油茶穗条中生根抑制物的影响

通过对不同品种以及不同类型穗条提取液在不同季节的生根抑制物质的变化研究,以期为油茶无性繁殖采样季节提供理论依据。以油茶新品种为实验材料,研究了品种及穗条类型对生根提取液中酸度、酚类物质含量以及生物效应的影响。酸度的测定采用滴定法,酚类物质含量的测定采用分光光度法,生物效应采用种子发芽率进行测定。结果表明:不同品种穗条提取液中酸度和酚类物质含量的变化趋势一致,均呈"先上升后下降"的趋势,而种子发芽率的变化趋势与酸度和酚类物质含量的变化趋势相反,即"先下降后上升",呈"V"型,5月份穗条中生根抑制物质含量最高,4、6月份较低;不同类型穗条提取液中酸度呈"上升"趋势,酚类物质含量呈"下降"趋势,发芽率呈"上升"趋势,6月份穗条中酚类物质含量较低。     

曙箣竹自然降温过程中生理特性的变化

通过对自然降温过程中曙箣竹各项生理指标和低温半致死温度的测定,研究了曙箣竹抗寒能力及相关生理特性的变化。结果表明:在自然降温过程中曙箣竹叶片的相对电导率、脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量均表现为先上升后下降再上升的趋势,温度为11℃时脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量出现峰值;随着温度的下降,丙二醛含量(MDA)含量呈先下降再上升趋势,20℃时MDA含量最高,仅8℃时与其他处理温度呈显著差异;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈降低—升高—降低的变化趋势,SOD活性在8℃时达最大;过氧化物酶(POD)活性呈"W"型趋势变化,表现为降低—升高—降低—升高,POD活性除在20℃时最大并与5℃之间无显著差异外,与其他4个温度处理间均呈显著差异。以电导法配合Logistic方程测定曙竹叶片的半致死温度为-2.16℃,此温度可能是曙箣竹生理生化指标变化的节点,低于此温度叶片生理活动将受限。此外,曙箣竹主要通过渗透调节物质的变化来适应温度变化。     

影响木槿扦插生根的因素分析

为了解不同因子对木槿扦插生根的影响,探索木槿扦插快繁技术,研究了木槿品种、基质比例、激素质量浓度在扦插中对生根产生的影响,以及生根期间过氧化酶POD活性和可溶性总糖含量的生理指标变化。结果表明:木槿品种和基质比例能极大的影响木槿的扦插生根,激素质量浓度对木槿扦插生根影响不大。扦插过程中POD的活性大致呈现为"先上升后下降"的趋势,可溶性总糖含量大致呈现为"先下降后上升"的趋势。同时POD活性较高的品种在扦插中能更好更快的生根,可溶性总糖含量在不同品种中相差不大。     

4个油茶无性系叶片内各营养元素含量变化研究

为给油茶理论研究和生产实践提供参考依据,以油茶的4个无性系——岑软2号、岑软3号、湘林8号、阳春5号为试验材料,连续1年定期采集各树种7年生叶片,测定其叶片内氮、磷、有机质、可溶性糖及淀粉等营养元素的含量,并研究了各营养元素含量的变化规律。结果表明:自当年6月至次年5月,叶片中的氮和可溶性糖含量均呈"下降—升高—下降—升高"的变化趋势;磷含量呈"升高—下降—升高"的变化趋势;淀粉含量在6月份最高,随之下降,之后又开始波动上升;有机质含量在5月份最高。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.