磷酸替米考星对姜曲海品系仔猪的安全性试验研究

为客观评价磷酸替米考星可溶性粉对靶动物猪临床应用的安全性,本试验选取50头40日龄健康断奶姜曲海品系仔猪,分别以1倍、3倍、5倍及10倍剂量10％磷酸替米考星可溶性粉连续饮水给药21 d,喂服受试药物前后受试猪的血常规、血生化、血凝、尿常规、料重比等指标及病理组织学结果表明,受试仔猪没有表现出明显不良症状,除10倍剂量受试猪的血生化指标中血清钙、肌酸激酶与空白对照组相比有明显差异(P＜0.01)外,其他各用药组受试猪的各检测指标与空白对照组没有显著差异或其测定值均位于正常值范围,未出现与用药明显相关的不良状况.结果说明10％磷酸替米考星可溶性粉毒性较小,受试猪体的耐受性高,至少以10倍推荐剂量连续饮水给药21 d对靶动物猪是安全的.本试验对姜曲海品系仔猪进行了血常规、血生化、血凝、尿常规、饲料报酬等方面数据的补充,为其相关指标的进一步研究提供了一定的参考依据.     

硫酸新霉素可溶性粉在靶动物猪的安全性研究

为了客观评价硫酸新霉素可溶性粉对靶动物猪临床应用的安全性,将32头仔猪随机分为4组,每组8头,分别设1倍、3倍、5倍临床推荐剂量组和空白对照组,连续混饮硫酸新霉素可溶性粉15 d,通过检测各组受试猪的临床表现、血液常规指标、血清生化指标、尿液常规指标及病理学变化等评价其临床用药的安全性。结果:硫酸新霉素可溶性粉以5倍临床推荐剂量内应用于靶动物猪后,对其临床症状、体重、血常规、血生化及尿常规等指标没有显著影响,解剖学及病理组织学检查也未见任何病理变化,说明硫酸新霉素可溶性粉以1倍、3倍、5倍临床推荐剂量应用于靶动物猪是安全的。     

磷酸替米考星可溶性粉在靶动物鸡的安全性试验

为了客观评价磷酸替米考星可溶性粉的临床应用安全性,本试验给靶动物鸡投服不同剂量的磷酸替米考星,通过测定受试鸡的血液生化指标、凝血指标、血液常规指标、尿液常规指标、饲料报酬和组织病理学检查等来评价其临床应用安全性。研究结果显示,以10倍于推荐剂量(800 mg/L)饮水投服10%磷酸替米考星可溶性粉后,药物对靶动物鸡的血液、尿液指标均未产生不良影响,组织病理学检查结果也未见其对靶动物鸡的器官组织造成药物不良影响,说明低于800 mg/L剂量的磷酸替米考星对靶动物鸡的使用是安全的。     

替米考星对猪传染性胸膜肺炎的治疗试验

为了解替米考星对猪传染性胸膜肺炎的疗效并为临床应用该药提供科学依据,将60头仔猪分为6 组(替米考星高、中、低剂量组及健康、感染和土霉素3 个对照组)进行人工感染试验。结果表明,国产替米考星拌料给药对治疗猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌病具有明显的效果,可降低死亡率,提高成活率,减少人工感染引起的病理损伤;替米考星中、高剂量组(200 mg/kg饲料、400 mg/kg饲料)疗效尤为显著,因此临床治疗推荐剂量为200 mg/kg饲料,连用7 d。     

苦白石颗粒靶动物(猪)安全性试验

为评价苦白石颗粒对靶动物(猪)的安全性,为临床应用提供依据。将苦白石颗粒按临床推荐剂量的1、3、5、10倍剂量连续拌料给药5d。从喂药第1天开始,连续观察14d;测定给药前、给药后第7天和第14天试验猪的体重、血液常规指标、血液生化指标。结果表明,苦白石颗粒按临床推荐剂量1、3、5、10倍剂量应用,猪的体重、血液常规指标、血液生化指标等与对照组相比较差异均不显著(P>0.05)。表明苦白石颗粒按临床推荐剂量的1倍~10倍范围内应用,对靶动物(猪)是安全的。     

磷酸替米考星对肺炎支原体自然感染猪的治疗试验

为了评价磷酸替米考星对仔猪自然感染肺炎支原体的治疗效果,选取支原体肺炎患猪,10%磷酸替米考星可溶性粉混饮给药,每日1次,连用7 d,通过检测各组受试猪死亡率、治愈率、有效率、增重效果、感染仔猪的肺部病变评分等指标对受试药物的临床治疗效果进行研究。结果显示:10%磷酸替米考星可溶性粉80 mg/L剂量组治愈率最佳,与其他2个药物治疗组相比差异显著(P0.05);药物治疗有效率10%磷酸替米考星可溶性粉80 mg/L剂量组最高,但3个药物治疗组之间差异不显著(P0.05);10%磷酸替米考星可溶性粉60~80 mg/L能有效改善猪群相对增重率(P0.05),但仍显著低于健康猪群(P0.05);10%磷酸替米考星可溶性粉60~80 mg/L剂量组、10%替米考星可溶性粉组均可明显降低病猪肺脏病变评分(P0.05)。结果表明:60~80 mg/L剂量的10%磷酸替米考星可溶性粉饮水治疗猪自然感染肺炎支原体的效果显著,且治疗效果与10%替米考星可溶性粉相当。     

10%磷酸替米考星可溶性粉在靶动物鸡的安全性试验

为评价10%磷酸替米考星可溶性粉对靶动物鸡的安全性,本试验选择40只25日龄健康白羽杂交肉鸡,随机分为4组,每组10只,公母各半。各组分别以0（0 mg/L）、1（75 mg/L,以替米考星计）、3（225 mg/L,以替米考星计）和5（375 mg/L,以替米考星计）倍推荐剂量的10%磷酸替米考星可溶性粉混饮给药,连用9 d。试验期间观察鸡的临床表现、体重变化和饲料消耗,试验结束后进行病理学检查,并测定血液生理指标和血清相关生化指标的变化。结果显示,10%磷酸替米考星可溶性粉在本试验条件下以5倍以下剂量饮水给药对鸡的生长性能无显著影响（P>0.05）,在血液生理指标及血清生化指标方面,不具有剂量依赖性的显著变化（P>0.05）。该试验结果表明,10%磷酸替米考星可溶性粉按推荐剂量（75 mg/L）饮水给药对靶动物鸡具有较大的安全性。     

替米考星预混剂对仔猪增重及预防人工感染传染性胸膜肺炎的效果观察

试验将替米考星以高、中、低(400 mg/kg、200 mg/kg1、00 mg/kg饲料)三个剂量和土霉素以600 mg/kg拌入饲料中饲喂仔猪15 d,称重结果,替米考星高、中、低三个剂量组及土霉素组与对照组相比均有明显的增重效果(P<0.01),尤其是替米考星高剂量组的增重效果显著高于替米考星中、低剂量组及土霉素组(P<0.01),增重效果与替米考星在饲料中的添加剂量成正比。人工感染试验结果:替米考星及土霉素拌料给药对预防猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌病均有明显的效果,可降低发病率和死亡率,提高成活率,减少病理损害,降低人工感染对增重的影响,尤其以替米考星高、中剂量组预防效果最佳,效果明显优于土霉素组(P<0.01)。用于预防感染,临床推荐剂量为200mg/kg饲料拌料,连续饲喂15 d左右。     

替米考星水溶性粉在家兔体内的药动学研究

为了考察替米考星水溶性粉在家兔体内的药动学特征,本试验分别给受试家兔灌服替米考星、替米考星肠溶微丸、替米考星水溶性粉,以12.5 mg/kg体重剂量给药,采用HPLC方法分析不同时间点受试家兔血浆中替米考星的药物浓度。试验结果显示,新研制的20%替米考星水溶性粉经口服后,药物在家兔体内可被快速吸收达到较高的血药浓度0.413±0.148μg/m L,血药浓度-时间曲线下的面积(AUC)为4.334±0.620μg/m L·h,相对生物利用度(F)达到86.99%,说明替米考星水溶性粉经口服后的生物利用度较高,有利于致病菌细菌的抑制或杀灭。     

术苦芩颗粒对靶动物仔猪的安全性试验

为了评价术苦芩颗粒对靶动物猪的安全性,选取60头健康的20日龄荣昌猪,随机分为4组,每组15头。各试验组分别以1倍(5 g/kg)、3倍(15 g/kg)、5倍(25 g/kg)推荐剂量的术苦芩颗粒连续经口灌胃给药14 d,观察临床症状、增重、血液学和组织病理学变化。结果显示,各组间的血液生理、生化指标无明显差异,组织无明显病理学病变,中剂量组仔猪日增重显著增加(P0.05)。试验表明,术苦芩颗粒安全范围大,在仔猪体内耐受性高,以5倍推荐剂量灌胃14 d对靶动物猪安全。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.