直干桉,蓝桉无性系多点测定的初步分析

经方分析后发现，３个试验点的直干桉，蓝桉无性测定林在１９９４年７月以前造的，其处理间的生长差异显著或极显著，干干桉的生长差异比蓝桉更大。将造林时的苗高作协方差分析，用回归系数调整树高后，大部分无性系的树高都超过对照。对无性系与环境的交互作?初步结果的分析表明，多数地点、地点无性系的差异显著。以实测值（并非调整值）选材积超过对照２５％的直干桉无性系７个。蓝桉无性系６个，最好无性系的材积分别为对照的２     

昆明和玉溪直干桉、蓝桉无性系的生长测定

1994年在昆明、玉溪两试验点营造的直干桉和蓝桉无性系测定林,根据1999年的生长数据分析后看出两地的测定林都是直干桉比蓝桉生长好,玉溪两个树种的生长都比昆明好.在直干桉无性系中两试验点的生长性状差异均达显著或极显著水平,而蓝桉无性系在两试验点都不显著.在昆明试验点测定林保存完好的无性系中,直干桉有5个、蓝桉有3个无性系的材积超过对照(实生木),其中超过30%有6个(直干桉4个,蓝桉2个).玉溪试验点参试的7个直干桉无性系有6个的材积超过对照,其中材积显著大于对照的有两个;蓝桉3个无性系中没有1个超过对照.根据云南省目前的经济技术水平,走选优、建园的遗传改良途径更为积极稳妥.     

昆明和玉溪直干桉,蓝桉无性系的生长测定

１９９４年在昆明、玉溪两试验点营造的直干桉和蓝桉无性系测定林,根据１９９９年的生长数据分析后看出：两地的测定林都是直干桉比蓝桉生长好,玉溪两个树种的生长都比昆明好。在直干桉无性系中两试验点的生长性状差异均达显著或极显著水平,而蓝桉无性系在两试验点都不显著。在昆明试验点测定林保存完好的无性系中,直干按有５个、蓝桉有３个无性系的材积超过对照（实生木）,其中超过３０％有６个（直干按４个,蓝桉２个）。玉溪     

史密斯桉不同种源的引种试验研究

从原产地引入史密斯桉7个种源,以蓝桉、直干桉为对照,在云南亚热带地区的5个试点上进行史密斯桉不同种源的引种试验。5年的试验结果表明:史密斯桉在各试验点上的生长表现较好。其树高、胸径和材积的生长总体超过蓝桉和直干桉;各试验点的史密斯桉全年都在生长,一般以7月生长量最大,2月生长量最小;平均出油率分别超过蓝桉、直干桉69 89%和51 78%,桉叶油的1,8-桉叶素含量分别超过直干桉和蓝桉8 87%、11 14%。每公顷桉叶油产量超过蓝桉30 66%,超过直干桉9 17%,每公顷桉叶素产量分别超过蓝桉和直干桉45 25%和18 93%。史密斯桉不同种源间的树高、胸径和材积变异幅度较小,而种源内的变异幅度较大,为种源间变异的5～6倍。种源间树高、胸径、出油率、产叶量差异都达到显著或极显著水平,树高的地点与种源间存在极显著的交互作用;树高、胸径、材积、产叶量、出油率的种源遗传力分别为0 18、0 50、0 22、0 33、0 36;产叶量与胸径、冠幅、枝重成正相关,出油率、1,8-桉叶素含量这两个性状与其他各性状相关不显著,为相对独立的性状。根据树高表型值,分别选出适宜各试验点种植的优良种源;根据不同育种目的分别进行了用材林种源选择、油用林种源选择和材油兼用林种源选择。其中油用林种源选择效果最好,其桉叶素产量增益可     

邓恩桉引种及丰产栽培技术研究

对16个邓恩桉种源及其153个家系进行树高、胸径和材积生长性状调查,结果得出邓恩桉各家系间生长差异显著。选出的优良家系80个,其中材积生长量大于总体平均值20%的家系有22个。在合理密植、科学施肥等丰产栽培技术条件下,邓恩桉生长量超过直干蓝桉80%~140%,与史密斯桉生长量相近,但胸径生长往往超过史密斯桉,对培育大径材更有利,是一个值得广泛推广栽培的速生用材品种。     

尾叶桉无性系生长比较研究

对12个尾叶桉无性系的生长性状差异分析和比较结果表明：各性状在无性系间差异均极显著，各性状的无性系重复力75．24％～94．32％，单株重复力为43．18％～80．57％。冠幅的重复力最小，材积最大。5．5年生时共有4个无性系生长量超过总体家系平均值，生长最优的无性系平均单株材积达0．1684m^3，是最差无性系的253．78％，是平均值的58．38％，比最优对照U6无性系高79．33％。应用主成分分类方法，将无性系分成6类。速生型无性系较慢生型无性系的树高、胸径和材积分别高出30．40％、57、74％和221．64％，增产效果十分显著。     

史密斯桉引种栽培试验

从澳大利亚引进史密斯桉原产地的7个种源，以保山市本地生长量较好的直干桉和蓝桉作对照，在保山市隆阳区国营林场长岭岗林区进行了引种栽培试验。苗期到5年生幼树的生长情况表明，史密斯桉在云南保山市适生，幼林树高、胸径、冠幅生长量均达到或超过当地的直干桉和蓝桉，出油率均比直干桉和蓝桉高。引种的7个种源中，尤以18688、18681、18682表现最好，有较好的发展前途，可进一步推广。     

石屏7个史密斯桉种源幼林期的引种栽培成效研究

从原产地澳大利亚引进7个史密斯桉种源,以直干桉和蓝桉为对照,在石屏县进行了不同史密斯桉种源幼林期的引种栽培成效研究.苗期到5年生幼林期林木(苗木)的生长情况表明:在引种地7个种源的史密斯桉林木的树高、胸径和材积生长量均超过了蓝桉和直干桉;此期间史密斯桉林木全年都在生长,以7月的生长量最大,2月的生长量最小;史密斯桉不同种源林木的树高、胸径和材积变异幅度较小,而种源内的变异幅度较大,为种源间的5～6倍.根据幼林期林木的生长量值评选出15064和18688史密斯桉种源为石屏引种地的最适种源.     

巨桉与柳桉、邓恩桉杂种子代测定初报

对巨桉与柳桉、邓恩桉22个组合杂种子代测定林适应性和生长性状、耐寒性状及其遗传变异规律进行分析表明,杂种桉子代成活率、保存率和耐寒指数差异极显著,树高、胸径、单株材积差异显著。耐寒指数和树高受中等偏强遗传力控制,胸径、单株材积受中等偏弱遗传力控制;变异系数材积胸径树高。以7年生保存率、树高、胸径、单株材积和4年生耐寒指数为选择指标,初选3个优良组合及10个优良单株杂种桉,优良组合平均单株材积比对照巨桉增长9. 76%～20. 41%,耐寒指数比对照柳桉高0. 31;优良单株耐寒指数均为5,平均单株材积0. 34947 m3,比对照平均值增长110. 31%。     

保山地区史密斯桉种源的引种试验

1995年，以本地生长状况较好的直干桉的蓝桉作对照，在保山市隆阳区国营林场长岭岗林区进行了史密斯桉7个种源的对比栽培试验研究。对7个参试种源从苗期到5年生幼树的生长观测结果表明：史密斯桉适于在保山地区生长，5年生林木的树高，胸径，冠幅生长量均达到或超过当地的直干桉和蓝桉，出油率也比值干桉和蓝桉高。其中万以18688，18681，18682等3个种源表现最好，有较好的发展前途，可进一步推广。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.