展缘异点瓢虫——一种捕食玉米螟卵的天敌

展缘异点瓢虫(Anisosticta kobensis Lewis)在玉米、高粱、水稻、小麦、大豆及果树上均有发生。以玉米田的数量较大,盛期百株成虫70余头;其次是高粱、水稻;豆田、麦田、果树上的数量较小。该虫可捕食多种作物上的蚜虫及玉米螟卵。 展缘异点瓢虫在河南玉米上一年有两个成虫高峰。第一次出现在5月上旬,盛期为5月底至6且上旬,第二次在7月下旬,盛期在8月中旬。成虫产卵期为5～7天,产卵量30～50粒,散产或两列排布于玉米叶背,卵经3天孵化。在日均温23～28℃的室内条件下饲养,1、2龄幼虫各1天;3龄幼虫2～3天;4龄幼虫4～5天,整个幼虫期9～10天,蛹期3～4天。     

八点灰灯蛾核型多角体病毒的初步研究

八点灰灯蛾Creatonotus translens(WalKer)是我区南宁、百色、河池三地区部分山区春玉米苗期的重要害虫,是新发现的玉米黑毛虫主要种类,作者于1980年在隆安县布泉公社田间调查时,发现有自然感病的死亡,死亡率10.8%,死亡幼虫多倒挂于石田硬的石壁上.死亡症状全身肿胀液化流出黄褐色液体;在室内饲养中也极易感染发病,死亡症状相同.经中国科学院上海生物化学研究所龚祖勋同志鉴定为核型角体病毒.试验结果表明,1～6龄幼虫均可感染而死亡.1～3龄幼虫接种后第4天开始发病死亡,接种后第7天死亡率达67.5-86.3%,第10天达75.0—90%,5～6龄幼虫于接种后第13天后化蛹前大量死亡,总死亡率93.3%.     

转Bt基因玉米对粘虫的室内杀虫效果评价

在室内用生测法研究了表达Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的Bt玉米MON810和Bt11小苗和心叶对粘虫Mythimna separata (Walker)初孵幼虫以及玉米叶片对暴食期4龄和5龄幼虫的杀虫效果.结果表明,2种Bt玉米小苗及心叶对粘虫初孵幼虫都具有很好的控制效果,取食MON810和Bt11小苗的粘虫初孵幼虫第1 天的存活率分别为69.44%和86.11%,到第3 天时,取食Bt11小苗的幼虫全部死亡,此时取食MON810小苗的幼虫存活率仅为4.17%,到第7 天全部死亡,而此时在各自相对应的对照玉米DK647和NX4906小苗上幼虫存活率分别为91.66%和88.89%.取食MON810和Bt11心叶的粘虫初孵幼虫第2 天时幼虫存活率急剧下降,分别为13.89%和19.45%,到第7 天时,取食两种Bt玉米心叶的初孵幼虫全部死亡,而取食对照玉米心叶幼虫存活率分别为94.45%和97.22%,差异极显著.两种Bt玉米对粘虫4龄幼虫有很好的杀虫效果,取食的第11天 4龄幼虫全部死亡,对照幼虫存活率均为100%;在Bt11和MON810叶片上取食的粘虫5龄幼虫也不能存活,分别在取食的第11天和12天全部死亡,对照存活率分别为96.00%和98.00%,差异极显著.表明Bt玉米对粘虫初孵幼虫和暴食期的4龄和5龄粘虫都具有显著的致死作用.     

东方粉蝶生物学的观察

东方粉蝶是十字花科蔬菜上的重要害虫,在铜鼓县一年发生6—8代,以蛹越冬,卵期3—5天。幼虫期,第1代16—18天,第2～6代11—13天,第7～8代18—20天,11月为25天。蛹期5～10月中旬为7～10天,10月底～11月初为12～18天,越冬蛹128～174天,成虫寿命,雄为3—4天,雌为7—8天,产卵量150粒左右。文中对该虫的形态作了描述和绘图。防治时,给合人工捕采幼虫和卵粒,田间施药可用2.5％敌杀死剂2500—3000倍液、90％敌百虫1000倍液、50％马拉硫磷或敌敌畏800—1000倍液,防治效果很好。     

黄斑星天牛磷化氢熏蒸技术初步研究

在 4 4～ 2 1 1℃系列温度条件下 ,磷化氢熏蒸黄斑星天牛 (Anoplophoranobilis)的毒力试验和室内验证试验结果表明 :4 4℃和 1 0 0℃的熏蒸时间为 5天 ,推算出死亡机率值 9要求的CT值分别为 6 2 9 81和 31 2 2 0mg·h/l,验证试验不能完全杀死黄斑星天牛或芳香木蠹蛾东方亚种 (Cossuscossusorientalis)和杨干透翅蛾 (Spheciasiningensis)幼虫 ;1 5 5℃和2 1 1℃的熏蒸时间为 4天 ,预计CT值分别为 :1 1 2 83和 36 59mg·h/l,室内验证实验证明 ,投药剂量为 2 2 6mg/l,熏蒸 4天能够全部杀灭杨树携带的黄斑星天牛幼虫和蛹 ,以及芳香木蠹蛾东方亚种和杨干透翅蛾幼虫。     

甘蔗二点螟的生物学与测报调查方法初探

二点螟是我省甘蔗上的主要害虫。根据笔者多年的调查观察,本文报导甘蔗二点螟的生物学及测报调查方法。1甘蔗二点螟的生物学在我省,甘蔗二点螟一年发生4～5代,以老熟幼虫和少数低龄幼虫在宿根蔗残、残留蔗茎及秋冬笋枯南内越冬。越冬幼虫在3月底至4月下旬化蛹、羽化为成虫。各代幼虫主害时期：第一代4月底～5月下旬;第2代6月下旬～7月中旬;第三代7月下旬～8月中旬;第四代8月下旬～9月上旬。成虫多在夜晚羽化,白天躲避,晚间活动,靠雌蛾分泌性外激素,引诱雄蛾交尾;第二天晚上开始产卵,持续4～5d,产卵200粒左右。卵多产在l～4叶的…     

甘蔗二点螟生活习性与测报调查

二点螟是甘蔗上的主要害虫。在江西省一年发生四代,以老熟幼虫和少数低龄幼虫在宿根蔗蔸、残茎内和秋冬笋枯苗上越冬;在3月下旬至4月下旬化蛹、羽化成虫。成虫在夜晚羽化,活动,白天隐避。产卵期持续4～5天,产200粒左右,一二代产卵在1～4叶的背面。成虫有趋光性,雌雄蛾量比为0.9:1.1。幼虫多在白天的上午从卵中孵出,先在叶面爬行,或垂丝下悬,随风飘动,主要从侧芽处侵入蔗苗,为害心叶,8～10天出现枯心苗。每只幼虫可造成1～3根枯心苗,老熟幼虫在苗内或茎内化蛹。     

新疆果树多毛小蠹生物学特性及防治

多毛小蠹是新疆果树重要害虫，危害杏树甚为严重。在库尔勒一年发生2～3代，主要以幼虫和少数成虫、卵在树皮内越冬，世代重叠。在自然变温下，卵历期4～11天，幼虫20～31天；蛹期6～9天；成虫10～35天。完成一世代需40～86天，主要以幼虫在寄主树表面活动。采用农业和药剂防治相结合效果显著。     

新疆哈密瓜上两种病毒的血清学特性

铜绿金龟(虫甲)是北京地区的一种重要害虫,一年发生一代,以3龄幼虫在土壤51～75厘米深层越冬。成虫每年6～9月出现,成虫有较强的趋光性,一日内以19:30′～21:00′活动最盛。成虫食性杂,每一雌虫一生可产卵30～40粒。产卵期为4～5天。在9种含水量(0.3、2、4、6、8、10、15、20和25%)土壤与5种温度(10、17、25、30、37℃)组合下,试验结果卵在温度25℃与8～15%含水量土壤内孵化率最高。卵的发育起点温度是9.14±1.15℃,发育有效积温为178.05日度。幼虫季节性垂直分布与10厘米土温变化有关,秋季当10厘米土温低于10℃,幼虫向土壤深层迁移,春季当10厘米土温高于6℃幼虫向土壤表层迁移。每年4～5月及8～9月幼虫10厘米作物外进行为害,这时亦导防治的有利时机。     

转基因抗虫棉花对棉铃虫生长发育影响的系统评价

以我国研制的转基因抗虫棉(Bt棉)品系CK595-1为材料,系统研究了对棉铃虫1～5龄幼虫存活及生长发育的影响。结果表明,Bt棉对棉铃虫的杀虫活性和体重抑制率有明显的器官和幼虫龄期间差异,其活性顺序为叶>蕾>铃>花,其作用随着幼虫龄期的增大而降低。棉铃虫1～4龄幼虫连续取食Bt棉叶片和棉蕾不能正常化蛹,5龄幼虫可部分化蛹及羽化;1～4龄幼虫取食Bt棉的花及2～5龄幼虫连续取食Bt棉铃后均可部分化蛹及羽化,化蛹率随龄期增大而增加。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.