反刍家畜卵泡发育机理的研究进展

反刍动物的卵泡发育是一个复杂且高度协调的过程，最新的研究肯定了卵泡发育以波的形式存在，但在影响包发育的因素中，除了传统的下丘脑－－垂体－－性腺轴外，一些非促性腺激素内源性因子及卵巢内部因子也起到了非常重要的作用，即便如此，，。要想对反刍动物包发育进行更精确的控制，仍需作更进一步研究。     

激素对家禽卵泡发育的调节

从家禽的生殖生理特点出发，根据近年来有关研究资料，系统地综述了促进性腺激素释放激素，促性腺激素，孕激素，肾上腺皮质激素、性腺激素、细胞因子、褪黑素和前列腺素对家禽卵泡发育和排卵的调节机理，对于促进家禽卵泡发育，提高家禽繁殖性能提供了科学的参考。     

山羊活体采卵的理论基础

对山羊卵泡发育模式的了解和人工调控是开展活体采卵的基础，文章综述了山羊卵泡发育模式及垂体促性腺激素对卵泡发育的调控。     

卵泡发育的激素调节研究进展

卵泡的发育经历了早期的发育、有腔卵泡的生长、优势卵泡的选择以及卵泡成熟排卵等过程。在一个发情周期中，数以万计的原始卵泡发育到排卵阶段时排卵数仅占原始卵泡总数的0.1%-0.2%，绝大数与产仔率有着极大的正相关，要提高产仔率就要防止卵泡闭锁，增加排卵数。而激素调节伴随着卵泡发育的始终，其中垂体促性腺激素和甾体激素可促进卵母细胞的生长、卵母细胞的增殖和卵泡腔的形成，在卵泡发育的过程中起着至关重要的作用。本文主要就促性腺激素、甾体激素和抑制素在卵泡发育中调节作一综述。     

卵泡交替发育对母牛受胎率的影响的统计与分析

卵泡交替发育是母牛发情周期缩短,两情期间隔5—10天,触摸卵巢或同侧或异侧有卵泡发育。张家骅、黄群山认为短周期的发生是由于排卵前卵泡未能充分发育和黄体期中子宫PGF_2α提前分泌所致的黄体提前溶解。为了摸清卵泡交替发育与性腺、母牛的年龄、短期发情所间隔的天数及配种日期的相关性和受胎率的     

大足黑山羊卵泡发育波研究

动物发情周期内卵泡的发育都要经过卵泡募集、卵泡选择、卵泡优势化和卵泡周转(排卵或闭锁),这种周期性的卵泡发育模式即为卵泡发育波.试验应用B超探查20只大足黑山羊连续2个周期卵泡发育波模式,不仅可以进一步了解反刍动物卵泡发育波理论,同时通过分析山羊卵泡发育波对发情周期、卵泡募集、卵泡排卵数的影响,为提高同期发情和超数排卵技术效果、通过调控卵泡波数增强山羊繁殖力提供理论基础.     

卵泡内多肽和生长激素对牛卵泡发育的作用

卵泡内多肽和生长激素对牛卵泡发育的作用刘佩芬摘译黄群山校牛超排存在的一个重要问题，就是排卵率与可用胚胎数个体内和个体间都存在着很大差异。虽然用外源性促性腺激素处理能够引起超排，但人们对促性腺激素水平升高之前控制卵泡生长及排卵前卵泡数量（排卵率）的机理...     

生殖激素与哺乳动物卵泡细胞凋亡

生殖激素能够精确地调节生殖系统的发育活动,通过下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴发挥其微妙的生殖调节作用,促进卵泡的发育.调节凋亡的因素很多,激素在其中起着重要的作用.本文主要介绍不同生殖激素在卵泡发育中对卵泡发育和凋亡的影响.     

无血清培养液对牛腔前卵泡体外发育的影响

本文研究了基础培养液中不添加犊牛血清(FCS)及添加不同比例FCS对牛腔前卵泡体外发育和激素分泌的影响。结果显示:添加FCS对腔前卵泡体外生长无明显促进作用,对腔前卵泡的体外发育、存活及激素分泌也影响不大。腔前卵泡在无血清条件下可持续生长、分泌性腺激素。     

母猪性发育及性周期过程中外周雌二醇（E2）,孕酮（P4）变化模式

对下丘脑—垂体—性腺轴的大量研究表明，雌激素的负反馈是调节促性腺激素分泌的主要因素，而且雌激素引起促性腺激素排卵前高峰。雌激素与促性腺激素共同作用于母猪性腺，引起性发育及性周期。１性发育过程中Ｅ２、Ｐ４的分泌母猪初生至初情前，随年龄的增加，可见外周Ｅ...     

TGF-β超家族成员引起的信号转导及对卵泡生长发育的影响

TGF-β超家族(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)是一类在结构上相对保守的生长因子,参与细胞增殖与分化等多种细胞生理活动。近来发现卵巢体细胞和卵母细胞能够表达多种属于TGF-β超家族的生长因子。这些生长因子参与调节卵泡的生长发育,并且其表达和功能的发挥随卵泡生长发育表现出阶段特异性。 其中BMP15和GDF9等基因的突变会影响卵泡正常的生长发育和功能发挥,甚至不育。     

应用B超技术监测青年母牛卵巢动态变化的研究

通过B超监测11头青年母牛的卵巢动态变化。显示在自然发情状态下，排卵当天卵巢直径的平均值为18．24mm，排卵前一天平均值为21．94mm，排卵后一天平均值为21．63mm。卵泡发育以卵泡波的形式出现，本实验观察到3—4个卵泡波，以3个卵泡波为主，占81．82％，4个卵泡波的占18．18％；青年母牛左侧卵巢优势卵泡的平均直径为11．71±0．71mm，成熟卵泡的平均直径为14．76±0．94mm；右侧卵巢优势卵泡的平均直径为13．02±1．97mm，成熟卵泡的平均直径为14．34±1．30mm.     

休情期银黑狐卵巢形态和卵泡发育的显微结构观察

研究休情期银黑狐卵巢形态和卵泡的显微结构,以揭示银黑狐卵巢发育的一般规律。本试验于2012年12月份采集5只健康一岁龄银黑狐卵巢10枚,用游标卡尺测量其长、宽、厚,用电子天平测量其重量,并对其表面可见卵泡数量进行统计,然后利用光学显微镜对各级卵泡分别观察1~3个,共计原始卵泡30个,初级卵泡20个,次级卵泡15个,三级卵泡12个,成熟卵泡10个,并进行拍照。结果表明:随银黑狐卵巢体积不断增大,其中80%的卵巢重量也随之增大;可见卵泡数量与卵巢体积及重量没有相关性;卵巢由被膜、皮质和髓质构成,髓质位于卵巢内层,分布着较多血管,皮质位于卵巢外层,内有不同发育阶段的卵泡;原始卵泡由卵母细胞和颗粒细胞构成,初级卵泡开始出现透明带物质,到次级卵泡阶段发育完整,三级卵泡出现卵泡腔,卵泡及卵母细胞直径在有腔卵泡阶段比腔前卵泡阶段增长速度快,成熟卵泡的直径及透明带厚度达到最大,各级卵泡均有闭锁现象。     

Nutritional influences on folliculogenesis

Folliculogenesis is an intricate process that involves the proliferation and differentiation of both somatic and germ cells. This process depends on complex interactions between systemic factors such as both pituitary gonadotrophins and metabolic hormones and/or local factors produced by the ovarian somatic and germ cells, such as the IGF system and TGF-β superfamily members. In domestic ruminants, follicular development begins during foetal life with formation of primordial follicles from the association of germ cells and pre-granulosa cells. After follicular formation, folliculogenesis begins with a primordial follicle progressing into more developed stages (i.e. primary, secondary, pre-antral and antral) in a continuous, progressive process to either ovulation or, as in most cases, to atresia. Even early stages of follicular formation and subsequent development are influenced by both internal (e.g. genotype) and/or external environmental (e.g. nutrition and season) factors. Among these external factors, nutrition is one of the most important affecting reproductive function, and this is the focus of this review, because other reviews in this issue discuss other environmental factors. A number of studies have now shown that nutrition can have both positive and negative effects on follicular growth, oestrous activity, oocyte quality, blastocyst development and pregnancy outcome. Therefore, understanding the intricate processes involved during folliculogenesis and the ways in which factors, such as nutrition, affect them is leading to new opportunities to improve pregnancy rates by influencing follicle development and oocyte quality. This review will focus on follicular development from foetal to adult stages and the influences that nutrition has during some of these developmental stages.     

家禽卵泡发育相关生长因子的研究进展

胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)家族、表皮生长因子(EGF)家族和转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)超家族成员的功能涉及家禽卵泡细胞增殖分化、类固醇激素生成、促性腺激素的功能调节、卵泡选择和排卵等过程。本文综述了IGF、EGF、TGF-β及其他相关生长因子对家禽卵泡发育调控的研究进展,旨在为进一步研究家禽卵泡的生长、发育和排卵机制提供帮助。     

Ovarian function in ruminants

The purpose of this overview is to highlight important steps of ovarian regulation during follicle development, ovulation and the life span of corpus luteum (CL) in ruminants. The ovarian cycle is central to reproductive function. It is characterized by repeating patterns of cellular proliferation, differentiation and transformation that encompass follicular development and ovulation as well as the formation, function and regression of the CL. In the first part, the importance and regulation of final follicle growth and especially of angiogenesis and blood flow during folliculogenesis, dominant follicle development and CL formation are described. Our results underline the importance of growth factors especially of insulin-like growth factor (IGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) for development and completion of a dense network of capillaries (angiogenesis) during follicle growth and CL formation. In the second part, the regulation of CL function by endocrine/paracrine and autocrine acting regulators is discussed. There is evidence that besides the main endocrine hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and growth hormone (GH) local regulators as growth factors, peptides, steroids and prostaglandins are important modulators of luteal function. During early CL development until midluteal stage oxytocin (OT), prostaglandins and progesterone (P) itself stimulate luteal cell proliferation and function supported by the luteotropic action of a number of growth factors. The still high mRNA expression, protein concentration and localization of VEGF, FGF and IGF family members in the cytoplasm of luteal cells during midluteal stage suggest that they play pivotal role in the maintenance (survival) of this endocrine tissue. The major function of the CL is to secrete P. Progesterone itself regulates the length of the estrous cycle via influencing the timing of the luteolytic PGF2alpha signal from the endometrium. At the end of a nonfertile cycle, the regression of CL commences, steroidogenic capacity is lost (functional luteolysis), cell death is initiated, and tissue involution as well as resorption occurs within a few days (structural luteolysis). The cascade of mediators during luteolysis is very complex and still awaits elucidation. Evidence is given for participation of blood flow, inflammatory cytokines, vasoactive peptides (angiotensin II and endothelin-1), and decrease of the classical luteotropic mediators.     

The effect of bpV(HOpic) on in vitro activation of primordial follicles in cultured swine ovarian cortical strips

The vanadate‐derivative dipotassium bisperoxo (5‐hydroxy‐pyridine‐2‐carboxylic) oxovanadate (V) (bpV(HOpic)), a pharmacological inhibitor of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), has been used in ovarian follicle culture systems for activation of follicular growth in vitro and suggested to be responsible for primordial follicle survival through indirect Akt activation. For pig ovarian tissue, it is still not clear which culture medium needs to be used, as well as which factors and hormones could influence follicular development; this also applies to bpV(HOpic) exposure. Therefore, ovarian cortical strips from pigs were cultured in 1 µM bpV(HOpic) (N = 24) or control medium (N = 24) for 48 hr. Media were then replaced with control medium and all tissue pieces incubated for additional 4 days. The strips were embedded in paraffin for histological determination of follicle proportions at the end of the culture period and compared to histological sections from tissue pieces without cultivation, which had been embedded right after preparation; comparison of healthy follicles for each developmental stage was performed to quantify follicle survival and activation. After 6‐day culture, follicle activation occurred in tissue samples from both cultured groups but significantly more follicles showed progression of follicular development in the presence of 1 µM bpV(HOpic). The amount of non‐vital follicles was not significantly increased during cultivation. BpV(HOpic) affects pig ovarian follicle development by promoting the initiation of follicle growth and development, similar as in rodent species and humans.     

Intraovarian regulation of folliculogenesis in the dog: A review

Dog reproductive cycle is unique among other mammals in that females experience long and variable periods of ovarian inactivity. Neuroendocrine controls of the reproductive cycle have been thoroughly studied in the dog. However, there is little information regarding endocrine, paracrine and autocrine controls of dog ovarian folliculogenesis. Advancements in the understanding of mechanisms regulating dog ovarian follicle development will be helpful in the establishment of an approach to control cyclicity in this species. Furthermore, such information will likely be useful for the establishment of an in vitro follicle culture system to preserve fertility of genetically valuable disease models or endangered canids. This review highlights current knowledge on dog folliculogenesis with emphasis on endocrine, paracrine and autocrine controls of follicular development.     

Activation of goat primordial follicles in vitro: Influence of alginate and ovarian tissue

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of three culture systems on caprine primordial follicle activation in vitro: follicles cultured either in the isolated form within alginate (Isolated follicles + Alginate treatment), or enclosed in ovarian tissue (in situ), with or without alginate (Fragment + Alginate, and Fragment alone treatments, respectively). After culture, the Isolated follicles + Alginate treatment presented a percentage of morphologically normal follicles (MNF) similar to both the non-cultured control and the Fragment Alone treatments. Nevertheless, Fragment + Alginate treatment showed a significant reduction in the number of MNF when compared to the other treatments. Regarding follicle development, our results showed that regardless of the alginate, the presence of ovarian tissue limited primordial follicle activation during in vitro culture. Remarkably, the Isolated primordial follicle + Alginate treatment was the only one that significantly promoted follicle activation and increased both follicle and oocyte diameters during IVFC, pointing out a higher cell proliferation. In conclusion, the presence of ovarian tissue with or without alginate limited follicle development (activation) after culture. Nevertheless, when primordial follicles were isolated and encapsulated in alginate they presented suitable survival rates, higher rates of follicle activation and continued to grow throughout the culture period.     

Lysophosphatidic acid expression in theca cells depends on the type of bovine ovarian follicle

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) exerts various actions on the mammalian reproductive system. In cows, LPA stimulates the synthesis and secretion of luteotropic factors in the ovary, which affects the growth and development of ovarian follicles. The role of LPA in granulosa cells, oocyte and oocyte‐cumulus complex (COC) has previously been investigated; but its role in the theca layer, which is an important structural and functional component of the ovarian follicle, is still unclear. The goal of this study was to investigate the expression of LPA in theca cells originating from different bovine ovarian follicle types. Theca cells were separated from healthy, transitional and atretic ovarian follicles, based on intrafollicular estradiol: progesterone ratios. LPA concentration in the follicular fluid (FF) in different follicle types was measured, and expression of the enzymes responsible for LPA synthesis (autotaxin [AX], phospholipase A2 [PLA2]) and receptors for LPA (LPAR1‐4) were determined. The obtained results confirmed the follicle‐type dependent presence of LPA in the FF of the bovine ovarian follicles. The highest concentration of LPA was detected in follicles classified as healthy and dominant. LPAR1‐4, PLA2 and AX expression in theca cells in all of the types of follicles examined were detected at mRNA and protein level. These results suggest that theca cells can be a source of LPA synthesis other than granulosa cells and COCs, as well as the target for its action in the bovine ovarian follicle, with PLA2 and LPAR4 playing major roles in LPA synthesis and action.