不同叶面肥药剂组合对骏枣产量及品质的影响

通过在骏枣上喷施组合药剂，结果表明，在骏枣开花坐果期，喷施适宜的药剂组合可提高枣吊坐果个数和单果重，降低裂果率及落果率，增加骏枣单产，增产最高可达301.5 kg/667m2，同时还可促使骏枣提前成熟，达到种植骏枣高产、优质、高效的目的。     

聚氨基酸基保水剂对灰枣坐果的影响

试验在阿拉尔市八团7连灰枣园进行,采取沟施不同剂量聚氨基酸基保水剂,对比分析不同剂量保水剂对灰枣坐果率的影响。结果表明：聚氨基酸基保水剂5 kg/667 m²、10 kg/667 m²、15 kg/667 m²处理均提高枣吊果实数量;聚氨基酸基保水剂可提高灰枣二次枝上的枣吊数、花序数量、花朵数量和果实数量,以10 kg/667 m²处理效果最佳;聚氨基酸基保水剂可明显提高灰枣枣吊坐果率和二次枝坐果率,以15 kg/667 m²处理提高枣吊坐果率效果最佳,10 kg/667 m²处理提高二次枝坐果率效果最佳。     

枣股与枣吊的生长发育规律探讨

研究枣股和枣吊的生长发育规律,在生产中采取对应的技术措施加强枣园管理以提高枣子产量。采用随机抽样方法调查统计栽培于延川县红枣主产区的24个枣树品种（系）的枣股粗度和长度,及枣股上枣吊数、枣吊长度、枣吊叶片数、挂果数等农艺性状,结合实验室分析研究其生长发育规律。阐明了枣股长、枣股粗、枣股形态、枣吊长、枣吊叶片数、挂果数与枣股龄的相互关系,揭示出它们的生长发育规律。品种间枣股和枣吊生长的变异大于枣股龄间。提出基于枣股龄基础上的生长发育曲线将枣股生长发育划分为5个时期的标准;基于枣吊的某些生物学性状与有效挂果数的相关系数,首次建立了高产枣树品种选择的综合指数;提供了丰产枣园枣股管理的科学依据和针对性措施。     

不同梯度施肥量与灰枣产量及品质效益关系研究

结合阿克苏地区土壤的基本供肥特点和丰产园果农施肥平均水平及高限水平设置不同的施肥梯度，对不同处理茎粗和枣吊生长、产量、品质及效益进行测定和分析。结果显示：随着施肥量的增加，茎粗、枣吊的增长量及灰枣产量和品质均呈现先上升后下降的趋势。在总施肥量2．50-5．50ks／株范围内．随着施肥量的增加，灰枣产量随之增加，增产效果显著：在枣树总施肥量8．00-10．00kg／株范围内，灰枣产量随施肥量的增加略有下降．说明过量施肥易造成树体营养元素的失衡．在养分离子之间存在着拮抗作用，从而影响树体对养分的吸收．进而影响产量。在一定施肥范围内枣树产量随着施肥量的增加而增加．超过一定范围，产量则随施肥量的增加而减少。     

枣叶锈螨的生物学特性观察及其防治

近年来在山西省一些重点产枣县市发现枣叶锈螨为害日趋严重.为了控制螨害,保障生产,作者于1985—1988年对枣叶锈螨的生物学特性进行了持续4年的观察,并根据其发生规律进行了防治试验.在枣树发芽前喷波美5度石硫合剂,可有效地杀灭在枣股上越冬的成螨;5月下旬喷40%氧化乐果乳剂1000倍液,对已被螨害的枣树能起到控制的作用.     

金针菇枣DA3生物学特性及其高产栽培技术

阐述了金针菇品种“枣DA3”的生物学特点及其栽培技术。“枣DA3”适应性广、抗病能力强、生长周期短、口感脆嫩、生物学效率136％。枣庄市常规栽培接种时间在9月底，适宜出菇温度为9-13℃，碳氮比为20-40：1；适宜培养基配方为棉籽壳65％、玉米秸10％、大豆秸10％、麸皮9％、玉米面5％、石膏1％、含水量65％。     

残次裂枣膳食纤维的酶解法提取及其品质分析

以残次裂枣为原料,以可溶性膳食纤维得率为评价指标,确定酶解法提取膳食纤维最佳工艺条件,并对得到的膳食纤维进行品质分析。结果表明,以脱糖枣粉计,纤维素酶添加量0.4%、木聚糖酶添加量0.5%、糖化酶添加量0.6%、酶解时间70 min时可溶性膳食纤维得率最高,达10.69%。通过理化特性和功能特性测定显示,总膳食纤维与可溶性膳食纤维的持水力、持油力、膨胀力、阳离子交换能力、葡萄糖吸附能力和NO_2~-清除能力均显著优于枣粉,总膳食纤维的胆固醇吸附能力也显著优于枣粉,但可溶性膳食纤维的胆固醇吸附能力略低于枣粉。残次裂枣可作为制备高品质膳食纤维的优良原料,酶解法生产的残次裂枣膳食纤维其理化特性和功能特性均得到提高。     

中宁圆枣果实发育成熟期生理生化变化

以10年生的中宁圆枣为试材,研究了果实发育后期(白熟期￣全红期)生理和生化变化特性,结果表明:(1)中宁圆枣果肉硬度变化具有明显的2个阶段,从白熟期至初红期,果肉硬度大幅度降低;从初红期至全红期,硬度维持在12.0￣12.5kg/cm2。(2)果实抗坏血酸含量与果实发育成熟度呈极显著的负相关关系,相关系数r=-0.9686;果实可滴定酸含量与果实发育成熟度呈极显著的正相关关系,相关系数r=0.9254。(3)果实发育成熟期,可溶性固形物、总糖、蔗糖和果糖含量均与果实发育成熟度呈极显著的正相关关系,葡萄糖含量和果实发育成熟度呈显著的正相关关系。(4)中宁圆枣果实在白熟期前以积累单糖为主,果实糖份累积总体表现为“果糖 蔗糖”型。(5)随着果实发育成熟,果实相对甜度不断增加。果实总糖、可溶性固形物、蔗糖和果糖含量与果实相对甜度呈极显著正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.9940、0.9827、0.9750和0.9259;葡萄糖含量和果实相对甜度呈显著正相关关系,相关系数r=0.9117。     

施肥对山地枣果维生素C含量的影响

为了探究不同肥料、施肥次数对山地枣果维生素C含量的影响,筛选出适合枣树生长的施肥方案。本研究以狗头枣、骏枣、木枣3种山地枣果为材料,选用复合肥、生物有机肥、红枣专用肥、微生物菌肥分别在枣果生长的白熟期、青红期、成熟期进行不同施肥次数的施肥处理,用钼蓝比色法测定枣果在不同生长发育时期的维生素C含量。结果表明：对于狗头枣,在全年2次施用菌肥处理下,白熟期枣果维生素C含量达到最高,也显著提高了其青红期、成熟期维生素C含量;对于骏枣,在全年2次施用菌肥处理下,青红期和成熟期枣果维生素C含量达到最高,白熟期全年2次施用专用肥其维生素C含量达到最高。对于木枣,在白熟期全年2次施用专用肥可显著提高枣果维生素C含量,且达到最佳。在青红期全年2次施用菌肥处理可显著提高枣果维生素C含量,达到全组最高。在成熟期全年1次施用菌肥提高枣果维生素C含量的效果最佳且最为显著。对于3个品种枣果,在对其不同发育时期的枣树施肥时,全年采用2次施肥的方案可获得维生素C含量较高的枣果实,其中菌肥的效果尤为显著。     

鲜枣片组合干燥技术研究

分别采用真空微波干燥、变温压差干燥和二者组合方式对鲜枣片进行干燥处理。研究不同功率、不同真空度下真空微波干燥的特性,确定鲜枣片真空微波干燥的适宜干燥参数为:功率4 kW,真空度0.05 MPa。研究不同温度、不同真空度和不同物料含水量下变温压差干燥的特性,确定鲜枣片变温压差干燥的适宜参数为:温度60℃,真空度0.05 MPa,含水量16%。以产品色泽、复水比、收缩比、硬度、脆度等品质特性为评价指标,比较真空微波干燥、变温压差干燥和组合干燥3种干燥方式对鲜枣片品质的影响,结果表明组合干燥相比单一干燥可明显提高枣片品质。     

枣4种农艺性状的QTL定位及分析

为了加快中国枣种质资源改良进程,以定位和分析枣农艺性状QTL为目标,分别调查了中心干直径、二次枝着生角、二次枝弯度和二次枝曲度性状表型值在150株‘冬枣’ב临猗梨枣’F1代群体中的分离情况,并应用已构建的枣遗传连锁图谱,采用区间作图法实现了枣4种农艺性状的QTL分析。共检测到4种性状相关的QTL 34个,包含控制中心干直径10个、控制二次枝着生角度5个、控制二次枝弯度8个和控制二次枝上曲度3个。34个QTL分布在枣遗传连锁图谱的11个连锁群中,各QTL的LOD值在2.50~4.61之间,可分别解释8.6%~54.2%的表型变异。这些枣农艺性状QTL的定位以及相关信息的获得将为今后开展枣相关基因的图位克隆、品种改良及分子标记辅助育种提供十分重要的工具和基础。     

The Endogenous Hormone Differences of Different Fruiting Branch Internode Length Traits and the Influence of Spraying Exogenous Hormone in Upland Cotton

[Objective] It is of great significance for shaping plant architecture, strengthening the research on cotton fruiting branch internode length. [Method] In this research, two upland cotton materials Zhong2549(long branch internode) and Zhong5081(short branch internode) were used for the study of the endogenous hormone differences by measuring endogenous hormone of the fruiting branch internode of Zhong2549 and Zhong5081; and for the study of the influence to the internode length by spraying exogenous hormone to Zhong2549 and Zhong5081. The paraffin section technique was used to detect the cell morphology of the fruiting branch internode of Zhong2549 and Zhong5081. [Result] that the content of endogenous hormone IAA, GA3 and ABA in Zhong2549 were apparently higher than its in Zhong5081. Spraying exogenous hormone IAA, GA3 and ABA promoted the fruiting branch internode elongation. The section result showed that the cell size of Zhong549 was bigger than Zhong5081, and the cell density of Zhong2548 was less than Zhong5081. These indicated that the endogenous hormones which affect the fruiting branch internode length and the differences of different length fruiting branch internode in cellular level. [Conclusion] This study can provide some foundation and reference for the later research.     

陆地棉植株、果枝与棉铃的全息相关研究

本文应用灰色关联方法，以衣指、子指，纤维长度、比强度、麦克隆值５个指标为依据，对陆地棉苏棉１号植株、果枝与棉铃不同部位的对应相似性做了分析。结果表明，果枝的内中围与植株的中下部生物学特征相似程度较大，果枝外围与植株顶部相似程度较大；棉铃的基部和顶部分别与棉株的下部和上部相似程度较大；棉铃的基部、中部、顶部分别与果枝的内围、中围、外围相以程度较大。最后结论：果枝、棉铃是反映棉株整体的全息胚；而棉铃也是反映果枝的全息胚。本研究为生物全息律的定量实验分析提供了范例。     

Response of Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) to Fruiting Branch Removal

Cotton response to fruiting branch removal (FBR) is critical information in estimating plant recovery potential and making management decisions after hail storms or other physical damages. Fruiting branches were removed at first bloom (R8), 2.5‐cm boll (R12) and peak bloom (R16) growth stages. Five FBR treatments were conducted at each of the above three growth stages: 0 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 %. At harvest, five plants were randomly chosen from each plot and branches separated into three groups: vegetative, lower and upper fruiting branches. Lower fruiting branches were from the nodes where FBR treatments were conducted, whereas upper fruiting branches were the new branches developed after FBR. Seed cotton weight, open boll number and node number in each group were recorded. Fruiting branch removal increased boll number, boll size and boll/node on the upper fruiting branches, which compensated yield loss on lower fruiting branches. Generally, FBR at the first bloom reduced cotton yield more than it did at the 2.5‐cm boll and peak bloom growth stages when FBR percentage was lower than 75 %. The removal of all 16 fruiting branches at peak bloom reduced cotton yield by 16.8 %, indicating remarkable compensation ability by cotton plants in climates with a long growing season.     

陕西枣树缩果病流行因素研究

通过田间定点、定株调查,对陕西大荔县6处枣园枣缩果病的发病过程及其致病因素进行研究。结果表明：病原菌于5月下旬开始侵染,7月中旬开始发病,8月下旬至9月中旬为田间发病高峰期。病原菌主要靠风雨传播,从水孔、气孔及果洼侵入枣果而发病。枣树皮、枣头、枣吊、枣枝条、枣落叶都是病原菌的越冬场所。其发生与枣果发育期、枣吊位置、挂果量、气候因子、立地条件、虫害、栽培品种及管理水平有密切关系。根据缩果病发病规律,提出了相应防治建议。     

Applying Plant Growth Regulators at Early Stages Affects Maturation of Cotton

[Objective] Early initiation and early maturity are the foundation of high yield and good quality of cotton. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of plant growth regulators applied at the seedling and squaring stage on the early initiation of flower bud and the rate of the opened cotton boll (ROCB) during later development period, and to provide practical measures for hastening the maturity of cotton. [Method] Several plant growth regulators were applied from cotyledonary to squaring stage under greenhouse and field conditions, water was used as the control. The first fruiting branch node (indicating the initiation of flower bud), the number of bud prior to blooming and the ROCB at mid-term of boll maturation period (23 September, 2017) were compared among treatments. [Result] Under greenhouse conditions, gibberellic acid (GA₃) applied at the cotyledonary stage with 140 μmol·L^－1 as well as the three consecutive applications of sodium nitrophenolate (CSN, 2.23 μmol·L^－1) at the cotyledonary, two-leaf and four-leaf stage made the first fruiting branch node move down by about 0.9 nodes. In field experiments, the application of gibberellin₄₊₇(GA₄₊₇, 288 and 576 μmol·L^－1) at the cotyledonary stage significantly decreased the first fruiting branch node by about 0.4 nodes. Also, the application of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA, 44.4 μmol·L^－1) at the three-leaf stage significantly decreased the first fruiting branch node by 0.2 nodes. However, there was no significant correlation between the first fruiting branch node and the ROCB in late September. Moreover, the application of Brassinolide (BR, 0.10 μmol·L^－1) at the bud stage increased the ROCB in late September, which was mainly associated with the increased boll set in the lower and middle fruiting branches. [Conclusion] The reasonable distribution of bolls (concentrated in the lower and middle fruiting branches as well as inner fruiting sites) is more important for the earliness of cotton than lowering the first fruiting branch node.     

棉铃着生位置对棉花主要经济性状的影响

选用新品系８９５作试材进行了棉铃着生位置对其经济性状的影响研究。结果表明，棉铃在植株上的着生部位不同，其相应的产量构成因素以及纤维物理性能指标也存在同株差异，如铃重、衣分、子指和绒长、强力、细度等，并表现出一定的规律性。各果枝的第１节结铃性最强，铃重最大，随着果枝从下到上，相同节位棉铃重和衣分呈现出抛物曲线变化趋势，同一果枝上的棉铃，随着节位的外延，铃重和衣分分别表现出降低和增高的直线变化趋势，纤     

不同栽培基质对香菇头潮菇产量及子实体营养成分的影响

为了缓解香菇传统栽培过程中的木屑资源短缺问题,充分利用果木废弃物,试验选择香菇‘K5’作为试验材料,以杂木、桑木、苹果木和枣木为栽培基质,每种基质设3个氮含量处理水平,通过测定并分析不同基质头潮菇产量及子实体的有机质、氮、磷、钾含量,研究不同栽培基质对香菇头潮菇产量及子实体养分的影响。试验结果表明:4种果木屑均可作为香菇的栽培基质,其中枣木C配方和桑木A配方生产的香菇头潮菇产量和生物学效率较高,但是以桑木做栽培基质生产的香菇,头潮菇结束后菌棒便开始萎缩,不利于后期出菇。枣木C配方生产的香菇,其有机质、氮、磷、钾等营养成分均处于较高水平,因此,在香菇代料栽培中可以使用枣木代替传统的阔叶树木屑。     

枣树杂交育种研究进展

枣树是我国独有的乡土树种,现有枣树品种大多存在缺陷,生产上迫切需要通过杂交的手段将不同枣树品种的优良性状整合起来,培育综合性状优良的新品种。由于枣树花小,人工去雄易伤害花器官,花量大而坐果率低,存在胚败育现象等问题都制约着枣树杂交育种工作的发展。本文综述了枣树开花、花粉萌发、生殖等方面的生物学特性,从枣树杂交育种的必要性、杂交方法和亲本选择等方面对枣树杂交育种研究进行了探讨,并对通过局部隔离法获得的枣树实生后代的性状遗传规律进行了总结,同时根据目前枣树杂交育种的研究现状和科研环境,以及枣树转基因研究的不断深入,对枣树杂交育种发展的前景做了展望。