Interference of quantized transition-state pathways in the H + D2 -> D + HD chemical reaction

The collision-energy dependence of the state-resolved differential cross section at a specific backward-scattering angle for the reaction H + D2 --> D + HD is measured with the D-atom Rydberg "tagging" time-of-flight technique. The reaction was modeled theoretically with converged quantum scattering calculations that provided physical interpretation of the observations. Oscillations in the differential cross sections in the backward-scattering direction are clearly observed and are attributed to the transition-state structures that originate from the interferences of different quantized transition-state pathways.     

A Quantum State-Resolved Insertion Reaction: O((1)D) + H(2)(J = 0) --> OH((2) product operator product operator product operator, v, N) + H((2)S)

The O((1)D) + H(2) --> OH + H reaction, which proceeds mainly as an insertion reaction at a collisional energy of 1.3 kilocalories per mole, has been investigated with the high-resolution H atom Rydberg "tagging" time-of-flight technique and the quasiclassical trajectory (QCT) method. Quantum state-resolved differential cross sections were measured for this prototype reaction. Different rotationally-vibrationally excited OH products have markedly different angular distributions, whereas the total reaction products are roughly forward and backward symmetric. Theoretical results obtained from QCT calculations indicate that this reaction is dominated by the insertion mechanism, with a small contribution from the collinear abstraction mechanism through quantum tunneling.     

金属离子对杨木CTMP中溶解与胶体物质稳定性的影响

研究了Na+、Ca2+和Al3+及其和阳离子聚合物对杨木化学热磨机械浆(CTMP)中溶解与胶体物质(DCS)的稳定性影响.结果表明,金属离子使DCS的稳定性下降,而且价数越高,DCS失稳需要的用量越少.其中Al3+对DCS稳定性的影响还受到体系pH值和Al3+浓度的影响.一定含量的金属离子能促进阳离子聚合物对DCS的失稳作用.     

Experimental Studies and Theoretical Predictions for the H + D2 rarr > HD + D Reaction

The H + H(2) exchange reaction constitutes an excellent benchmark with which to test dynamical theories against experiments. The H + D(2) (vibrational quantum number v = 0, rotational quantum number j = 0) reaction has been studied in crossed molecular beams at a collision energy of 1.28 electron volts, with the use of the technique of Rydberg atom time-of-flight spectroscopy. The experimental resolution achieved permits the determination of fully rovibrational state-resolved differential cross sections. The high-resolution data allow a detailed assessment of the applicability and quality of quasi-classical trajectory (QCT) and quantum mechanical (QM) calculations. The experimental results are in excellent agreement with the QM results and in slightly worse agreement with the QCT results. This theoretical reproduction of the experimental data was achieved without explicit consideration of geometric phase effects.     

Dynamics of the reaction of methane with chlorine atom on an accurate potential energy surface

The reaction of the chlorine atom with methane has been the focus of numerous studies that aim to test, extend, and/or modify our understanding of mode-selective reactivity in polyatomic systems. To this point, theory has largely been unable to provide accurate results in comparison with experiments. Here, we report an accurate global potential energy surface for this reaction. Quasi-classical trajectory calculations using this surface achieve excellent agreement with experiment on the rotational distributions of the hydrogen chloride (HCl) product. For the Cl + CHD(3) → HCl + CD(3) reaction at low collision energies, we confirm the unexpected experimental finding that CH-stretch excitation is no more effective in activating this late-barrier reaction than is the translational energy, which is in contradiction to expectations based on results for many atom-diatom reactions.     

一株产乙醇嗜热厌氧油藏微生物Thermoanaerobacter sp DF3的性质研究(英文)

[目的]了解油藏微生物Thermoanaerobacter sp DF3的生理生化特性,优化木糖产乙醇培养方案。[方法]利用厌氧分离技术从大港油田油层采出液中分离到一株产乙醇厌氧杆菌DF3采用生理生化鉴定与16SrDNA序列的系统发育学分析其系统发育地位,用气相色谱分析其代谢产物。[结果]菌株DF3是一株严格厌氧的嗜热细菌,呈直杆状,G-,菌体大小为0.42μm×(1.60～5.20)μm,单生成对或成串生,产顶端芽孢;生长温度为45～78℃(最适65℃),能利用葡萄糖、木糖、果糖、核糖、甘露糖、阿拉伯糖、蔗糖、半乳糖、乳糖、纤维二糖、松三糖、棉子糖、淀粉等作为底物;其16SrRNA与T.pseudoethanolicus相似性为99.7%发酵葡萄糖与木糖的主要产物为乙醇,培养方案优化后其代谢木糖产乙醇终浓度为2.0g/L。[结论]通过试验证明菌株DF3是目前已知菌株中产乙醇活性较强的菌株之一,在65℃时代谢木糖能产生2.0g/L的乙醇目前代谢木糖高产乙醇的菌株均由国外分离获得,菌株DF3的分离获得为我国研究木质纤维素产乙醇提供了优良的出发菌株。     

Differential clustering of CD4 and CD3zeta during T cell recognition

Whereas T helper cells recognize peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II complexes through their T cell receptors (TCRs), CD4 binds to an antigen-independent region of the MHC. Using green fluorescent protein-tagged chimeras and three-dimensional video microscopy, we show that CD4 and TCR-associated CD3zeta cluster in the interface coincident with increases in intracellular calcium. Signaling-, costimulation-, and cytoskeleton-dependent processes then stabilize CD3zeta in a single cluster at the center of the interface, while CD4 moves to the periphery. Thus, the CD4 coreceptor may serve primarily to "boost" recognition of ligand by the TCR and may not be required once activation has been initiated.     

Reaction product imaging: the h + d2 reaction

The differential cross section for the H + D(2) --> HD + D reaction has been measured using a technique called reaction product imaging. In this experiment, a photolytically produced beam of hydrogen (H) atoms crossed a beam of cold deuterium (D(2)) molecules. Product D atoms were ionized at the intersection of the two particle beams and accelerated toward a position-sensitive detector. The ion images appearing on the detector are two-dimensional projections of the three-dimensional velocity distribution of the D atom products. The reaction was studied at nominal center-of-mass collision energies of 0.54 and 1.29 electron volts. At the lower collision energy, the measured differential cross section for D atom production, summed over all final states of the HD(v,J) product, is in good agreement with recent quasi-classical trajectory calculations. At the higher collision energy, the agreement between the theoretical predictions and experimental results is less favorable.     

Direct farm,production base,traceability and food safety in China

With the rapid growth of China's economy,rising demand for safety food has been accompanied by frequent food safety scandals. Given that China's farming is dominated by millions of small-scale farms,ensuring food safety is a major challenge facing the public and private sectors. The direct farm(DF) program,initiated in 2008,represents one of the government's major initiatives to modernize the distribution of fresh fruit and vegetables(FFV) and improve food safety. Under the DF program,participating national and international retailers are expected to establish more direct procurement relationships with farm communities. While it is often claimed that greater participation by retailers in the production and post-harvest processing implied the DF program will lead to improved quality,safety and traceability,systematic evidence remains elusive as existing studies are largely narrative,based on case studies,or theoretical inference. Little empirical evidence is available for a broader evaluation of the DF program. This paper aims to fill this gap by assessing the overall performance of a single retailer's DF experience with respect to the procurement and food safety of FFV. We use data from a survey of production managers of 35 DF production bases(PBs) spread across 11 provinces,3 cities and 1 autonomous region in China. The results show a mixture of opportunities and challenges. On one hand,the DF program improves production practices and distribution channels of FFV produced on its PBs,thus facilitating the move of China's food system towards improved food safety compliance. On the other hand,significant heterogeneity in the traceability of food and the ability of DF to meet higher safety standards is evident both across major product categories and across household-operated vs. firm-operated PBs. The paper concludes with policy implications.     

Do vibrational excitations of CHD3 preferentially promote reactivity toward the chlorine atom?

The influence of vibrational excitation on chemical reaction dynamics is well understood in triatomic reactions, but the multiple modes in larger systems complicate efforts toward the validation of a predictive framework. Although recent experiments support selective vibrational enhancements of reactivities, such studies generally do not properly account for the differing amounts of total energy deposited by the excitation of different modes. By precise tuning of translational energies, we measured the relative efficiencies of vibration and translation in promoting the gas-phase reaction of CHD3 with the Cl atom to form HCl and CD3. Unexpectedly, we observed that C-H stretch excitation is no more effective than an equivalent amount of translational energy in raising the overall reaction efficiency; CD3 bend excitation is only slightly more effective. However, vibrational excitation does have a strong impact on product state and angular distributions, with C-H stretch-excited reactants leading to predominantly forward-scattered, vibrationally excited HCl.     

The roaming atom: straying from the reaction path in formaldehyde decomposition

We present a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of formaldehyde (H2CO) dissociation to H2 and CO at energies just above the threshold for competing H elimination. High-resolution state-resolved imaging measurements of the CO velocity distributions reveal two dissociation pathways. The first proceeds through a well-established transition state to produce rotationally excited CO and vibrationally cold H2. The second dissociation pathway yields rotationally cold CO in conjunction with highly vibrationally excited H2. Quasi-classical trajectory calculations performed on a global potential energy surface for H2CO suggest that this second channel represents an intramolecular hydrogen abstraction mechanism: One hydrogen atom explores large regions of the potential energy surface before bonding with the second H atom, bypassing the saddle point entirely.     

绵羊BMPR-IB基因在分子标记育种中的应用效果

[目的]分析小尾寒羊、德国美利奴、德国美利奴(♂)和小尾寒羊(♀)杂交一代(简称DF1)共204 只个体的单核苷酸多态性及其与产羔数间的关系.[方法]以绵羊BMPR-IB 基因作为候选基因,采用PCR-sscp 检测方法.[结果]B等位基因在小尾寒羊、德国美利奴、德寒杂交一代中的频率分别为0.660、0.532和0.600,基因频率及基因型频率在3个群体间的分布差异不显著(P>0.05).BB、B+、++型的产羔数分别为2.86、2.27和2.08,BB 型显著高于B+ 和++ 型(P>0.05),B+ 型显著高于++ 型(P>0.05).[结论]在以小尾寒羊为母本的杂交育种过程中,B等位基因是有效的辅助标记基因.     

SLE患者CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞及Foxp3基因表达的研究

目的:研究系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)患者外周血CD 4 CD 25 调节性T细胞及Foxp3基因的表达水平,了解它们在SLE发病机制中的作用。方法:分别收集25例SLE患者(SLE组)及健康人(对照组)外周抗凝静脉血,分离纯化T淋巴细胞。PE标记抗CD 4单抗,F ITC标记的抗CD 25单抗,作双色流式细胞术,分析SLE患者外周血CD 4 CD 25 调节性T细胞百分率,RT-PCR检测T细胞Foxp3 mRNA表达。结果:SLE组外周血CD 4 T、CD 4 CD 25 T细胞百分率及T细胞Foxp3 mRNA水平均低于对照组(P<0.01),并且CD 4 CD 25 T细胞百分率与Foxp3mRNA水平呈依赖关系(P<0.01)。结论:SLE患者外周血存在细胞免疫功能失调,CD 4 CD 25 调节性T细胞数量减少和Foxp3mRNA表达下调可能与SLE的免疫学发病机制有关。     

微波诱导酰胺化反应研究

对比研究了常规加热与微波诱导下合成乙酰苯胺、苯甲酰苯胺的合成产率及反应速率。结果表明。微波辐射对2类酰胺化反应都有明显的诱导促进作用,在功率为300W的微波作用下,合成乙酰苯胺的反应速率比常规加热提高了11倍,合成苯甲酰苯胺的反应速率则提高了9倍,合成产率与常规加热法基本一致,但在微波长时间作用下,2者的合成产率反而降低。为微波辐射下的酰胺化反应在丝绸接枝染色、抗皱、生物学等方面的应用作了一定的前期研究。     

Novozyme 435选择性酸解(R,S)-3-n-丁基苯酞

Novozyme 435可以提高对映体选择性酸解(R,S)-3-n-丁基苯酞。最适的有机溶剂、水分活度、转速和转化时间分别是正己烷、0.54、150 r/min和64 h。在此优化条件下,丁基苯酞的转化率为14.8%,产物的对映体过量值为99.3%。     

Imaging nucleophilic substitution dynamics

Anion-molecule nucleophilic substitution (S(N)2) reactions are known for their rich reaction dynamics, caused by a complex potential energy surface with a submerged barrier and by weak coupling of the relevant rotational-vibrational quantum states. The dynamics of the S(N)2 reaction of Cl- + CH3I were uncovered in detail by using crossed molecular beam imaging. As a function of the collision energy, the transition from a complex-mediated reaction mechanism to direct backward scattering of the I- product was observed experimentally. Chemical dynamics calculations were performed that explain the observed energy transfer and reveal an indirect roundabout reaction mechanism involving CH3 rotation.     

A SN2 reaction that avoids its deep potential energy minimum

Chemical dynamics trajectory simulations were used to study the atomic-level mechanisms of the OH- + CH3F --> CH3OH + F- SN2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. The reaction dynamics, from the [OH...CH3...F]- central barrier to the reaction products, are simulated by ab initio direct dynamics. The reaction's potential energy surface has a deep minimum in the product exit channel arising from the CH3OH...F- hydrogen-bonded complex. Statistical theories of unimolecular reaction rates assume that the reactive system becomes trapped in this minimum and forms an intermediate, with random redistribution of its vibrational energy, but the majority of the trajectories (90%) avoided this potential energy minimum and instead dissociated directly to products. This finding is discussed in terms of intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR) and the relation between IVR and molecular structure. The finding of this study may be applicable to other reactive systems where there is a hierarchy of time scales for intramolecular motions and thus inefficient IVR.     

绥李3号光合速率的研究

以绥李3号为试材,运用改良干重法,研究了绥李3号在自然条件下不同枝型叶片的净光合速率和光合产物的输出速率。结果表明：（1）绥李3号新梢成龄叶片平均净光合速率为26.03 mg·dm-2·h^-1,光合产物的输出速率（C02）为8.51 mg·dm^-2·h^-1,光合产物约有1/3输出;（2）新梢叶片制造和输出的光合产物高于其它枝型叶片,是树体发育和养分积累的主要来源,具有一定数量的新梢是树体健壮的标志;（3）库-源关系的作用力能够同时提高绥李3号叶片的净光合速率和光合输出速率,其中对光合产物输出方面的提高作用更显著。