Factors controlling N2O and CH4 fluxes in mixed broad-leaved/Korean pine forest of Changbai Mountain, China

Using the closed chamber technique, thein situ measurements of N₂O and CH₄ fluxes was conducted in a broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest ecosystem in Changbai Mountain, China, from June 1994 to October 1995. The relationships between fluxes (N₂O and CH₄) and some major environmental factors (temperature, soil water content and soil available nitrogen) were studied. A significant positive correlation between N₂O emission and air/soil temperature was observed, but no significant correlation was found between N₂O emission and soil water content (SWC). This result showed that temperature was an important controlling factor of N₂O flux. There was a significant correlation between CH₄ uptake and SWC, but no significant correlation was found between CH₄ uptake and temperature. This suggested SWC was an important factor controlling CH₄ uptake. The very significant negative correlation between logarithmic N₂O flux and soil nitrate concentration, significant negative correlation between CH₄ flux and soil ammonium content were also found. This project is supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

影响土壤N_2O排放和CH_4吸收的主控因素的研究(英文)

本文于2000年7月,在实验室模拟条件下,以长白山阔叶红松林鲜土壤为对象,采用正交试验设计法对土壤进行培养实验,研究了影响土壤N2O排放和CH4吸收的主要因素。考察了温度、水分、pH值、NH4+及NO3-五因素对森林土壤N2O排放和CH4吸收的影响。实验结果显示:在本试验设计的因素、水平条件下,N2O排放速率、CH4吸收速率二者均与土壤pH值和温度这两个因素呈显著正相关。并且N2O排放速率与CH4吸收速率间呈显著线性正相关关。     

Effects of soil moisture and temperature on CH4 oxidation and N2O emission of forest soil

IntroductionMethane (CH4) and Nitrous oxide (NZO) are tWoimportant greenhouse gases that also play an important role in photochemical reactions in atmosphere.The global warming potential of CH4 and NZO areestimated tO be about 62 and 290 times that of carbon dioxide respeCtively. The concentration of thesegases have been increasing rapidly since the start ofthe industrial age, currently at rate of about 1% and0.25% per year respeCtively (Lelieveld et al. 1993),and 70%-90% of these gases …     

亚热带典型丘陵坡地马尾松林土壤N2O的年通量特征

由人类活动所造成的大气中温室气体浓度急剧增加而引起的全球气候变暖和环境变化已引起全世界的广泛关注。氧化亚氮(N2O)是仅次于二氧化碳(CO2)和甲烷(CH4)的一种温室气体,在大气中含量较低却十分稳定,具有较大的增温潜能(其单分子的增温潜能是CO2的310倍)和较快的浓度增加速率(以每年0.25%的速率增加)(IPCC,2007)。N2O可吸收红外线,减少地球表面通过大气向外层空间的热辐射,导致地球表面温度增加。N2O能参与大气中许多光化学反应,破坏臭氧层(Crutzen,1970),导致到达地球表面的紫外线明显增加,给人类健康和生态环境带来多方面的危害。     

阔叶红松林土壤CO2,N2O排放和CH4吸收的研究

为研究凋落物对CO2,N2O排放和CH4吸收的影响,从2002年9月3日到2003年10月30日,采用静态密闭箱技术对长白山阔叶红松林两种类型土壤生态系统的CO2,N2O和CH4的通量进行测定。两种土壤类型分别为表层有凋落物覆盖和没有凋落物覆盖。研究结果表明,凋落物对CO2,N2O和CH4通量有显著性影响(P<0.05)。有凋落物样地的CO2,N2O和CH4通量的日变化趋势和无凋落物样地中三种气体的日变化趋势相似,且CO2,N2O和CH4的日通量峰值都出现在18:00。有凋落物样地的CO2,N2O和CH4通量的季节变化趋势和无凋落物样地中三种气体的季节变化趋势也相似,但在一年之中,CO2和CH4的峰值出现在六月,N2O的峰值却出现在八月。研究结果还表明有凋落物样地CO2,N2O的日排放通量和年均排放通量明显大于无凋落物样地中两种气体的排放通量,但有凋落物样地的CH4日吸收通量和年均排放通量却小于无凋落物样地的CH4吸收通量。     

Greenhouse gas emissions after a prescribed fire in white birch-dwarf bamboo stands in northern Japan,focusing on the role of charcoal

Forest fires affect both carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling in forest ecosystems, and thereby influence the soil–atmosphere exchange of major greenhouse gases (GHGs): carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O). To determine changes in the soil GHG fluxes following a forest fire, we arranged a low-intensity surface fire in a white birch forest in northern Japan. We established three treatments, having four replications each: a control plot (CON), a burned plot (BURN), and a plot burned with removal of the resulting charcoal (BURN-CHA). Soil GHG fluxes and various properties of the soil were determined on four or five occasions during a period that spanned two growing seasons. We observed increased concentrations of ammonium-N (NH₄-N) in BURN and BURN-CHA after the fire, while nitrate–N (NO₃-N) concentration was only increased in BURN-CHA after the fire. The soil CO₂ flux was significantly higher in CON than in BURN or BURN-CHA, but there was no difference in soil CH₄ uptake between the three treatments. Moreover, the N₂O flux from BURN-CHA soil was slightly greater than in CON or BURN. In BURN-CHA, the soil N₂O flux peaked in August, but there was no peak in BURN. We found temporal correlations between soil GHG fluxes and soil variables, e.g. soil temperature or NO₃-N. Our results suggest that environmental changes following fire, including the increased availability of N and the disappearance of the litter layer, have the potential to change soil GHG fluxes. Fire-produced charcoal could be significant in reducing soil N₂O flux in temperate forests.     

剔除林下灌草及添加固氮植物对华南地区4种人工林土壤甲烷(CH4)通量的影响

CH4是重要的温室气体之一,其主要排放源是森林土壤。本研究采用静态箱法对华南地区尾叶桉林（Eucalyptusurophylla）（B1）,厚荚相思林（Acacia crassicarpa）（B2）,10个树种的混交林（B3）和30个树种的混交林（B4）4种林型土壤CH4通量进行了原位测定,研究剔除林下灌草和添加翅荚决明（Cassia alata）对土壤CH4通量的影响。4个处理包括：（1）剔除林下灌草并添加翅荚决明（UR＋CA）;（2）仅剔除林下灌草（UR）;（3）仅添加翅荚决明（CA）;（4）对照（CK）。研究结果表明：林型变化对土壤CH4通量有重要影响,B1和B2表现为CH4的汇,而B3和B4为CH4的源,剔除林下灌草能改善土壤微生物活性,加快土壤矿化速度,促进CH4的吸收;而林下添加翅荚决明,由于翅荚决明根系的固氮作用,能加快土壤CH4的排放,表层土壤温度和湿度与土壤CH4通量具有强相关性;土壤有机碳（SOC）和可溶性N也是影响CH4通量的重要因子。本研究对探寻人工林管理措施对土壤CH4捧放影响机制具有重要的意义。     

Effects of soil moisture and temperature on CH4 oxidation and N2O emission of forest soil

Soil samples were taken from depth of 0–12 cm in the virgin broad-leaved/Korean pine mixed forest in Changbai Mountain in April, 2000. 20 μL·L⁻¹ and 200 μL·L⁻¹ CH₄ and N₂O concentration were supplied for analysis. Laboratory study on CH₄ oxidation and N₂O emission in forest soil showed that fresh soil sample could oxidize atmospheric methane and product N₂O. Air-dried soil sample could not oxidize atmospheric methane, but could product N₂O. However, it could oxidize the supplied methane quickly when its concentration was higher than 20 μL·L⁻¹. The oxidation rate of methane was increased with its initial concentration. An addition of water to dry soil caused large pulse of N₂O emissions within 2 hours. There were curvilinear correlations between N₂O emission and temperature (r²=0.706, p<0.05), and between N₂O emission and water content (r²=0.2968, p <0.05). These suggested temperature and water content were important factors controlling N₂O emission. The correlation between CH₄ oxidization and temperature was also found while CH₄ was supplied 200 μL·L⁻¹ (r²=0.3573, p<0.05). Temperature was an important factor controlling CH₄ oxidation. However, when 20 μL·L⁻¹ CH₄ was supplied, there was no correlation among CH₄ oxidization, N₂O emission, temperature and water content. Foundation item: This paper was supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences. Biography: ZHANG Xiu-jun (1960-), female, Ph. Doctor, lecture in Laboratory of Ecological Process of Trace Substance in Terrestrial Ecosystem, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110015, P.R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Tree plantations on a grassland region: effects on methane uptake by soils

We assessed the rates of methane uptake (CH₄) by soils of different tree plantations and a control to provide information regarding potential greenhouse gas sequestration by tree plantations of pines, mixed deciduous species and eucalyptus in a natural grassland around 37S, 59W (Argentinean Pampa). A naturalized pasture was used as control. All sites had been agricultural and livestock lands. Each site was sampled three times from December 2012 to May 2013, using five static chambers randomly distributed across an area of ~100 m² in each site. In the control, methane fluxes were very weak; both negative (uptake) and positive (emission) values were found. Below tree plantations, fluxes were always negative, with statistically significant intersite differences. The highest uptake rates were observed in the mixed deciduous plantation (~10 ng m^?2 s^?1), followed by pines and eucalyptus plantations. Intrasite differences associated with spatial variation were also found. A significant inverse correlation between CH₄ uptake and soil water content was found in the pine and deciduous species plantations (R² > 0.94, p < 0.1).     

石榴-小麦间作系统的地面热通量

利用实测的地温和土壤含水量数据模拟石榴-小麦间作系统的土壤热通量.结果表明:利用地温和含水量数据模拟的土壤热通量值与热通量板实测结果一致性较高;土壤热储量是地面热通量的重要组成部分,忽略土壤表层热储量并以某一深度处的实测热通量值代表地面热通量的方法误差很大;石榴-小麦间作系统内的地面热通量存在显著的水平空间变异性,小麦覆盖区域地面热通量几乎一致,均显著小于石榴株间裸地.     

森林土壤N_2O产生与排放影响因子研究进展

影响森林土壤N2O产生和排放的主要因子为土壤理化性质(如土壤温度、土壤含水量、pH值以及土壤C/N等),同时,森林类型以及环境干扰(如氮沉降、土地利用/土地覆被变化等)也会影响土壤N2O产生和排放。文中首先论述了土壤N2O产生机制,然后综述了目前国内外关于上述影响因子对土壤N2O产生和排放影响的研究结果,最后提出未来应重点研究的方向。     

非生长季刺槐林土壤CH4通量的变化特征及其影响因子

[目的]探讨在非生长季不同天气条件下45年生刺槐林土壤CH₄通量的日变化和季节变化特征,并确定其主要影响因子.[方法]2014年10月-2015年4月(非生长季),在华北低山丘陵区黄河小浪底森林生态系统定位研究站,利用基于离轴积分腔输出光谱技术的土壤CH₄通量自动观测系统,对土壤CH₄通量进行连续观测,同步观测林内大气温度和相对湿度、5 cm深处土壤温度和土壤湿度、林内总辐射以及降雨量,分析各因子间的相互关系并确定影响土壤CH₄通量的主要因子.[结果]表明:(1)在非生长季,刺槐人工林土壤为大气CH₄重要的汇,变化范围为-0.15~-2.34 nmol·m^-2·s^-1 .晴天的林地土壤吸收CH₄能力 (-0.78 nmol·m^-2·s^-1) 明显高于阴天(-0.61 nmol·m^-2·s^-1)、降雨或降雪天气 (-0.58 nmol·m^-2·s^-1),而且呈"V"型日际变化特征;在2014年11月-2015年1月,土壤吸收CH₄能力逐渐下降,并维持相对较低的水平,直至2015年3月达到最大值 (-2.34 nmol·m^-2·s^-1);(2)土壤CH₄通量与大气温度、5 cm深处土壤温度呈显著负相关,与相对湿度呈正相关;在2015年1月,土壤CH₄通量与总辐射呈正相关;(3)在生长末期土壤上冻阶段和冬季土壤冻结阶段,大气温度和相对湿度为影响土壤CH₄通量的主要因子;而在生长季初期,主要的影响因子为大气温度和5 cm深处土壤温度.[结论]非生长季刺槐林土壤表现为大气CH₄的汇,在非生长季初期土壤吸收CH₄的能力最弱,主要受大气温度和相对湿度的影响,而在非生长季末期土壤吸收CH₄的能力逐渐增加,主要受大气温度和土壤温度的影响.     

Different sensitivity of isoprene emission, respiration and photosynthesis to high growth temperature coupled with drought stress in black poplar (Populus nigra) saplings

The effects of the interaction between high growth temperatures and water stress on gas-exchange properties of Populus nigra saplings were investigated. Water stress was expressed as a function of soil water content (SWC) or fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW). Isoprene emission and photosynthesis (A) did not acclimate in response to elevated temperature, whereas dark (R(n)) and light (R(d)) respiration underwent thermal acclimation. R(d) was ~30% lower than R(n) irrespective of growth temperature and water stress level. Water stress induced a sharp decline, but not a complete inhibition, of both R(n) and R(d). There was no significant effect of high growth temperature on the responses of A, stomatal conductance (g(s)), isoprene emission, R(n) or R(d) to FTSW. High growth temperature resulted in a significant increase in the SWC endpoint. Photosynthesis was limited mainly by CO(2) acquisition in water-stressed plants. Impaired carbon metabolism became apparent only at the FTSW endpoint. Photosynthesis was restored in about a week following rewatering, indicating transient biochemical limitations. The kinetics of isoprene emission in response to FTSW confirmed that water stress uncouples the emission of isoprene from A, isoprene emission being unaffected by decreasing g(s). The different kinetics of A, respiration and isoprene emission in response to the interaction between high temperature and water stress led to rising R(d)/A ratio and amount of carbon lost as isoprene. Since respiration and isoprene sensitivity are much lower than A sensitivity to water stress, temperature interactions with water stress may dominate poplar acclimatory capability and maintenance of carbon homeostasis under climate change scenarios. Furthermore, predicted temperature increases in arid environments may reduce the amount of soil water that can be extracted before plant gas exchange decreases, exacerbating the effects of water stress even if soil water availability is not directly affected.     

Converting conventional agriculture to poplar bioenergy crops: soil greenhouse gas flux

Conversion of agricultural fields to bioenergy crops can affect greenhouse gases (GHG) such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O). Soil GHG emissions were measured seasonally in poplar bioenergy and agricultural fields at three Northwestern US locations. A forest stand was also used at one location for comparison. A portable gas analyzer was used to measure CO₂ efflux and CH₄ and N₂O fluxes were first measured with chambers and later with gradients. Agricultural soil had 17% larger CO₂ efflux rates than poplar soil. Chamber fluxes showed no differences in CH₄ uptake but did show higher N₂O fluxes in poplar than agricultural soil. Gradient CH₄ uptake rates were highest in agricultural soil in the summer but showed no N₂O flux differences. Forest soils had smaller quarterly CO₂ efflux rates than agricultural soils and greater CH₄ uptake rates than poplar soils. The largest GHG contributor to soil GHG flux was CO₂, with those being ～1000 times larger than CH₄ flux rates and ～500 times larger than N₂O flux rates based on CO₂ equivalences. Converting conventional agricultural cropland to poplar bioenergy production does not have adverse effects on soil greenhouse gas flux and these results could be useful for modeling or life cycle analysis of land use conversion.     

High-frequency analysis of the complex linkage between soil CO(2) fluxes, photosynthesis and environmental variables

High-frequency soil CO(2) flux data are valuable for providing new insights into the processes of soil CO(2) production. A record of hourly soil CO(2) fluxes from a semi-arid ponderosa pine stand was spatially and temporally deconstructed in attempts to determine if variation could be explained by logical drivers using (i) CO(2) production depths, (ii) relationships and lags between fluxes and soil temperatures, or (iii) the role of canopy assimilation in soil CO(2) flux variation. Relationships between temperature and soil fluxes were difficult to establish at the hourly scale because diel cycles of soil fluxes varied seasonally, with the peak of flux rates occurring later in the day as soil water content decreased. Using a simple heat transport/gas diffusion model to estimate the time and depth of CO(2) flux production, we determined that the variation in diel soil CO(2) flux patterns could not be explained by changes in diffusion rates or production from deeper soil profiles. We tested for the effect of gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) by minimizing soil flux covariance with temperature and moisture using only data from discrete bins of environmental conditions (±1 °C soil temperature at multiple depths, precipitation-free periods and stable soil moisture). Gross ecosystem productivity was identified as a possible driver of variability at the hourly scale during the growing season, with multiple lags between ~5, 15 and 23 days. Additionally, the chamber-specific lags between GEP and soil CO(2) fluxes appeared to relate to combined path length for carbon flow (top of tree to chamber center). In this sparse and heterogeneous forested system, the potential link between CO(2) assimilation and soil CO(2) flux may be quite variable both temporally and spatially. For model applications, it is important to note that soil CO(2) fluxes are influenced by many biophysical factors, which may confound or obscure relationships with logical environmental drivers and act at multiple temporal and spatial scales; therefore, caution is needed when attributing soil CO(2) fluxes to covariates like temperature, moisture and GEP.     

Interactive effects of temperature and precipitation on soil respiration in a temperate maritime pine forest

Soil respiration (SR) was monitored periodically throughout 2001 in a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand located in the Belgian Campine region. As expected for a temperate maritime forest, temperature was the dominant control over SR during most of the year. However, during late spring and summer, when soil water content (SWC) was limiting, SR was insensitive to temperature (Q(10) = 1.24). We observed that during prolonged rain-free periods, when SWC was less than 15% (v/v), SR decreased dramatically (up to 50%) and SWC took over control of SR. During such drought periods, however, rain events sometimes stimulated SR and restored temperature control over SR, even though SWC in the mineral soil was low. We hypothesize that restoration of temperature control occurred only when rain events adequately rewetted the uppermost soil layers, where most of the respiratory activity occurred. To quantify the rewetting capacity of rain events, an index (I(w)) was designed that incorporated rainfall intensity, time elapsed since the last rain event, and atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (a proxy for evaporative water losses). To simulate SR fluxes, a model was developed that included the effects of soil temperature and, under drought and non-rewetting conditions (I(w) and SWC < threshold), an SWC response function. The model explained 95% of the temporal variability in SR observed during summer, whereas the temperature function alone explained only 73% of this variability. Our results revealed that, in addition to temperature and SWC, rain plays a role in determining the total amount of carbon released from soils, even in a maritime climate.     

Growth CO2 concentration modifies the transpiration response of Populus deltoides to drought and vapor pressure deficit

Cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.) trees grown for 9 months in elevated carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) showed significant increases in height, leaf area and basal diameter relative to trees in a near-ambient [CO2] control treatment. Sample trees in the CO2 treatments were subjected to high and low atmospheric vapor pressure deficits (VPD) over a 5-week period at both high and low soil water contents (SWC). During these periods, transpiration rates at both the leaf and canopy levels were calculated based on sap flow measurements and leaf-to-sapwood area ratios. Leaf-level transpiration rates were approximately equivalent across [CO2] treatments when soil water was not limiting. In contrast, during drought stress, canopy-level transpiration rates were approximately equivalent across [CO2] treatments, indicating that leaf-level fluxes during drought stress were reduced in elevated [CO2] by a factor equal to the leaf area ratio of the two canopies. The shift from equivalent leaf-level transpiration to equivalent canopy-level transpiration with increasing drought stress suggests maximum water use rates were controlled primarily by atmospheric demand at high SWC and by soil water availability at low SWC. Changes in VPD had less effect on transpiration than changes in SWC for trees in both CO2 treatments. Transpiration rates of trees in both CO2 treatments reached maximum values at a VPD of about 2.0 kPa at high SWC, but leveled off and decreased slightly in both canopies as VPD increased above this value. At low SWC, increasing VPD from approximately 1.4 to 2.5 kPa caused transpiration rates to decline slightly in the canopies of trees in both treatments, with significant (P = 0.004) decreases occurring in trees in the near-ambient [CO2] treatment. The transpiration responses at high VPD in the presence of high SWC and throughout the low SWC treatment suggest some hydraulic limitations to water use occurred. Comparisons of midday leaf water potentials of trees in both CO2 treatments support this conclusion.     

排水造林对泥炭沼泽湿地碳循环的影响

湿地在全球气候变化中扮演着重要作用,当湿地排水后,地表水位下降,湿地土壤有氧层增加,CO2排放速率增加,CH4排放速率减少,进而影响全球温室气体的浓度。本文综述了国内外有关湿地排水对土壤CO2、CH4、N2O温室气体和土壤碳储量影响的研究进展,指出了应加强研究的方向,可为湿地恢复和碳管理的研究提供参考。     

中亚热带天然林改造成人工林后土壤呼吸的变化特征

【目的】研究中亚热带常绿阔叶林(天然林)改造成人工林后土壤碳排放量的变化及主要影响因子,为评估森林类型转换对土壤碳排放的影响提供科学依据。【方法】在福建农林大学西芹教学林场的常绿阔叶林及由其改造而来的38年生闽楠人工林与35年生杉木人工林中分别设置4块20 m×20 m样地,利用Li-8100土壤碳通量观测系统于2014年9月—2016年9月进行定点观测,并同期观测土壤温度、含水量、有机碳含量(SOC)、微生物生物量碳含量(MBC)、可溶性有机碳含量(DOC)、0～20 cm土层细根生物量和年凋落物量及凋落物碳氮比(C/N)。【结果】常绿阔叶林改造成闽楠(38年后)和杉木人工林(35年后),年均土壤碳排放通量由16. 22显著降为12. 71和4. 83 tC·hm^-2a^-1,分别减少21. 60%和70. 20%;各林分类型的土壤呼吸温度敏感性Q¹⁰值表现为常绿阔叶林(1. 97)<闽楠人工林(2. 03)<杉木人工林(2. 91),转换为杉木人工林后,Q¹⁰值显著升高(P<0. 05);土壤温度能分别解释常绿阔叶林、闽楠人工林与杉木人工林土壤呼吸速率变化的89. 70%、88. 50%和87. 90%,土壤呼吸速率和土壤含水量相关不显著(P>0. 05);土壤呼吸速率和SOC、MBC、DOC、年凋落物量及0～20 cm土层细根生物量均极显著正相关(P<0. 01);土壤呼吸温度敏感性指数Q¹⁰值和凋落物C/N极显著正相关(P<0. 01),而与年均土壤呼吸速率及MBC极显著负相关(P<0. 01);进一步分析发现土壤MBC和SOC含量是影响土壤呼吸速率的2个最重要因子,而凋落物C/N在影响土壤呼吸温度敏感性中的贡献最大。【结论】中亚热带地区常绿阔叶林改造成闽楠(38年)或杉木(35年)人工林后,土壤碳排放通量显著降低。林分类型转换后树种组成和林分结构发生改变,凋落物数量、质量及细根生物量显著降低,土壤SOC和MBC含量显著下降可共同导致土壤呼吸通量的下降。土壤温度是3种林分类型土壤呼吸季节变化的主导因素,而土壤总有机碳库和土壤微生物量碳库的差异是不同林分之间土壤呼吸差异的主导因素,凋落物C/N对土壤呼吸的Q¹⁰影响最大。为提高模型预测森林类型转换影响土壤碳排放的精度,应综合考虑土壤有机碳库、易变性有机碳库及底物质量的变化。     

中亚热带森林转换对地表CH4氧化的影响

利用静态箱-气相色谱法对中亚热带常绿阔叶天然林与杉木人工林地表CH4氧化速率进行17个月的定位观测研究.结果表明:在观测期间(2009 - 04-2010 - 08),天然林与人工林均表现为大气CH4汇,天然林与杉木人工林地表CH4年均氧化速率分别为32.01和25.31 μg·m -2h-1,天然林地表CH4氧化速率为10.83 ～75.02μg·m -2h-1,人工林地表CH4氧化速率为7.66 ～46.40 μg·m-2h-1;地表CH4氧化速率受土壤温度、含水量及其交互作用的影响,土壤体积含水量显著影响地表CH4氧化速率,而土壤温度对地表CH4氧化速率的影响则因土壤体积含水量和土壤深度而异.