高效毛细管电泳在分离植物蛋白质中的应用

蛋白质的分离技术在蛋白质研究中起到了举足轻重的作用。毛细管电泳作为一项较新的分离技术,以其高通量、高灵敏度、快捷低耗的优势弥补了传统双向凝胶电泳的不足。本文分别从毛细管电泳技术的不同分离方式出发,对其在植物蛋白质分离中的研究进展进行了综述,重点分析了毛细管区带电泳和涂层毛细管电泳对植物蛋白质进行分离的优缺点。     

高效毛细管电泳法检测印楝素A的初步研究

从理论角度分析了高效毛细管电泳技术检测印楝素A的可能性，并以试验进行证明。在十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）浓度为25mmol／L、0．02mol／LpH值6．86混合磷酸盐缓冲溶液，甲醇-缓冲溶液（体积比7：3）作为运行缓冲液，分离电压20kV下得到稳定的电流曲线，二极管阵列检测器（PDA）检测波长214nm，在迁移时间2．6min处检测到印楝素A的电泳特征峰，电泳谱图面积积分结果和高效液相色谱分析结果无显著差异。     

高效毛细管电泳技术检测加杨芽生长素

建立了高效毛细管电泳技术检测加杨芽中生长素含量的方法.对加杨芽生长素的提取、分离、纯化的方法进行了探索和优化,测得加杨芽生长素含量为81 ng/g,回收率为70.52%.     

不同产地栽培甘草中甘草酸含量的测定与比较

本文采用高效毛细管电泳法(HPCE)测定了14个不同栽培产地的甘草产品中的甘草酸含量,实验结果表明:不同栽培产地的甘草产品中的甘草酸含量有较大的差异,黑龙江省肇东地区栽培甘草的甘草酸含量最高,内蒙古的鄂托克前旗、赤峰和杭锦旗地区的栽培甘草的甘草酸含量依次降低,并以此为依据提出了建立甘草栽培基地应遵循的原则。图2表1参11。     

白蜡虫多糖的提取及单糖组分分析

采用水提醇沉法对资源昆虫——白蜡虫中水溶性多糖组分进行提取,测定了提取物的多糖含量、蛋白含量和氨基酸含量;以1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮(PMP)为柱前衍生化试剂,利用毛细管区带电泳(CZE)对其多糖的单糖组成及摩尔比率进行分析,对电泳缓冲液的浓度和pH值进行了优化。结果表明:白蜡虫水溶性多糖的提取率为2.1%,多糖含量为256 mg.g-1,蛋白含量为242 mg.g-1;白蜡虫多糖由葡萄糖、甘露糖及半乳糖3种单糖组成,其摩尔比为1∶0.85∶0.93。     

基于毛细管电泳的日本落叶松MSAP反应体系的建立

[目的]建立基于毛细管电泳的日本落叶松最佳MSAP反应体系,获得条带清晰,信号强度均一的DNA甲基化图谱,为今后开展日本落叶松表观遗传变异研究奠定基础。[方法]以日本落叶松未成熟木质部为试材,设置不同梯度的DNA模板用量以及选择扩增体系中引物浓度、Mg~(2+)浓度、dNTP浓度和exTaq DNA聚合酶浓度,确定各组分不同用量对毛细管电泳效果的影响,从而确立最适的MSAP反应体系。[结果]结果表明模板DNA以及exTaq DNA聚合酶浓度对毛细管电泳结果影响不明显,而高的引物浓度会引起条带的减少。Mg~(2+)及dNTP浓度是影响毛细管电泳结果最为关键的因素,浓度过低或过高会导致毛细管电泳图谱条带明显减少,杂峰显著增多。[结论]最终确立的反应体系为:DNA模板100 ng,引物0.75 pmol·μL~(-1),Mg~(2+)2 mmol·L~(-1),dNTP 0.375 mmol·L~(-1)和exTaq DNA聚合酶0.05 U·μL~(-1)。     

樟树叶片蛋白提取方法及其应用

提取高质量的蛋白质是蛋白质组研究的基础.以樟树5种化学类型(芳樟、异樟、脑樟、油樟和龙脑樟)叶片为材料,采用Tris-HCl结合TCA/丙酮沉淀法提取总蛋白质,并对提取效果进行检测.定量检测结果表明,所有样品的蛋白量都可以满足下一步消化实验的要求;PAGE电泳结果表明,Tris-HCl结合TCA/丙酮沉淀法所得图谱背景清晰,蛋白质信息量很大.检测结果说明用本试验的方法可获得高效、丰富的樟树叶片总蛋白质,能够满足蛋白全谱、磷酸化修饰、目标蛋白分析等相关研究,为深入开展不同化学类型樟树蛋白质组学研究奠定基础.     

姜黄色素的提取与检测技术研究进展

概述了姜黄色素的组成、理化性质,重点阐述了传统与现代分离技术在姜黄色素提取中的应用及其分析检测技术的研究进展。同传统的提取技术相比,微波、超声、超临界等提取技术有着不可比拟的优越性。高效毛细管电泳法、差示脉冲伏安扫描法、极谱催化波法等技术的出现,拓宽了检测技术的选择性,提高了检测的灵敏度。     

插条长度对樟树扦插生根的影响

通过随机区组试验设计,研究了插条长度对樟树扦插生根的影响。结果表明:无论是硬枝扦插还是嫩枝扦插,长度为10¹5cm的插条效果最好。建议在樟树扦插时,采用1015cm的插条效果最好。建议在樟树扦插时,采用10¹5cm的插条。     

影响紫薇扦插生根成活的因素研究

以紫薇为试材,剪取3种不同长度插条,并配置4种不同浓度的NAA溶液,以清水作为对照对紫薇插条基部进行处理,扦插苗床采用覆盖地膜本、不覆盖地膜2种方式,在扦插后对紫薇的成活率进行调查.试验结果表明:以5种溶液处理后,以NAA100mg/L的浓度处理紫薇扦插成活率最高,覆盖地膜可明显提高紫薇扦插生根成活率最高,插条长度15cm和20cm的紫薇扦插成活率没有明显差异,但明显高于插条长度10cm的紫薇扦插成活率.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.