奶牛产后低血钙病的防治

奶牛围产期．即分娩前21天，到分娩后的前15天．对奶牛的健康、生产和经济效益是非常重要．是泌乳和繁殖的关键，但又是多种疾病的高危期．特别是产后的低血钙病的发生．往往诱发酮中毒，胎衣不下，子宫炎和真胃移位。都主要发生在这一阶段。这一阶段由于奶牛的免疫功能下降，分娩前后由于环境所造成乳房炎的发病率是最高。成年奶牛死亡数有70％-80％发生在此阶段．尽管这一阶段时间很短．对于整个泌乳周期奶牛的健康和疾病的防治至关重要。如何能减少奶牛产后低血钙病发生。笔者在此浅谈以下几个问题。     

奶牛产后低血钙病的防治

奶牛围产期，即分娩前21天。到分娩后的前15天．对奶牛的健康、生产和经济效益是非常重要，是泌乳和繁殖的关键时期。但又是多种疾病的多发期，特别是产后的低血钙病的发生，往往诱发酮中毒，胎衣不下、子宫炎和真胃移位，起立困难，行走跛行都是发生期。这一阶段由于奶牛免疫功能下降，分娩前后由于环境所造成乳房炎的发病率处于最高期。成年奶牛死亡率（数）70％-80％发生在此阶段。尽管这一阶段时间较短，对于整个泌乳周期奶牛健康和疾病防治至关重要。如何减少奶牛产后低血钙的发生．我在此浅谈以下几个问题：     

奶牛初乳期的乳房炎防治

奶牛初乳期即奶牛分娩后7天以内挤奶的时期。此时如果患乳房炎，由于乳房水肿造成乳房毛细血管破裂，血细胞或血蛋白进入乳房，个别奶牛伴有乳房出血症状。如果不及时治疗，很快会使病情恶化，进一步发展为化脓性或坏疽性乳房炎。     

常发性乳房炎对奶牛死亡率和淘汰率的影响

奶牛临床乳房炎可以影响奶牛场的经济效益,这不仅是因为造成产奶量降低和治疗费用增加,同时也会引起奶牛的淘汰。本试验的目的是检验常发性乳房炎对奶牛死亡率和淘汰率的影响。试验共从5个大型、高产奶牛场中选出16145头奶牛,其中在产后10个月内,发生1次乳房炎的有3036头,发生2次乳房炎的有758头,发生3次乳房炎的有288头。忽略个体效应,利用通用混合模型来分析临床乳房炎对奶牛死亡率和淘汰率的影响,同时考虑奶牛胎次、泌乳阶段和其它疾病等控制变量的作用。试验结果表明,临床乳房炎的发生显著提高了所有胎次奶牛的死亡率。在头胎奶牛中,1次乳房炎、2次乳房炎和3次乳房炎的比值比和95%的置信区间分别是5.6(1.7,18.0)、23.3(7.1,76.2)和27.8(3.7,209.9)。在经产奶牛组中,分别为9.9(7.4,13.2)1、2.0(8.0,18.0)和11.5(6.1,21.4)。临床乳房炎显著提高了乳房炎发生后2个月内奶牛淘汰的风险。在不考虑其它因素的情况下,这一研究不仅给奶农提供了奶牛乳房炎与奶牛死亡率和淘汰率关系的信息,同时也可以作为乳房炎控制方面的经济分析。     

奶牛乳房炎试纸与隐性乳房炎的防治

１什么是奶牛隐性乳房炎奶牛隐性乳房炎是一种发病率高，没有临床症状，也就是奶水是白色乳状，乳房组织有肿胀和痛疼，但是乳汁的生物化学、乳汁成份则发生变化，肉眼看不到乳汁和乳房变化，所以叫做隐性乳房炎。隐性乳房炎有什么危害呢？最大的危害是隐性乳房炎能由于病情发展，变成显性乳房炎，乳汁出现絮状物（豆腐脑样子）；乳房组织肿胀，痛疼，甚至病牛发烧，不出奶。其次是奶牛得了隐性乳房炎产奶量下降，一般要减少乳量１０％左右。奶牛隐性乳房炎是怎样得的呢？隐性乳房炎由于现在检查方法有了，人们都开始重视这方面的问题，关于…     

高产奶牛围产前期饲喂阴离子盐添加剂的效果

奶牛围产前期．即分娩前3周的饲养管理，直接关系到奶牛分娩后的健康状况和产奶量，是最关键的饲养阶段。由于这一阶段奶牛为分娩和泌乳做准备，内分泌状态发生明显改变．奶牛能量、矿物质代谢失衡，机体免疫力下降．如不能给予科学合理的饲养，奶产量愈高．产后常见的发病率愈高。     

奶牛临床型乳房炎的预防

奶牛乳房炎是奶牛最常见的一种乳腺疾病,多发生于泌乳奶牛的初期和高产牛的泌乳高峰期。奶牛乳房炎主要分为隐性乳房炎和临床型乳房炎两大类型,笔者主要谈谈临床型乳房炎的发病原因及预防。1发病原因1.1细菌感染:如大肠杆菌、葡萄球菌、厌氧菌、李氏杆菌、布氏杆菌。1.2病毒感染:如水泡病病毒感染乳房引起乳房水肿发炎。1.3初产母牛或经产母牛饲养管理不善引起。1.4分娩时引起的难产、胎衣不下、子宫炎、盆腔炎等。由于上述原因难产时助     

奶牛初乳期乳房炎的防治

奶牛初乳期即奶牛分娩后7天以内挤奶的时期,此时如果患乳房炎,由于乳房水肿造成乳房毛细血管破裂,血细胞或血蛋白进入乳房,个别奶牛伴有乳房出血症状,如果不及时治疗,很快会使病情恶化,进一步发展为化脓性或坏疽性乳房炎。     

158例奶牛乳房炎的病例分析

<正>乳房炎是奶牛常见病之一,2年间我院共诊治158例。各种类型乳房炎均有发生,其中以浆液性及卡他性乳房炎占的比例最大。1病因分析158例患牛中,有108例发病于产后半月之内,约占总发病数的70%左右。乳房炎之所以集中在此时期发生:第一,分娩前饲养管理不当,缺乏足够的运动。产前精料过多,以及妊娠末期胎儿压迫腹部较大血管,都会造成分娩时乳房高度水肿。由于乳房体积过度膨大,分娩当中或分娩之后爬卧时压     

奶牛乳房炎的危害与防治

在奶牛饲养中奶牛乳房炎是发病率高，经济损失最大的一种疾病，同时也在危害着人类的身体健康。乳房炎种类较多，一般分临床型乳房炎(又分急性与慢性)和隐性乳房炎。急性临床型乳房炎包括卡他性乳房炎、浆液性乳房炎、纤维素性乳房炎、蜂窝织性乳房炎、化脓性乳房炎、乳房脓肿、出血性乳房炎、坏疽性乳房炎等多种。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.