使君子提取物对驱除猪蛔虫效果研究及对猪主要生理生化指标的影响

云南使君子提取物作为实验用药,对感染猪蛔虫的动物进行了药效实验研究。结果使君子提取物给药最佳剂量为0．05mg／kg。粪检虫卵数计数表明,每克粪便虫卵数与用药前相比存在差异显著性（P〈0．05）。所检测的血液生化指标在给药前后均没有出现显著性的变化（P〉0．05）。从而可初步推断使君子提取物对猪的肝脏、肾脏、心脏和肌肉等组织器官没有产生明显的影响。使君子提取物对猪蛔虫有较好的驱虫效果,且毒副作用小。     

云南贯众化合物2对猪蛔虫驱除作用效果观察

考察云南贯众化合物2对猪蛔虫驱除作用。以感染虫卵量约为6×105个/头的自然感染蛔虫病猪作为试验动物,试验过程中每天观察其临床表现,并于感染后2个月对粪便进行蛔虫卵检查和记数,60 d后粪检虫数达7 000个/g则可作为猪蛔虫病模型的供试动物;云南贯众化合物2作为供试药物。结果表明,云南贯众化合物2驱除猪蛔虫作用效果明显,且具有吸收分布快、消除缓慢和生物利用率高等特点,其驱虫效果确实可靠。     

云南贯众粗提物对猪蛔虫的作用效果观察

考察云南贯众粗提物山奈素-3-a-L-鼠李糖基-7-a-L-鼠李糖体内驱猪蛔虫效果。选用仔猪36头,分为空白组,感染对照组,贯众粗提物低剂量组(12.5 mg/kg·bw),贯众粗提物中剂量组(25 mg/kg·bw),贯众粗提物高剂量组(50 mg/kg·bw),左旋咪唑组(8 mg/kg·bw)6个处理组,每组6头,连续用药7 d,每天采集猪粪便进行虫卵检查,计算虫卵转阴率和虫卵减少率。结果表明,云南贯众粗提物高浓度(50 mg/kg·bw)有较强驱杀体内猪蛔虫的活性,虫卵从1 606.67减少到34.33,转阴率达到83.33%,在治疗结束后虫卵减少率达到97.86%,与感染对照组和治疗前相比,虫卵数值和虫卵减少率均极显著提高(P0.01)。提示云南贯众可作为一种新型抗猪蛔虫药予以开发。     

玉林部分猪场消化道线虫感染状况调查

用漂浮集卵检查方法，对玉林市五个存栏量为2000头－8000头的规模化猪场抽取834头猪消化道线虫的感染状况进行了调查。结果显示，猪蛔虫、食道口线虫、毛首线虫、兰氏类圆线虫、球首线虫等五种寄生虫是感染受检猪场的主要消化道线虫。其中，猪蛔虫感染最严重，虫卵平均检出率为39．09％（326／834），其次为食道口线虫13.79%（115／834）、毛首线虫11．87％（99／834）、兰氏类圆线虫9．11％（76／834）、球首线虫4．20％（35／834）。此外，五个猪场6月龄以下与6月龄以上猪的蛔虫虫卵平均检出率分别为46．08％（188／408）和32．39％（138／426），差异显著（P＜0．05）。     

绵羊胃肠道线虫荷虫量与粪检虫卵相关性研究

用粪便虫卵计数（EPG）和动物体内蠕虫计数法对新疆3个不同地区的16只绵羊直肠粪便中的线虫虫卵和胃肠道线虫进行研究表明，在同一地区，绵羊直肠粪便中EPG与体内线虫荷虫量基本呈正相关；但不同季节、不同虫种的感染以及不同年龄之间卵与虫相关性的比值变化较大；粪便虫卵与体内成虫的高峰期也不完全吻合。     

伊维菌素干混悬剂驱除猪蛔虫效果与安全性试验

应用伊维菌素干混悬剂进行了驱除猪蛔虫的效力及安全性试验。结果：0．3mg/kg b.w剂量对猪蛔虫的虫卵转阴率、虫卵减少率和驱虫率均达100％，猪可耐受1．5mg/kg剂量。试验证明伊维菌素干混悬剂驱除猪蛔虫安全高效，投药方便，成本较低，具有推广前景。     

两种驱虫药物对猪蛔虫病的驱治效果观察

为了验证两种常用驱虫药对猪蛔虫病的疗效,采用临床诊断和实验室诊断相结合的方法,对在兽医临床中遇到的规模养猪户发生的猪蛔虫病进行了诊断,应用阿苯达唑、伊维菌素进行对猪自然感染寄生虫驱虫效果观察。结果:阿苯达唑10mg/kg剂量一次口服给药后7d的虫卵转阴率、减少率分别为86.67%和91.47%;伊维菌素注射剂0.2mg/kg剂量组消化道线虫虫卵转阴率、减少率分别为93.33%和95.66%;阳性对照组两次粪检,其EPG第二次比第一次略有增加。结果表明阿苯达唑10mg/kg剂量、伊维菌素0.2mg/kg剂量驱除猪蛔虫高效安全。     

害获灭注射剂对猪体内外寄生虫的驱虫试验

应用害获灭注射剂分别按0.2、0.3、0.4mg/kg剂量经皮下注射给药,进行对猪自然感染寄生虫的驱除效果观察。结果：在给药后7、14d临床检查,0.2mg/kg剂量对猪血虱驱虫效果达中效;0.3、0.4mg/kg剂量对猪血虱的驱虫率均达100.00%,用药后至出栏的几个月内未出现复发。在给药后14d粪检,0.2mg/kg剂量组对猪蛔虫虫卵减少率为89.57%;0.3、0.4mg/kg组虫卵减少率均达100.00%。表明害获灭注射剂0.3、0.4mg/kg剂量驱除猪蛔虫和猪血虱高效安全。     

不同驱虫药对伊犁马驱虫效果及血液生理指标的影响

[目的]探究不同驱虫药驱虫前后伊犁马粪便中虫卵种类及数量的变化以及驱虫药对马匹血液生理指标的影响。[方法]选择平均体重（265.5±35.6）kg、出生日期相近的1岁伊犁马40匹,随机分为5组,每组8匹,分别为对照组、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组和试验Ⅳ组。在相同的饲养管理和日粮营养水平条件下,试验Ⅰ组给予伊维菌素,试验Ⅱ组给予吡喹酮,试验Ⅲ组给予阿苯达唑,试验Ⅳ组给予伊维菌素和阿苯达唑的混合药剂驱虫,对照组不驱虫。在驱虫前及驱虫后1、2、3、7、14 d采集马匹粪便样本,进行虫卵鉴别与计数,计算寄生虫感染率;驱虫后14 d采集马匹血液样品,测定血液生理指标。[结果](1)驱虫后14 d,除对照组粪便中虫卵种类和数量较多,试验Ⅱ组粪便中有少量虫卵外,其余试验组均未发现虫卵;与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅲ组、试验Ⅳ组马匹粪便中每克粪便虫卵数（eggs per gram,EPG）均降低了612.50个（P<0.01）,试验Ⅱ组EPG降低了562.50个（P<0.01）。(2)试验Ⅰ组单核细胞数量极显著（P<0.01）低于对照组;试验Ⅳ组嗜碱性粒细胞数量极显著（P<0...     

补喂鞣花酸对哺乳期马驹寄生虫感染情况的影响

【目的】研究补喂鞣花酸对哺乳期纯血马马驹肠道寄生虫感染情况的影响，揭示鞣花酸在马属动物消化道寄生虫防治方面的作用，为新型驱虫药物的筛选提供参考依据。【方法】选择平均体重（143.33±16.10） kg、出生日期（±5 d）、寄生虫感染率相近的哺乳期纯血马马驹15匹，随机分为对照组、试验Ⅰ和Ⅱ组，每组5匹。在相同的饲养条件下，对照组马驹不做任何处理，试验Ⅰ组马驹每天补喂15 mg/kg BW鞣花酸，试验Ⅱ组补喂30 mg/kg BW鞣花酸，试验期60 d，分别在试验的第0、15、30、45、60天采集马驹粪便样品，检测各组虫卵种类，统计虫卵数量，并评价驱虫效果。【结果】哺乳纯血马驹感染率高的寄生虫有10种，其中感染率最高的寄生虫是马副蛔虫、马圆线虫及细颈三齿线虫。随着鞣花酸补喂时间的延长及剂量的增加，寄生虫的感染率呈降低趋势，细颈三齿线虫卵、马圆线虫卵、马副蛔虫卵和韦氏类圆线虫卵的排出量显著降低（P<0.05）。补喂鞣花酸后第60天试验Ⅰ和Ⅱ组虫卵总数比对照组分别降低66.59%和97.06%；试验Ⅰ组第30和60天虫卵减少率分别为30.10%和42.97%；试验Ⅱ组第30和60天虫卵减少率分别为37.51%和49.86%。【结论】在本试验条件下，给哺乳马驹补喂鞣花酸能够显著降低寄生虫的感染及粪便中细颈三齿线虫卵、马圆线虫卵、马副蛔虫卵和韦氏类圆线虫卵的排出量，且补喂剂量为30 mg/kg BW效果更佳。     

Parasite transmission in confined hogs

Examinations of fecal specimens from swine of all ages maintained in a totally enclosed confinement facility in south Georgia were conducted in a 5-year survey (1977-1981) to determine the prevalence, intensity, and transmission patterns of intestinal nematode and protozoan parasites. Weaned pigs in the nursery had no detectable parasitic infections except sporadic Isospora suis in newly weaned pigs. Growing-finishing hogs had a low prevalence of Ascaris suum, Oesophagostomum spp. and Balantidium suis. Mean A. suum prevalence and mean eggs per gram feces (EPG) increased until about 200 days of age and then declined. Oesophagostomum spp. and B. suis prevalence and intensity tended to increase throughout life. Gilts (mean age 273 days) in the gestation unit had a higher (P less than 0.01) prevalence of A. suum and lower (P less than 0.01) prevalences of Oesophagostomum spp. and B. suis than sows (mean age 706 days). Similarly, A. suum EPG was higher (P less than 0.01) and Oesophagostomum spp. EPG and B. suis cysts per gram feces (CPG) were lower (P less than 0.01) in gilts than in sows. No evidence for a peri-parturient increase in parasite eggs or cysts was found. Instead, there was a higher prevalence of B. suis (P less than 0.01) in gestating than in lactating animals and more lactating sows than gestating sows were negative for parasites (P less than 0.01). Apparent differences due to location (gestation unit or farrowing unit) were largely attributable to age differences. Trichuris suis infections were rare and not shown to be established in the herd. Strongyloides ransomi in suckling piglets was controlled by anthelmintic therapy. I. suis occurred in piglets throughout the study but was never found in sows in the farrowing unit, either before or after birth of a subsequently infected litter of piglets. No parasites requiring intermediate hosts occurred.     

The prevalence of internal and external parasites in pigs of different ages and sexes in Southeast District, Botswana

Botswana imports most pig-based products from neighbouring countries. Pig farming is limited by, among other things, the negative effect of parasites and diseases on production. The object of this study was to determine the prevalence of ecto- and endoparasites in pigs of different ages and sexes in the Southeast District of Botswana. Thirty-nine pigs were sampled for endoparasites and 19 for ectoparasites during a period of 2 1/2 months. Of all the pigs sampled, 54,55% were infected with Ascaris suum, 20,45% with Trichostrongylus spp. and 6,82% with Trichuris suis. Ascaris suum was found to be the most common endoparasite infesting both mature, i.e. 12 months and older, and young, i.e. less than 12 months old, pigs. Although not significantly different (P > 0,05), the prevalence of this parasite species was slightly higher (68,42% with an average of 1,023 +/- 545 eggs per gram (EPG) of faeces per pig) in mature than in young pigs (55% with an of average 1,500 +/- 846 EPG of faeces per pig). The prevalence of Trichostrongylus spp. was lower in mature (5,26% with 20 +/- 14 EPG of faeces per pig) than in young pigs (25% with 22 +/- 9 EPG of faeces per pig). The prevalence of T. suis was also lower in mature (0% infection) than in young pigs (15% with 9 +/- 4 EPG of faeces per pig). The prevalence of the three endoparasite species was not significantly different between the sexes A. suum (1,020 +/- 883 v. 1,503 +/- 522 EPG of faeces per pig), Trichostrongylus spp. (24 +/- 14 v. 18 +/- 8 EPG of faeces per pig) and T. suis (11 +/- 6 v. 2 +/- 4 EPG of faeces per pig) for male and female pigs respectively. Sarcoptes scabiei was the only ectoparasite identified on the pigs sampled for external parasites. It infested 40% of all pigs but the infestation on young pigs (70%) was higher than on the mature ones (33,33%). Since the infection of internal and external parasites was similar in young and old pigs of both sexes, controlling parasites is of great importance since these generally lead to reduced production and are also of public health concern. It is recommended that a further study be carried out to investigate the effect of internal and external parasites on productivity.     

Comparative studies of experimental oral inoculation of pigs with Ascaris suum eggs or third stage larvae

This experimental study was designed to compare the acquired resistance in pigs to Ascaris suum eggs following 4-weekly oral immunizations with either 200 A. suum infective eggs or 50 A. suum third stage larvae (L3). The two immunized groups (n = 7) together with an unimmunized control group (n = 7) of pigs were challenged orally with 50 infective A. suum eggs per kilogram bodyweight on day 19 after the last immunization. Seven days post-challenge the group immunized with eggs showed signs of resistance as evidenced by reduced lung larval counts compared with the challenge control group. Such significant resistance was not observed in the L3-immunized group. However, a markedly increased inflammatory liver reaction and white spot formation was demonstrated in the L3-immunized pigs after challenge compared with both control animals and egg-immunized pigs. On the day of challenge only the egg-immunized pigs mounted an anti-Ascaris antibody response both in serum and in lung lavage fluid. Ascaris-antigen induced increased histamine release from peripheral leucocytes following both immunization and challenge could only be demonstrated in the egg-immunized pigs. On day 7 post-challenge local IgA-anti-Ascaris antibodies were further demonstrated in bile of the egg-immunized group and in the small intestine of both immunized groups. In conclusion, oral A. suum egg immunization of pigs induced a significant reduction in lung larval counts upon challenge. In contrast, oral L3 immunization seemed to prime the pigs as observed by the presence of stunted lung larval growth and increased liver reaction post-challenge with A. suum eggs.     

Immunization of pigs against Ascaris suum by sequential experimental infections terminated with fenbendazole during larval migration

Three experimental infections of weaning pigs with 2000 embryonated Ascaris suum eggs each, 11 days apart, followed each time by fenbendazole treatment, produced a significant host response when compared with similar infected or uninfected control pigs as assessed by response to a subsequent challenge with 100 embryonated A. suum eggs. The response elicited from pigs treated with fenbendazole on either 2, 3, and 4 days or, 6, 7, and 8 days after each experimental infection was expressed as a reduction in the number of pigs with A. suum, in the number of worms per pig, in the weight of male and female worms, and in the length of male and female worms. No differences in average daily weight gain, feed-conversion efficiency or histology of lungs and liver were noted among the 4 treatment groups.     

Prevalence of common gastrointestinal nematode parasites in scavenging pigs of different ages and sexes in eastern centre province, Burkina Faso

The range and infestation intensities of gastrointestinal parasitic nematode species depend on the type of swine production system. The present study focused mainly on nematodes of veterinary importance in scavenging pigs in Burkina Faso, and aimed at determining the prevalence of gastro-intestinal nematode parasites by means of faecal egg per gram (EPG) counts. Between November 2001 and October 2002, faecal samples from 383 pigs of different sexes and ages (< 5 months, 5-12 months and > 12 months) were collected from the rectum and examined for gastrointestinal nematodes parasites using the Mc Master method. Of the 383 pigs examined, 91% were infected by one or more parasites. Ascaris suum (40%; 100-1 400 EPG) was the most prevalent parasite followed by Strongyloides ransomi (21%; 100-4200 EPG), Oesophagostomum spp. (18%; 100-1000 EPG), Hyostrongylus rubidus (11%; 100-1 800 EPG), Globocephalus spp. (10%; 100-400 EPG) and Trichuris suis (1 %; 100-200 EPG). The prevalence was significantly higher in female pigs (n = 239) than in males. In addition, females excreted significantly (P < 0.05) more eggs in their faeces than males, except in the case of Globocephalus spp. The age of the animal had no effect on the prevalence of A. suum whereas there were significant differences in age categories concerning S. ransomi, H. rubidus, Oesophagostumum spp. and Globocephalus spp. Unexpectedly, the high prevalence of these common parasites was not accompanied by elevated EPG values, which suggests the existence of moderate infestations. The present work indicates that the common nematode infestations in pigs do not necessarily need a systematic herd anthelmintic treatment, as only a small number of worms is required to induce immunity. A further study is needed to formulate appropriate and cost-effective strategies for the control of gastro-intestinal nematode parasites in pigs in Burkina Faso.     

Concurrent Ascaris suum and Oesophagostomum dentatum infections in pigs.

The aim of this study was to examine interactions between Ascaris suum and Oesophagostomum dentatum infections in pigs with regard to population dynamics of the worms such as recovery, location and length; and host reactions such as weight gain, pathological changes in the liver and immune response. Seventy-two helminth-na?ve pigs were allocated into four groups. Group A was inoculated twice weekly with 10000 O. dentatum larvae for 8 weeks and subsequently challenge-infected with 1000 A. suum eggs, while Group B was infected with only 1000 A. suum eggs; Group C was inoculated twice weekly with 500 A. suum eggs for 8 weeks and subsequently challenge-infected with 5000 O. dentatum larvae, whereas Group D was given only 5000 O. dentatum larvae. All trickle infections continued until slaughter. Twelve pigs from Group A and B were slaughtered 10 days post challenge infection (p.c.i.) and the remaining 12 pigs from the each of the four groups were slaughtered 28 days p.c.i.. No clinical signs of parasitism were observed. The total worm burdens and the distributions of the challenge infection species were not influenced by previous primary trickle-infections with the heterologous species. Until day 10 p.c.i. the ELISA response between A. suum antigen and sera from the O. dentatum trickle infected pigs (Group A) pigs were significantly higher compared to the uninfected Group B. This was correlated with a significantly higher number of white spots on the liver surface both on Day 10 and 28 p.c.i. in Group A compared to Group B. The mean length of the adult O. dentatum worms was significantly reduced in the A. suum trickle infected group compared to the control group. These results indicate low level of interaction between the two parasite species investigated.     

Evidence of interaction between Ascaris suum and Metastrongylus apri in experimentally infected pigs

A study has been carried out with the aim to determine possible interactions between Ascaris suum and Metastrongylus apri under experimentally infected pigs. Twenty-eight Iberian pigs were allocated into four groups. Group 1 was inoculated with 5000 infective A. suum eggs; group 2 received concurrently 5000 infective A. suum eggs and 5000 infective M. apri larvae; group 3 received 5000 infective M. apri larvae; group 4 served as uninfected controls. In each group, pigs were necropsied on day 7 (n = 4) and day 28 (n = 3) post-infection (p.i.). Pigs with single M. apri infections showed earlier and more severe respiratory symptoms compared to pigs with mixed infection, while no clinical signs were observed in pigs single infected with A. suum. Mean burdens of immature A. suum and immature and adult M. apri were reduced in pigs with concomitant infection both on day 7 and 28 p.i., respectively. In contrast, the number of white spots was significantly increased on day 7 in pigs with mixed infection. In addition, pigs of group 1 showed the highest eosinophil levels in blood compared to pigs in groups 2 (intermediate levels) and 3 (moderate levels). The results suggest an antagonistic interaction between A. suum and M. apri in concomitantly infected pigs.     

Effect of fenbendazole and pyrantel tartrate on the induction of protective immunity in pigs naturally or experimentally infected with Ascaris suum

An experiment was conducted with 96 weanling pigs (avg initial wt 18.5 kg) divided into six treatment with two replicates of eight pigs each. Pigs in Treatments 1, 2 and 3 were penned in outside pens with dirt lots that previously were contaminated with A. suum ova to induce a natural ascaris infection. Pigs in Treatments 4, 5 and 6 were penned in an open-front building with solid concrete floors and were experimentally infected with 2,000 embryonated A. suum. ova on d 1, 15 and 29 of the experiment. Pigs in Treatments 1 and 4 were medicated with fenbendazole (FBZ, 3 mg/[kg BW.d]) for three consecutive days during three consecutive time periods. Pigs in Treatments 2 and 5 were medicated with pyrantel tartrate (PT, 106 mg/kg feed) for 28 d. Pigs in Treatments 3 and 6 served as infected, unmedicated controls. All pigs were challenged with 100 A. suum eggs 7 d after termination of the final FBZ treatment. All pigs were killed 66 d after challenge and worms were recovered. Fenbendazole treatment resulted in greater (P less than .07) average daily gain than PT treatment in pigs penned outside. Among inside pigs, FBZ treatment resulted in better (P less than .02) feed utilization than in controls. The FBZ and PT treatments reduced (P less than .03) the total number of A. suum, the length and weight of female ascarids and the length of male ascarids compared with controls. A natural continual infection with A. suum was less effective than experimental infection in inducing protective immunity in pigs.     

Ecological influences on transmission rates of Ascaris suum to pigs on pastures

A study was conducted to determine the distribution and transmission rate of Ascaris suum eggs and Oesophagostomum dentatum larvae in a pasture/pig house facility, which during the preceding summer was contaminated with helminth eggs by infected pigs. In May, four groups of 10 helminth na?ve tracer pigs were exposed to fenced sections of the facility for 7 days and necropsied for parasite recovery 9-10 days later (trial 1). The highest rate of A. suum transmission (201 eggs per day) occurred in the pig house (A). On the pasture, egg transmission decreased with the distance from the house: 8 eggs per day in the feeding/dunging area (B); 1 egg per day on the nearest pasture (C); <1 egg per day on the distant pasture (D). Only a few O. dentatum infections were detected, indicating a poor ability of the infective larvae to overwinter. Soil analyses revealed that the highest percentage (5.8%) of embryonated A. suum eggs were in the house (A). Subsequently, the facility was recontaminated with A. suum eggs by infected pigs. A replicate trial 2 was conducted in the following May. A major finding was the complete reversal of egg distribution between the 2 years (trials 1 and 2). In contrast to previous results, the highest rates of transmission (569 and 480 eggs per day) occurred in pasture sections C and D, and the lowest transmission rates (192 and 64 eggs per day) were associated with the feeding/dunging sections and the house (B and A). Soil analyses again supported the tracer pig results, as the pasture sections had the highest concentrations of embryonated eggs. Detailed soil analysis also revealed a non-random, aggregated egg distribution pattern. The different results of the two trials may be due to the seasonal timing of egg deposition and tracer pig exposure. Many eggs deposited during the summer prior to trial 1 may have died rapidly due to high temperatures and dessication, especially when they were not protected by the house, while deposition in the autumn may have favored egg survival through lower temperatures, more moisture, and greater sequestration of eggs in the soil by rain and earthworms. The latter eggs may, however, not have become embryonated until turnout the next year. The results demonstrate that yearly rotations may not be sufficient in the control of parasites with long-lived eggs, such as A. suum, and that a pasture rotation scheme must include all areas, including housing.     

Some aspects of nematode infection in pigs from small herds

Two traditionally maintained, small herds from southern Poland, with 8 and 12 sows, respectively, were surveyed coprologically during 2006-2007. In one of the herds, while deworming a group of sows with levamisole, faecal samples were collected on Day -7, Day 0 (the day of treatment) and Day 10, in order to assess the therapeutic effect of the drug. Coprological investigation was performed also in 26 fatteners originating from other small farms and slaughtered in a local abattoir, with their intestines washed through for the presence of roundworms. In both herds examined, Ascaris suum and Oesophagostomum spp. were prevalent, whilst Trichuris suis appeared only very rarely. Mainly fatteners, replacement gilts and young sows were highly infected with A. suum. The roundworm occurrence in 2- 3-week-old piglets, with the intensity of 300 eggs per gram of faeces (EPG), indicated the possibility of parasite transmission to offspring very early in age. The highest level of Oesophagostomum spp. infection was observed in sows, but weaners were also much affected. For the group of dewormed sows, the mean faecal egg count reduction (FECR) was estimated to be 77.1- 80.4%, suggesting the presence of resistant nodular worms. A very high false-positive A. suum egg counts found in slaughtered animals (240 to 320 EPG) testified to a high contamination level of the environment of small piggeries, as well. Since the reciprocal transmission of parasites between pigs and poultry might occur, it implies that the flocks should be raised separately.