美国科罗拉多冷杉播种育苗技术

科罗拉多冷杉 (Ａｂｉｅｓｃｏｎｌｏｒ)为常绿大乔木 ,树姿雄伟 ,高大挺拔 ,具有较强的适应性 ,在干旱、贫瘠、炎热地区也能生长 ,是重要的工业用材树种 ,也是广大山区和平原绿化的主要树种。种子育苗是科罗拉多冷杉育苗的主要方法 ,操作简单 ,成本低廉 ,易于推广。1　材料来源科罗拉多冷杉原产美国 ,本批种子由国家 94 8项目课题组从美国引进。种子纯度 95 % ,含水量10 % ,播种前未测生长势和发芽率。2　播种育苗技术2 1　种子消毒与浸种将种子去除杂质 ,用 3%高锰酸钾水溶液浸泡 1小时 ,用清水冲净 ,常温冷浸 2 4小时 ,使种子饱吸水分涝…     

科罗拉多冷杉及其栽培技术引进项目

科罗拉多冷杉（Abies concolor）是美国中西部高海拔地区的环保树种，也是用材、绿化美化、化工原料树种。它分布范围广，种内变异丰富，     

处理松材线虫病病死松树伐桩木腐菌的筛选

测试了木腐菌对松材线虫繁殖的影响以及对马尾松木块和松材线虫病病死树伐桩的分解能力,结果表明,供试菌株除裂褶菌菌株外,其他菌株都能抑制松材线虫的繁殖,其中松材线虫在松生拟层孔菌菌株W10、W11,硫磺菌菌株5452、6600,粗皮侧耳菌株6221,虎掌菌菌株6320,茯苓菌株6284,灵芝菌株6501菌落上完全不能存活.对马尾松木块的分解试验结果表明,松生拟层孔菌菌株W10、W11、硫磺菌菌株6600、杂色云芝菌株6923、茯苓菌株6284对马尾松木块具有较强的分解能力.田间接种硫磺菌菌株6600、杂色云芝菌株6923、松生拟层孔菌菌株W11、茯苓菌株6284和粗皮侧耳菌株6221处理松材线虫病病死树伐桩70 d后,硫磺菌菌株6600和杂色云芝菌株6923表现出对松材线虫病病死树伐桩较强的分解能力,这2个菌株可作为今后利用木腐菌处理松材线虫病病死树伐桩的潜力菌株.     

川西亚高山林线交错带及邻近植被土壤细菌生理群数量特征

研究川西亚高山林线交错带及上缘流石滩草甸和下缘冷杉林土壤8种细菌生理群数量的空间分布和时间动态特征。结果表明:不同植被细菌生理群数量均随土壤深度加深而降低;0～30cm土层硝化细菌、反硝化细菌、好气固氮菌、有机磷分解菌和好气纤维素分解菌数量表现为林线交错带下缘冷杉林上缘流石滩草甸,而氨化细菌、无机磷分解菌和厌气纤维素分解菌除上缘流石滩草甸最低外,林线交错带与下缘冷杉林无显著差异;氨化细菌、有机和无机磷分解菌是各植被土壤中的优势菌群,纤维素分解菌数量最低;在0～15cm土层,上缘流石滩草甸各菌群数量4月最低,6月最高,林线交错带及下缘冷杉林各菌群数量亦4月最低,厌气性的反硝化细菌与厌气纤维素分解菌6月最高,其余菌群均8月达最大值;而各植被底层土壤各细菌生理类群数量无明显时间动态规律;林线交错带及邻近植被细菌生理群的空间分布与时间动态与土壤的立地条件、营养成分、水热条件变化关系密切。     

大熊猫栖息地冷杉属植物群落与大熊猫分布的关系

冷杉属(Abies)物种组成的森林是我国特有的山地寒温性暗针叶林,在秦岭山系、岷山山系、邛崃山山系、大相岭山系、小相岭山系和凉山山系分布着以秦岭冷杉(Abies chensiensis)、巴山冷杉(A.f argesii)、岷江冷杉(A.faxoniana)、冷杉(A.fabri)、长苞冷杉(A.georgei)和川滇...     

冷杉树脂道的构造和影响树脂形成的因素

前言全世界冷杉属树木(Abies Mill.)共有四十多种,分布在北半球,常绿针叶乔木.冷杉树脂是冷杉属树木分泌的生理树脂.古代人们用冷杉树脂治疗创伤、烧伤和经久不愈的溃疡.近代更作为珍贵的化工原料,越来越引起人们的重视.冷杉胶,是优良的光学胶合剂,在仪表工业中用于透镜和棱镜的胶合.冷杉胶还用于生物、医学的显微镜检以及地质矿物标本的磨片和镜检等方面.冷杉挥发油具有特殊的组份,如莰醇、     

西藏色季拉山冷杉林土壤纤维素降解细菌产酶能力沿海拔梯度变化

纤维素降解细菌(Cellulose-decomposing bacteria,CDB)能够利用难以分解的纤维素,对生物地球化学循环的推动具有重要意义。为探讨不同海拔高度、不同植被类型对CDB的分布特征及产酶能力的影响,选取云冷杉混交林、藓类冷杉林、蔷薇冷杉林、杜鹃冷杉林为研究对象,采用牛肉蛋白胨(NA)平板分离法、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)刚果红平板鉴别法,从4类冷杉林土样中分离CDB,并对其进行液体发酵,采用DNS法定量测定发酵上清液中的纤维素酶活。结果表明:(1)可培养的好氧细菌总数、CDB数随海拔升高而降低,与林下植物有极显著相关性(P0.01)。(2)CDB%(CDB数量占细菌总数的百分比)随海拔升高而升高,与林下植物有极显著正相关性(P0.01)。(3)H%(CDB菌株数占可培养细菌菌株数的百分比)与海拔、林下植物无明显相关关系,与凋落物厚度有一定负相关关系。(4)滤纸纤维素酶活(FPase)、羧甲基纤维素酶活(CMCase)均随海拔升高而升高。(5)4类冷杉林下产CMCase能力差异随海拔升高而显著。     

4株绿僵菌的鉴定及对松褐天牛成虫致病效果比较

【目的】为筛选对松褐天牛毒力更高的微生物资源,开展生物防治通过培养性状、分生孢子形态及系统发育树鉴定4个绿僵菌菌株,比较测定各自对松褐天牛的毒力。【方法】对4株绿僵菌的培养性状和分生孢子形态特征进行描述,并对4株绿僵菌的EF-1α基因进行克隆和测序,构建系统进化发育树,综合鉴定4株绿僵菌的分类地位。测定了不同孢子浓度及接种方法(浸虫、浸枝和无纺布)对松褐天牛成虫的致病效果,构建4个菌株对松褐天牛的毒力方程。【结果】1)菌株WTKH和WP08鉴定为平沙绿僵菌;菌株LV2鉴定为金龟子绿僵菌;菌株qc1401鉴定为瘿绵蚜绿僵菌。2)平沙绿僵菌WP08菌株和金龟子绿僵菌LV2菌株对松褐天牛校正死亡率较高,瘿绵蚜绿僵菌qc1401菌株次之,平沙绿僵菌WTKH菌株最低。4个菌株对松褐天牛的致死速度依次为WP08LV2qc1401 WTKH,LT50分别为5. 52、10. 38、16. 93和20. 80天。3)以平沙绿僵菌WP08为供试菌株,在1. 0×108、1. 0×107、1. 0×106个·m L-1共3个浓度下,孢子浓度越高则松褐天牛校正死亡率越高、半数死亡时间越短,孢子浓度为1. 0×108、1. 0×107时,试验期内校正死亡率均达到100%;半数死亡时间LT50分别为11. 38、16. 44和24. 22天。4)以平沙绿僵菌WP08为供试菌株,3种接种方法 40天内松褐天牛死亡率均为100%,LT50浸虫法为5. 52天,浸枝法为11. 38天,无纺布法为17. 21天。【结论】4株绿僵菌均可侵染松褐天牛致其死亡,其中,平沙绿僵菌WP08的致死率和致死速度较快,为防治松褐天牛的优良菌株。     

3株产气内生真菌的水果防腐活性及其气体成分分析

从极端濒危植物百山祖冷杉针叶组织中分离到3株属于炭角菌科产气霉属的内生菌,这些菌株能产生强烈的挥发性物质,对多种植物病原菌具有明显的抑制或致死功能;水果保鲜试验表明固体发酵菌剂能有效防治草莓灰葡萄孢霉、苹果轮纹病菌和油桃褐腐病菌等引起的水果采后病害。固相微萃取和气质联用(SPME-GC-MS)分析表明,3个菌株产生的气体成分及含量存在较大差异,M25成分单一,而M112-2和M153成分较复杂,这种差异性与其生物学活性有一定的相关性。主要气体物质为二甲酯丙酸、甲基-2-甲基丙酸酯和β-水芹烯等。     

用于提取可纺性竹原纤维菌株的选育

从自然界腐朽的竹材或木材中,能分离和筛选高效降解木质素并只少量降解或者不降解竹纤维的优良菌株,通过GU-W A平板变色反应试验和菌株对竹材木质素、竹纤维降解试验,共获得了3株具有选择性降解竹木质素的优良菌株(15、18、21号菌株),经初步鉴定这3株菌为真菌菌株;测定了菌株在摇瓶培养时所产孢外酶的酶活.最后采用3株菌联合法进行降解竹材木质素试验.结果表明:3株菌联合降解木质素效果优于单一菌株,其降解率可达72.26%.     

Genetic Variation among 11 Abies concolor Populations Based on Allozyme Analysis

In order to obtain information on the genetic structure of Abies concolor and the genetic variation among 11 popula- tions introduced from America to China, allozyme analysis based on starch gel electrophoresis technology was used. 24 loci of 10 allozyme systems were mensurated, and the genetic structure and genetic diversity of the 11 populations of A. concolor evaluated. The results show that the genetic variation among is significant, and the genetic variation within A. concolor populations is more important. In contrast with other conifers, the variation of A. concolor is above the average level of conifers, and higher than the same level of Abies. The percentage of polymorphic loci (P) was 62.5%, the number of alleles per locus (A) 2.08, the number of ef- fective alleles per locus (Ae) was 1.37, the expected heterozygosity (H) 0.204, and the Shannon information index (I) 0.351 7. There is a short genetic distance (D=0.061) and a low gene flow (Nm=0.839 4) among the 11 introduced populations of A. concolor with high genetic variation. The genetic differentiation coefficient (Gst) was 0.229 5, which is higher than that of the mean in Abies or Pinus.     

Cylindrocarpon cylindroides var. tenue als Pathogen an Abies concolor und einigen Tannenbastarden

Cylindrocarpon cylindroides var. tenue as a pathogen of Abies concolor and some Abies hybrids . By artificial inoculations it was proved that Cylindrocarpon cylindroides Wollenw. var. tenue Wollenw. is the cause of a disease of Abies concolor and the progenies of the species-combinations A. concolor×A. procera and A. concolor×A. nordmanniana. The disease finally can cause the death of the trees.     

Effect of inoculum density of Macrophomina phaseolina on seedling susceptibility of six conifer species

The severity of charcoal root disease of conifer seedlings (Abies concolor, A. magnified, Pinus jeffreyi, P. lambertiana, and Pseudotsuga menziesii) was a power function of the sclerotial density of the fungus (Macrophomina phaseolina) in nursery soil.     

广林9号桉幼林的施肥效应

将磷肥、尿素和桉树专用肥3种肥料分为3个水平,对4个不同初植密度广林9号桉树幼林进行施肥处理。采用方差分析方法分析了不同施肥处理及不同初植密度对桉树幼林生长的影响。结果表明：不同施肥种类及施肥量对广林9号桉幼林生长差异显著,桉树专用肥的影响极显著,尿素影响显著,磷肥影响不显著,其中尿素随施用量的增加对苗木生长存在抑制作用;桉树专用肥随施用量的增加对苗木生长有明显促进作用。不同初植密度的1年生广林9号桉幼林生长差异不显著。     

Transverse shrinkage in G-fibers as a function of cell wall layering and growth strain

Transverse drying shrinkage was measured at microscopic and mesoscopic levels in poplar wood characterised by an increasing growth strain (GS), from normal to tension wood. Results show that: (a) the drying shrinkage, measured as a relative thickness decrease, was significantly higher for G-layer (GL) than for the other layers (OL), GL shrinkage was not significantly correlated with GS, and OL shrinkage was negatively correlated with GS. (b) In gelatinous fibre (G-fibre), lumen size increased during drying and this increase was positively related with GS, but in normal wood fibre, lumen size decreased during drying. These findings suggest that GL shrank outwards (i.e., its internal perimeter increases), so that its shrinkage weakly affected the total cell shrinkage and the mesoscopic shrinkage was controlled by the OL shrinkage which shrank inwards (i.e., its external perimeter decreases). (c) Measurements done on 7 × 7 mm2 thin sections evidenced a negative correlation between transverse shrinkage and GS, significant in T direction but weak in R direction. These observations at both levels allow to discuss the contribution of GL to the mesoscopic shrinkage of tension wood.     

Xylem cavitation in roots and stems of Douglas-fir and white fir

Roots of hardwoods have been shown to be more vulnerable to xylem cavitation than stems. This study examined whether this pattern is also observed in a conifer species. Vulnerability to cavitation was determined from the pressure required to inject air into the vascular system of hydrated roots and stems, and reduce hydraulic conductance of the xylem. According to the air-seeding hypothesis for the cavitation mechanism, these air pressures predict the negative xylem pressure causing cavitation in dehydrating stems. This was evaluated for stems of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and white fir (Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl.). The air-injection method was applied to roots and stems of different sizes and positions in Douglas-fir trees. Roots, especially smaller roots with a xylem diameter < 5 mm, were more vulnerable to cavitation than stems. Mean cavitation pressure for smaller roots was -2.09 +/- 0.42 versus -3.80 +/- 0.19 MPa for larger roots (> 8 mm diameter). Within the shoot system, smaller stems (< 5 mm diameter) were most vulnerable to cavitation, having a mean cavitation pressure of -4.23 +/- 0.565 versus -5.27 +/- 0.513 MPa for large stems (> 8 mm diameter). There was no correlation between tracheid diameter and mean cavitation pressure within root or stem systems, despite larger tracheid diameters in roots (23.3 +/- 3.9 micro m) than in stems (9.2 +/- 1.6 micro m). Smaller safety margins from cavitation in roots may be beneficial in limiting water use during mild drought, and in protecting the stem from low xylem pressures during extreme drought.     

横断山区云杉林与冷杉林的对比研究

通过对横断山区的自然地理状况,我国云杉属和冷杉属植物的分布状况调查,分析了两属植物的分化、生境和种间差异。结果如下,横断山区具有极高的生物多样性,是世界上云杉属和冷杉属种数最多的地区;但该两属存在较大的差异,云杉属的分布范围比冷杉属植物宽,分布的海拔高度低于冷杉属植物,从而为确定横断山区是云杉属和冷杉属的地理分布和分化中心提供理论依据。     

王朗自然保护区岷江冷杉林(Abies faxoniana)更新及其种群结构分析

岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)林是四川王朗自然保护区主要群落类型,本文选择典型的亚高山针叶原始林设置标准样地,对其幼苗幼树查数轮生枝、大树钻取树轮样芯确定个体年龄,分别建立苗高-年龄、胸径-年龄的回归方程得到整个种群的年龄结构,通过编制生命表对其进行生存分析.结果表明,岷江冷杉存活曲线属于Deevey-Ⅲ型...     

巴山冷杉-牛皮桦混交林乔木更新及土壤化学性质对更新的影响

调查太白山巴山冷杉-牛皮桦混交林林下与林隙乔木更新及土壤化学性质,分析林隙及土壤化学性质对乔木更新的影响.结果表明:巴山冷杉-牛皮桦混交林乔木更新苗密度较小,为0.059株·m-2,但林下与林隙均以巴山冷杉更新苗为主;林下与林隙乔木更新苗密度差异不显著(P=0.160),但巴山冷杉幼苗密度表现为林隙内显著高于林下(P =0.012);相关分析表明,小林隙更利于巴山冷杉更新(r=- 0.397,P=0.030),而林隙大小对牛皮桦更新没有显著影响(r=0.125,P=0.511);在林下,土壤碱解N、全P含量和pH值与牛皮桦更新苗密度呈显著正相关;在林隙内,土壤全P和有效P含量与巴山冷杉更新苗密度呈显著负相关,全P含量与牛皮桦幼树密度呈显著负相关;林下土壤有机质含量、全N含量和有效P含量及林隙土壤pH值、有机质含量、全N含量和碱解N含量与牛皮桦和巴山冷杉更新苗密度均没有显著相关关系;林下土壤pH值显著高于林隙,而有机质、全N、碱解N、全P和有效P含量显著低于林隙.     

川西亚高山天然次生林不同演替阶段土壤团聚体组成及有机碳分布特征

川西亚高山天然次生林是西南亚高山林区水源涵养林的主要森林类型,在该区域森林生态系统的碳收支上有重要的作用。本文采用干筛法和重铬酸钾氧化-外加热法对不同演替阶段的次生林土壤结构及有机碳分布特征进行了研究,研究发现本区域各演替阶段次生林的土壤团聚性均比较强,大团聚体的含量为冷杉+桦木混交林最高,且大团聚体的形成与有机质含量呈负相关。有机碳的含量主要是存在于大团聚体中,以>5 mm粒径的土壤团聚体有机碳贡献率最高,表现为桦木+冷杉混交林>冷杉原始林>桦木林,且有机碳含量与土壤氮含量呈正相关。虽然冷杉原始林大团聚体含量较冷杉+桦木混交林低,但有机碳总含量最高。微团聚体含量随演替阶段的升高呈升高趋势,有机碳的含量随团聚体粒径减小而基本呈增加趋势,比较不同团聚体有机碳含量与贡献率发现,虽然<0.25 mm粒径的有机碳含量高但是贡献率低,说明微团聚体对有机碳的保护力更强,且桦木+冷杉混交林>桦木林>冷杉原始林。