基于GIS的城市滑坡灾害易发性评价——以湖北省宜昌市城区为例

[目的]对城市滑坡灾害进行易发性分区评价,为城市规划与防灾减灾工程提供理论依据。[方法]以湖北省宜昌市城区为研究区,通过GIS平台选取高程、坡度、地层岩性、归一化植被指数(NDVI)、与水系的距离和道路密度等6个评价因子,采用似然比方法分析评价因子和滑坡发育的关系,并以归一化似然比值将评价因子参数分类量化;以量化值作为Logistic回归模型的自变量,抽取样本数据建立滑坡易发性评价回归模型。[结果]评价因子结果显著,模型的整体准确率达到79.2%,ROC曲线下面积达0.871;极低易发区和低易发区占全区面积的61.59%,包含滑坡灾害的11.29%;高易发区和极高易发区虽仅占全区面积的17.88%,却发育了68.55%的滑坡灾害,结果与滑坡灾害分布特征相符合。[结论]对宜昌市城区的滑坡易发性进行了等级划分。采用GIS和Logistic回归相结合的滑坡易发性评价方法,结果准确可靠。     

基于加权信息量的地质灾害易发性评价——以四川省泸定县为例

[目的]对四川省泸定县进行地质灾害易发性评价,为该区地质灾害预防预测提供依据。[方法]借助谷歌影像解译,获取崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害隐患点279处。选取地形地貌、岩性构造、气象水文、土壤与土地利用(LULC)4个方面构建评价指标体系。运用确定性系数法确定因子权重,并结合信息量法构成加权信息量模型。通过ArcGIS空间分析平台,开展灾害易发性评价。[结果]研究区极高和高易发区分别占总研究区面积的13.54%,26.49%。地质灾害点共225处落在极高易发区和高易发区内,占总样本灾害点的80.65%。通过受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)的线下面积(AUC)进行检验,其值为0.793,评价模型精度良好。[结论]对四川省泸定县的地质灾害易发性进行了等级划分,采用的加权信息量方法的易发性评价结果可信。     

基于确定性系数模型的泸水市泥石流易发性评价

以泥石流灾害频发的怒江州泸水市为研究区,选取坡度、高程、河流距离、道路距离、岩性、断裂带距离、降雨量、NDVI、土地利用9个影响因子,建立了泸水市泥石流灾害易发性评价体系。采用确定性系数模型(CF模型)进行了泥石流灾害易发性评价,将泥石流易发性评价结果分为极高易发区、高易发区、中易发区、低易发区4个等级。结果表明:研究区高易发区及以上级别的易发区内发生的泥石流灾害数量占总数的95.32%,易发性评价结果正确率达到81.99%,表明选取的评价指标合理,CF模型适用于泸水市的泥石流灾害易发性评价研究。泸水市泥石流灾害高易发区也是居民点集中分布区,评价分区结果对泸水市的泥石流灾害防灾减灾具有一定的借鉴作用。     

大巴山区顺层岩质滑坡发育影响因素的贡献率及易发性评价

[目的]顺层岩质滑坡是大巴山区极其发育的一类灾害,通过对其发育影响因素的贡献率及易发性评价研究,构建预测评价模型,为该区防灾预灾工作提供科学支撑。[方法]基于GIS和数量化理论Ⅱ,选取21个研究区基岩顺层滑坡的样本,利用GIS技术提取高程、坡度、斜坡结构等9个影响因素的基础数据,通过数量化理论计算方法对学习样本进行学习,确定各因子类目得分,得到各项基础数据的易发性评价系数,然后通过GIS将各图层叠加,进行全范围的易发性预测。[结果]对滑坡贡献率较高的影响因素有:斜坡坡度约10°～20°,顺向坡斜坡结构、砂质硬岩夹软岩的岩体结构、汇流面积,水流冲蚀;基于数量化理论Ⅱ建立的易发性预测方法可以较准确地划分区域易发性的高低。[结论]位于大巴山区的南江县南部、巴州区北部、苍溪县南东部、宣汉县南西侧地等区域为顺层岩质滑坡的高易发区,这也与调查结果相符,GIS和数量化理论Ⅱ相结合的滑坡易发性预测方法适用于该地区滑坡易发性、危险性等相关领域的研究。     

基于MaxEnt模型的怒江大峡谷泥石流易发性评价和成因

为进行泥石流易发性分区及环境因子的敏感性评价，选取降水、高程、坡度、坡向、径流量、岩性、断层、归一化植被指数、土壤侵蚀模数等9个环境因子，基于最大熵(MaxEnt)模型对187个泥石流沟道进行易发性评价。结果表明：导致泥石流易发的主导因素依次是径流量、高程、降水、岩性、断层、坡度、归一化植被指数、土壤侵蚀模数、坡向。依据泥石流灾害易发概率进行易发性分区发现，贡山—福贡段泥石流易发性最强，模型AUC值为0.974,标准差为0.010,模型分析结果与实际结果一致。与研究区山洪沟道9个环境因子进行对比评价发现，泥石流对环境因子的敏感性要比山洪复杂。通过能量分析的方法证明泥石流环境因子的敏感性复杂的原因，表明流域汇水能量对灾害的形成贡献率最大。     

基于GIS的延河流域滑坡崩塌地质灾害空间分布及其引发因素分析

[目的]以更符合滑坡崩塌发生发展规律的延河流域为例,进行地质灾害空间分布及引发因素分析研究,为防灾减灾提供依据。[方法]依据区县地质灾害详细调查资料,建立GIS地质灾害数据库,包含地理数据、基础地质数据、地质灾害点数据和栅格数据。统计分析坡度、坡高、坡型、河谷发育期等引发因素;选取坡度、坡型、植被、河谷地貌、地层、降雨量、道路距离、居民点8因素,采用加权信息量法进行地质灾害易发性分区阐述地质灾害空间分布。[结果]坡高50~100m,坡度30°~45°易形成滑坡;老年河谷灾害点密度为壮年期的2倍,幼年期的3倍;凸型和直线型斜坡更容易产生滑坡和崩塌灾害,阶梯型和凹陷型斜坡稳定程度明显增高。延河流域滑塌高易发面积1 664.96km2,灾害点密度0.29处/km2;中易发3 102.02km2,密度0.10处/km2;低易发3 888.99km2,密度0.04处/km2。[结论]以流域为单位进行地质灾害研究,引发因素、空间分布规律更为明显,指导防灾减灾更加实用。     

基于GBDT-LR和信息量模型耦合的滑坡易发性评价

[目的]探索准确、快速的滑坡易发性区划方法,为区域安全监测提供参考,为政府治理滑坡灾害提供科学依据。[方法]以安徽省池州市贵池区为研究区域,采用梯度提升决策树—逻辑回归(GBDT-LR)和信息量(I)模型耦合的方法,实现区域滑坡易发性评价。该方法通过对原样本地学习,组合产生新的模拟样本,从而增强易发性评价模型对滑坡的拟合能力;采用Borderline-Smote算法解决样本数据不对称的问题。选用r.slopeunits软件划分的斜坡单元作为最小评价单元,选取坡度、坡向、地形曲率、剖面曲率、平面曲率、地形湿度指数(TWI)、地形起伏度、归一化植被指数(NDVI)、距断裂距离和距水系距离总计10个评价因子。分别从频率比、滑坡灾害点及隐患点密度、ROC曲线3个方面对构建的滑坡易发性模型进行评价。[结果]试验结果表明：耦合模型I-GBDT-LR分别比I,LR,I-LR模型的高易发区频率比所占比例提升约10%,13%,7%,高易发区滑坡灾害点及隐患点密度分别提升约9,11,7,ROC精度提升约10%,9%,5%。[结论]从检验指标综合来看,耦合模型的精度均高于单一模型,所提出耦合模型精度又高于I...     

基于斜坡单元的怒江州滑坡易发性研究

开展滑坡易发性分析是制定合理的地质灾害防治规划的基础，对防灾减灾工作具有重要意义。以怒江州为研究区，斜坡单元为评价单元，选取高程、坡度、坡向、NDVI、距河流距离、降雨量、岩性、距断层距离和距道路距离9个因素为评价因子，采用信息量(I)模型、确定性系数(CF)模型以及I-LR、CF-LR耦合模型进行滑坡易发性评价，并对4种模型进行精度验证。结果表明：(1)CF-LR模型中滑坡点落入高、极高易发区占比最大，为88.77%,且滑坡点密度(0.309 2)最大，高于I模型(0.285 4)与CF模型(0.277 6)单一模型；(2)极高、高易发区主要发育于怒江、独龙江、澜沧江和通甸河4条河流一带；中易发区主要分布于研究区东部；低和极低易发区主要分布在研究区的北部、中部以及西部边缘地区；(3)根据基于Sridevi Jadi经验概率法和ROC曲线的结果均表明，CF-LR模型预测精度高于其他3个模型。     

新安县地质灾害易发性分区及防治措施研究

新安县地处豫西低山丘陵区,区域内地质灾害较发育且危险性逐年增加。经调查分析,新安县有滑坡、崩塌、不稳定斜坡、泥石流和地面塌陷等地质灾害点共128处。通过综合分析新安县地质灾害发育特征、地形地质特征、植被特征、地质灾害诱发因素等,选择坡度、坡高、坡形、岩土体结构、地质灾害点密度、植被指数、降水、工程活动等8个因素建立地质灾害易发性评价指标体系;通过计算地质灾害易发性综合指数将新安县分为地质灾害高易发区、中易发区、低易发区和非易发区共4个等级,分析了各分区特征并针对分区情况提出防治建议,可为该地区地质灾害精细化评价和防灾减灾提供科学依据。     

基于maxEnt模型的哈尼梯田核心区滑坡易发性评价

有效精确地预测滑坡易发性对滑坡灾害风险管理与土地利用规划具有重要的现实意义。以往研究中,最大熵模型(maximum entropy model,maxEnt)因其能有效避免模型过拟合在生态学领域中运用广泛,但在滑坡易发性研究运用鲜见。以哈尼梯田世界遗产地为例,选取高程、坡度、坡向、地表粗糙度、平面和剖面曲率、地形湿度、曲率、水系、断层、道路、岩性、植被、土地利用、降雨量与居民点15种指标因子,基于GIS栅格分析法,采用maxEnt模型对研究区滑坡进行了易发性研究。应用受试者工作特征曲线下面积(ROC-AUC)对模拟结果进行检验,结果发现ROC-AUC值达到0.895,maxEnt该模型的预测效果较高,适用于滑坡易发性评价研究;断层和道路、降雨量和居民点密度是影响遗产地滑坡发育的主要因子;采用滑坡密度指标对分区结果检验发现滑坡密度值由易发性极低、低、中、高和极高依次递增,说明正态分布理论与专家经验法分区结果合理,且极高和高易发区占区域总面积的21.75%,其主要分布于人类居住较为集中区域。研究可为哈尼梯田核心区的遗产可持续发展、灾害监测和防治提供新的途径。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Enhanced establishment and growth of giant cardon cactus in an eroded field in the Sonoran Desert using native legume trees as nurse plants aided by plant growth-promoting microorganisms and compost

To evaluate the feasibility of long-term desert reforestation technology of mixed vegetation, cardon cactus (Pachycereus pringlei) seedlings from indoor and outdoor nurseries were planted in the field adjacent to one seedling of potential legume nurse trees: mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata), yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla), and blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida). Some of the planting holes were also supplemented with common dairy compost. Additionally, the combinations of legume tree–cactus were inoculated with either a consortium of desert arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB; the diazotroph Azospirillum brasilense Cd, and the phosphate solubilizer Paenibacillus sp.), or a mixture of all. The field experiments were evaluated periodically during 30 months for survival and growth. Cardons reared in an outdoor screen house survived better in the field than those reared in a controlled growth chamber and hardened later outdoors. Association with any legume nurse tree increased survival and enhanced growth of untreated cardons. For cardons growing alone, application of either compost, AM fungi, and all the treatments combined increased survival. For these plants, no treatment affected plant growth during the first 3 months after transplanting. Later, all treatments, except for AM fungi, enhanced plant growth. However, only 2 years after transplanting the enhanced growth effect of AM fungi was also significant. In the presence of the legume nurse trees, transient positive effects on cardon growth were recorded. General evaluation after 30 months of cultivation showed that the treatments positively affected cardon growth when growing alone or in combination only with mesquite amargo but not with the other two legume trees. This study proposes that young legume trees have the capacity to enhance survival and growth of cardon cactus, depending on the legume cactus combination. Additional treatments such as compost or PGPB can either amplify the effect or else attenuate it.