杉木林分密度效应研究

该项试验共分2个部分.(1)造林密度试验,小区面积为600 m2,5个处理,即1 667株.hm-2(A)、3 333株.hm-2(B)、4～983株.hm-2(C)、6 633株.hm-2(D)、9967株.hm-2(E);(2)造林密度调控试验,造林设计方法与造林密度试验相同,但在林分生长过程中,按密度管理图的密管线0.5为标准进行间伐,间伐后保留密度要与临近的下一个初植密度较稀植的林分密度基本相同,两者进行比较.试验结果(1)造林密度试验,优势高、平均高、平均胸径均随年龄的增加而递增,随密度的增加而递减,优势高9a、平均高6 a、平均胸径5 a,密度间差异已达显著性水平;林分蓄积量则随年龄增加而递增,5～7 a,密度间差异显著,8～18a,只有A密度与E、D密度差异显著;枝下高随密度、年龄的增加而递增,12～a后,C、D、E密度间的差异很小;冠幅随密度的增加而递减,随年龄的增加而递增,9～10a后,各密度则随年龄增加而缓慢递减.(2)造林密度调控试验,同一指数级,间伐后的林分与其密度基本相同未间伐的林分比较,其优势高、平均高差异不明显;立木蓄积前者小于后者;总蓄积(立木蓄积+间伐蓄积)前者大于后者;同一指数级,初植密度不同的林分,间伐后与密度基本相同未间伐林分的蓄积百分比,初植密度大的大于初植密度小的;指数级不同,而初植密度相同的林分,间伐后与密度基本相同未间伐的林分总蓄积百分比,高指数级的比值大于低指数级的比值.     

湿地松纸浆原料林密度控制与管理技术研究

为探索湿地松优质高产纸浆原料林密度控制与管理技术,进行了不同初植密度造林与间伐试验.试验结果表明:8a生、12a生密度试验林不同密度林分胸径、树高、蓄积量和总产量有极显著差异,8a生密度试验林不同密度林分木材性有极显著差异.林分在8a生时,平均树高生长效应是林分越密树高越高,林分平均胸径生长效应是林分密度越小胸径越大,蓄积量的生长效应是林分越密蓄积越大,木材材性是以中等林分密度质量最好.营造湿地松高产优质纸浆原料林适宜初植模式为2 m×2 m、2 m×2.5 m,即初植密度分别为2 505株/hm2和1 995株/hm2,此时2 505株/hm2林分按下层间伐方式间伐25%、1 995株/hm2林分按下层间伐方式间伐20%后4 a(林分年龄为12 a),这二种密度林分蓄积分别为224.08 m3·hm-2和206.64 m3·hm-2,蓄积加间伐材材积的总产量分别为244.56 m3·hm-2和218.72 m3·hm-2.为培育出质量和产量兼优的湿地松纸浆原料林,当林分生长到8 a生时,应及时地进行一次抚育间伐,间伐强度为20%～25%.     

柳杉林抚育间伐强度试验研究

通过对柳杉林进行不同强度的抚育间伐试验,考察其对林分生长的影响。试验结果表明:不同间伐强度对树高的生长无显著性影响,而对胸径生长、单株材积和单位面积蓄积生长的影响则有显著性差异,对于初植密度(株行距1.5×1.5m)每0.1公顷445株的柳杉林,间伐强度以30%为佳,即间伐30%株数时,有利于林分蓄积量的增加。     

南亚热带杉木林分蓄积量生长立地与密度效应

[目的]揭示南亚热带不同密度和立地条件下杉木人工林蓄积量发育规律。[方法]以广西大青山36 a生杉木密度试验林为研究对象,分析A(1 667株·hm~(-2))、B(3 333株·hm~(-2))、C(5 000株·hm~(-2))、D(6 667株·hm~(-2))、E(10 000株·hm~(-2))5种初植密度杉木人工林总蓄积、活立木蓄积动态变化。[结果]初植密度与立地对林分活立木蓄积生长的影响与总蓄积一致。中幼龄阶段林分总蓄积与初植密度和立地正相关,初植密度愈高,立地指数愈大,林分蓄积生长量愈大;但15 a后中等密度林分总蓄积最大。林分蓄积连年生长高峰随密度增大而愈早;平均生长达高峰后下降,密度越大下降越早、下降趋势越明显;林分蓄积连年生长量、平均生长量大多分别在10、14 a达到高峰,林分蓄积生长率降到3%时林龄为19～25 a。[结论]随初植密度增大,立地指数对林分总蓄积的影响程度减弱。若以蓄积生长量最大为培育目标,16指数级以C密度为最适宜造林密度。南亚热带杉木林首次间伐、最后间伐、主伐时间分别为10、14、25 a;主伐林龄不宜早于19 a,且初植密度愈低主伐林龄更晚,A、B密度林分的主伐林龄可推迟到25 a。     

黔西北杉木防护林间伐强度试验

为探讨黔西北杉木防护林的经营度,从2000年开始,对贵州省织金、纳雍县1991和1992年营造的杉木林进行不同强度的间伐试验。结果认为,初植密度对胸高直径、树高、蓄积量的影响随密度的增加而减少。而中度间伐可以提高生长量为胸径128%、材积71%、蓄积29%。首次林分间伐后密度以保留3 000株.hm-2为宜。间伐初期容易导致水土流失。     

种植密度与间伐强度对桉树人工林大径材的影响

桉树大径材培育是实现当前桉树产业可持续发展的有效途径。林分密度直接影响林木胸径生长,间伐是调整林分密度最为常用的手段。本试验以6 a生不同种植密度桉树优良无性系试验林为研究对象,探讨了进行不同强度的一次性间伐后,12 a生林分生长、径级分布、大径材生长及木材收益的变化。研究结果表明：不同种植密度与间伐强度试验林,林分胸径、树高、枝下高、冠幅、单株材积及林分蓄积量差异显著。其中,以1 100株·hm^-2种植密度+30%～50%间伐强度处理,林分胸径、树高、枝下高、冠幅、单株材积生长量最大,以1 100～1 650株·hm^-2种植密度未间伐时林分蓄积量最大;径级分布受种植密度与间伐强度影响显著,大径级(≥28 cm)林木数量占比以低种植密度(1 100株·hm^-2)+30%～50%强度间伐时较大,为82%～92%;间伐后林分保留株数与大径材蓄积量无关(R²=0.31),与林分中大径材蓄积量占比、大径材单株出材量、大径材出材率呈明显的负相关线性关系(R²=0.77～0.85);不同种...     

马尾松天然次生林间伐效应研究

于平均年龄为23年生、地位指数为14和12的2种立地的马尾松天然次生林中,分别设置固定标准样地,并分别设计5个和6个密度水平,对其抚育间伐4年后的间伐效应进行研究。结果表明:不同地位指数的林分,其间伐前或间伐后立木径级分布均呈现正态分布的规律;间伐前林分分化强烈,立木径级大小悬殊;间伐后林分最小株距和平均株距较接近,大径级林木比例提高;间伐4年后平均径级左右的立木比例明显增加。间伐4年后,当14地位指数林分的密度大于1 500株/hm2,12地位指数林分的密度大于1 950株/hm2时,其胸径离散度较间伐当年间伐后的反而明显增大;平均胸径和单株材积的增长均随保留密度的加大而减小,但单位面积蓄积量增长则在其适宜密度时最大;不同保留密度各处理间平均胸径、单株材积以及单位面积材积增长的差异均达极显著,但树高和比重增长的差异均不显著;间伐各处理的平均胸径、单株材积以及单位面积材积增长均大于对照;14地位指数马尾松林以保留密度为1 500/hm2处理的单位面积材积增长最大,增长30.29%;12地位指数马尾松林以保留密度为1 950/hm2处理的单位面积材积增长最大,增长24.38%。     

沙兰杨丰产林密度调整试验

通过对沙兰杨密度调整的7年试验表明,合理的初植密度是杨树速生丰产的最佳技术措施之一;密植林虽可通过抚育间伐调整其密度,以提高林分产量,但由于密度效应的影响而不能获得理想效果;初植密度为1 667株/ha的密植林分经间伐后,其蓄积虽比417株/ha的稀植林分多4m~3/ha,但后者的20cm以上径阶的株数是前者的164.5%,檩材出材量是前者的4.37倍,其经济效益差异显著。分析认为,对密植林分抚育间伐的时间要早,强度要大,一次间开。     

桐棉马尾松不同密度的间伐强度试验初报

桐棉马尾松密度试验林间伐试验结果表明 ,间伐能显著促进不同密度林分胸径生长 ,随着间伐强度加大 ,胸径定期生长量增大 ,间伐对树高影响不显著 ,蓄积量和总蓄积量均随间伐强度加大而降低     

马尾松近熟林的间伐效应

利用16-21年生马尾松近熟林间伐密度试验林的观测资料,探讨了不同间伐强度对林分生长与效益的影响。结果表明,不同间伐保存密度(450、600、750、900、1 036株/hm2)对林分生长、林分结构及材种规格均有显著影响。其中林分胸径、单株材积、冠幅随密度增大而减小,密度对树高生长无显著影响;不同间伐密度的林分蓄积量与出材量随着时间推移差异变小;间伐有利于提高大径级林木株数比率从而提高材种规格与效益。根据21年生马尾松人工林生长规律与效益评价,16-21年生近熟林间伐密度保存在600-900株/hm2效益较好。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.