玉米DH系15D969、D1279株高、穗位高的遗传育种效应研究

利用2份低穗位高DH系(15D969、D1279)、5份自交系(A6、PHB1M、B20、PH4CV、PH6WC)进行杂交、回交试验,对株高、穗位高效应进行研究分析。结果表明,DH系15D969所具有的低株高、低穗位高由隐性基因控制。相对于PH6WC×A6,15D969与PH6WC杂交效应不表达;DH系D1279同时具有高株高隐性基因和低穗位高部分显性基因,杂交组合PH6WC×D1279株高、穗位高显著低于先玉335(PH6WC×PH4CV),改良效果显著。     

玉米DH系遗传参数分析和育种效果

利用PH4CV×A6 F1进行单倍体育种,育成336份DH系为父本、以PH6WC为母本组配336个杂交组合,通过2年鉴定淘汰后综合性状较好的14个组合及先玉335(PH6WC×PH4CV)、通育99(PH6WC×A6)进行3次重复鉴定试验,就10个性状加显性效应进行方差、遗传系数和聚类分析。结果表明,株高、穗位高、子粒水分、百粒重和容重存在超高亲、超低亲遗传,粒穗比存在超高亲遗传,穗粒重无超高亲遗传。各性状对穗粒重通径系数影响,正向作用为百粒重穗行数穗长容重株高穗位高,负向作用为子粒水分粒穗比秃尖长(绝对值)。14个DH系可划分为3个群,PH4CV和A6的卡方距离为3.45,D752与A6卡方距离为1.96。单倍体育种实践,D752穗粒重加显性效应达到PH4CV水平,同时兼顾了低株高、低穗位等多数优良性状,改良效率为0.30%(1/336)。     

不同环境下玉米DH系遗传分析及其杂交组合丰产性及稳产性分析

以Reid类群骨干自交系PH6WC、PH09B为基础育成的4份DH系与PH6WC共5份自交系为母本,以Non-Reid、DOM群为基础育成6个DH系为父本,按NCⅡ设计组配30个组合,在长春、松原、响水3个生态区种植,评价新育成的DH系丰产性及稳产性,评选出最优组合。结果表明,3个环境下30个杂交组合产量均存在明显平均优势。组合J1590×J1881、J1590×J1577、J3D130×J1577,3种环境下产量对照优势均优于对照先玉335,均值分别为5.58%、5.28%、3.52%。父本DH系J1577、母本DH系J1590一般配合力高。分析30个组合3个地点的特殊配合力,结果显示,有14个组合SCA效应值为正值,组合J1590×J1881的SCA效应值最高,为13.18。丰产性分析表明,组合J1590×J2239、J1590×J1881高产稳产。综合分析,组合J1590×J1881丰产性、稳产性最好。     

美国优异种质在玉米育种中的利用研究

以10个玉米F1代杂交种和18个玉米自交系为材料,研究玉米出籽率、千粒重和单穗粒重的改良效果和杂种优势等。结果表明,导入PH6WC的改良系在千粒重和单穗粒重方面明显优于未改良系,千粒重、单穗粒重的增幅分别为2.6%~12.3%和4.4%~9.5%;导入PH4CV的改良系在出籽率和单穗粒重方面明显优于未改良系,出籽率、单穗粒重的增幅分别为-0.3%~12.0%和16.8%~34.8%。新组合PH6WC×辽3250、辽3358×PH4CV和PH6WC×辽3258的产量分别为12 731.5、12 485.5、12 396.3 kg/hm2,与对照郑单958相比增产幅度达显著水平,具有较高的利用潜力。F1杂交种的出籽率呈近中亲遗传,千粒重和单穗粒重呈超显性遗传,均表现出正向杂种优势。     

同一基础材料的玉米DH系主要农艺性状配合力分析及应用潜力评价

以高诱5号为诱导系,M54×外引杂交种的F1代材料为基础试材,进行杂交诱导产生单倍体,经过加倍、鉴定、筛选后,获得8个优良DH系。通过不完全双列杂交试验,分析DH系的配合力表现,评价其应用潜力。结果表明,来源于同一基础材料的不同DH系之间一般配合力差异较大,MDH4和MDH8单株产量具有较高的GCA值,容易组配出高产杂交种。综合各农艺性状的GCA表现,DH系MDH4是组配高产优质玉米杂交种的理想亲本,DH系MDH8和MDH5有较大的应用潜力。MDH4×H451、MDH4×S121和MDH8×H451具有较高的TCA值和单株产量,可确定为优良组合,应进行多年多点试验,挖掘其应用潜力。遗传参数分析表明,对株高、穗位高、穗长、穗行数的选择可在早代进行。组配杂交种时,应着重选择在株高、穗位高、穗长、穗粗GCA表现突出的DH系或自交系为亲本,要兼顾双亲穗粗、千粒重和单株产量GCA和杂交种的SCA,改良行粒数应注重SCA的选择。     

利用SSR 标记研究玉米DH 系的类群划分

利用SSR标记从分子水平上对来源先玉335的100份双单倍体纯系(DH系)及其双亲(PH6WC×PH4CV)和15份国内骨干自交系进行遗传关系类群划分。UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,PH6WC划分为Reid群,PH4CV划分为Lancaster群;100份DH系划分为偏母本群、偏父本群和中间群3个类群。100份DH系与17份自交系一起进行聚类分析,117份材料聚为7大类群,先玉335的双亲及其后代DH系聚为一个新的群,类群划分的结果与17份自交系类群划分结果不一致。一定数量同一来源的DH系或新选自交系与骨干自交系放在一起进行聚类分析时,由于材料间的遗传关系相对较近,从而可能形成新的类群。     

玉米DH系产量性状配合力相关分析

以DH系为亲本组配杂交组合为对象,采用数量遗传学方法研究DH系产量相关性状的遗传变异规律。结果表明,诱导DH系的基础材料决定其诱导后代的类型,DH系的穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、百粒重等产量相关性状符合基因加性效应遗传规律。利用DH育种技术可以快速改良自交系的一般配合力(GCA),组配优良的杂交组合。     

基于DH系的种质基础和秋水仙素浓度对玉米单倍体加倍效果的研究

以先玉335为母本、高频孤雌生殖诱导系G5为父本杂交诱导产生的单倍体为实验材料,研究秋水仙素浸芽加倍处理玉米单倍体的最佳浓度和时间。结果表明,秋水仙素浓度为0.7 mg/m L、浸芽8 h处理下的玉米单倍体加倍率最高,高达14.4%;秋水仙素浓度为0.8 mg/m L、浸芽8 h处理下的单倍体加倍率次之,为12.1%。以自交系PHB1M、PH4CV、PH6WC、PHGJ4和DH系Z2、Z8为亲本组配的PHB1M×PH4CV、PHB1M×Z2、PH4CV×DZ2、PH6WC×PHGJ4、PH6WC×Z8、PHGJ4×Z8组合为母本,以G5为父本,研究玉米DH系对杂交后代加倍率的影响,结果表明,PH4CV×Z2(26.2%)、PHB1M×Z2(25.8%)、PHGJ4×Z8(23.3%)和PH6WC×Z8(21.3%)的单倍体加倍率显著高于PHB1M×PH4CV(13.5%)和PH6WC×PHGJ4(8.4%),以DH系为亲本组配选系基础材料可显著提高玉米杂交组合的单倍体加倍率。     

25份引进玉米自交系配合力及利用潜力分析

以国内广泛种植的先玉335双亲为测验种,采用NCⅡ遗传交配设计,对25份国外玉米自交系进行两年配合力测定试验,通过对供试国外玉米自交系的一般配合力、组配杂交组合的特殊配合力及较对照的优势等进行分析,筛选出一般配合力优良的国外玉米自交系,提出其合理利用的方案。结果表明,供试国外自交系中PHWG5、787、78371A、6M502、LH128等产量GCA效应值表现优良,LH194、L139、OS602等宜机收性状GCA效应值表现优良。综合产量、倒伏率和收获时含水量的GCA表现,PHN29、PHM10、PHR32等3份自交系表现较好。杂交组合PHWG5×PH6WC的产量在所有组合中最高,且较4个对照品种增产幅度都较高,可进一步试验。     

玉米自交系郑58×PH6WC二环选系的配合力研究

以郑58×PH6WC为基础试材选育的二环系M5861、M5862、M5864、M5866和M5867作被测系,与不同杂种优势群的PH4CV、丹3140、昌7-2和京92共4个测验系进行NCⅡ杂交,分析主要农艺性状和产量配合力效应。结果表明,被测系M5861和M5866不同性状的一般配合力效应值较高;M5861×PH4CV、M5864×丹3140、M5866×PH4CV和M5866×丹3140这4个组合的特殊配合力效应值较高;M5861×PH4CV、M5861×丹3140和M5866×PH4CV总的配合力效应较高,与实际表现基本一致,总配合力效应更能准确地反应杂交种各性状的综合表现。一定程度上反应出郑58×PH6WC二环系与先锋父本类自交系组配效果较好。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.