松材线虫在病木和天牛中分布特征分析

对病木的松褐天牛蛹室木屑、蛹室边缘木材、离蛹室5cm远木材以及松褐天牛进行线虫数量的镜检和分析，其线虫数量经方差分析差异不显著，而不同蛹室及其附近不同木材线虫分布的总量差异极显著。从松褐天牛上分离出的线虫数量差异相当大，从0-66.31条/cm^2不等。死的松褐天牛没有分离出松材线虫，活的松褐天牛经分离后也存在不携带松材线虫现象，而能够分离出线虫的雄雌天牛之间没有呈现一定的变化规律。     

影响松材线虫检疫检验的因素

本文研究了温度、取样部位和木材含水率对松材线虫Ｂｕｒｓａｐｈｅｌｅｎｃｈｕｓ ｘｙｌｏｐｈｉｌｕｓ检疫检验的影响。结果表明温度是影响检验的主要因素，２０－４０℃是分离松材线虫的适宜环境温度，提高分离用水的起始水温可大大加快线虫的游离速度，取样部位对检验结果有一定的影响，树干同一部分内材线虫的分离率和密度均明显高于外材，松褐天牛Ｍｏｎｏｃｈａｍｕｓ ａｌｔｅｒｎａｔｕｓ化蛹期间蛹室部位线虫分离第和密     

松材线虫病木快速检疫技术的研究

根据松材线虫病死木的化学成分中酸性物质增加，ｐＨ值明显下降的规律（尤纪雪等，１９９４），本研究探讨了利用指示剂在松材线虫Ｂｕｒｓａｐｈｅｌｅｎｃｈｕｓ ｘｙｌｏｐｈｉｌｕｓ（Ｓｔｅｉｎｅｒ Ｂｕｒｈｅｒ）Ｎｉｃｋｌｅ病、健木钻木屑的乙醇提取液中的颜色反应来进行快速检疫检验的可行性。通过对我国江苏、安徽、浙江、广东４个疫区的５种松树的试验结果表明：利用指示剂１号进行快速检疫检验，其准确率黑松９６％；马尾松８９％；赤松１００％；火炬松９２％。除湿地松（江苏）外，均已达到检疫检验所要求的准确程度。本方法可操作性强，颜色反应直观，准确率高，简便快速，整个操作过程不超过１５ｍｉｎ，且多个样品可同时进行。在松材线虫病的检疫检验工作中具有广泛应用的实用价值。     

松材线虫瞬间致死温度的研究

利用水浴加热的方法研究了不同高温处理对松材线虫致死的影响。分别设置48℃、49℃、50℃和51℃四个不同温度处理，对处理1min后的松材线虫分离液进行了取样镜检，统计死亡情况；同时对4种高温处理1min后的线虫分离液于25℃保温30min、60min和120min后线虫死亡情况进行了取样镜检。分析显示，死亡率随温度升高而提高，51℃线虫死亡率达到100％。同时模拟了松材线虫温度一死亡率由线，拟合优度达到99．96％。     

疫木中松材线虫的免疫学检测方法的研究

以松材线虫的粉碎虫体免疫家兔制备抗血清 ,通过免疫印迹考察抗血清的特异性。利用固相松材线虫抗原和游离线虫抗原同线虫抗体相竞争 ,建立竞争型ELISA法用于疫木中松材线虫的分析。该方法可以直接检测出 10mg的木屑中 0 1μg微量的线虫蛋白 ,约 7条线虫的存在。利用该方法对 2 0个不同地区、树种及类型的松材样品进行检测 ,疫木中松材线虫的检出率为 10 0 % ,但拟松材线虫也呈现了一定的交叉反应。研究结果表明 ,以松材线虫抗原蛋白为指标的免疫学检测方法简便快速、灵敏度高 ,为松材线虫的快速检疫提供一种可能的途径     

福建省马尾松枯死木中线虫检测结果分析

对2001~2005年福建省9个(地)市48个县(市、区)采集来的5 751个马尾松枯死木进行线虫分离镜检,结果表明:松枯死木中含有线虫率平均为91.29%,其中拟松材线虫占67.56%,其它线虫(线虫种类有待进一步鉴定)占23.73%,无线虫的占8.71%。应用木材小棍分离的线虫密度平均为1 028条.g-1,显著高于应用木屑分离的线虫平均密度286条.g-1。在垂直分布上,不同季节拟松材线虫在松枯死木树干中广泛分布,均表现为3种类型:Ⅰ型为树干上部线虫密度大于中、下部;Ⅱ型为树干中部线虫密度大于上、下部;Ⅲ型为树干下部线虫密度大于上、中部。在水平分布上,不受季节的影响,不管是秋季还是春季,均是内材的线虫密度863~1 563条.g-1(平均1 138条.g-1)6、89~1 463条.g-1(平均986条.g-1)高于相应的外材线虫密度342~631条.g-1(平均586条.g-1)、209~431条.g-1(平均325条.g-1)。因此,在对我省各地在松材线虫病监测时,应在树干上、中、下不同部位,并靠近树干中间同时取样,以木材小棍分离线虫较准确。     

无菌和带菌松材线虫对赤松的致病性

【目的】探讨无菌和带菌松材线虫对赤松的致病性,明确松材线虫在松树萎蔫病中的地位,为致病机制研究及病害防控提供依据。【方法】以赤松胚性愈伤组织为材料,每块组织接种无菌松材线虫250条,培养12天后,利用2,3,5-三苯基氯化四氮唑(TTC)染色法对愈伤组织进行染色,分析无菌松材线虫对赤松愈伤组织细胞活性的影响。以赤松组培苗和4年生盆栽实生苗为对象,每株接种无菌松材线虫和带菌松材线虫(组培苗250条,4年生苗3 000条),分别于18天和35天后统计2种类型线虫接种所致松苗萎蔫率,并对植株体内线虫进行再分离,分析2种类型松材线虫对赤松幼苗的致病能力。【结果】无菌松材线虫接种导致赤松胚性愈伤组织严重水渍化,TTC染色为米黄色或淡粉色,证明愈伤组织已失去活性。无菌松材线虫和带菌松材线虫接种均能导致赤松组培苗萎蔫,接种18天后,萎蔫率分别为70%和60%;萎蔫植株中均可再分离到松材线虫,其每株平均分别为599±567条和365+240条,二者差异显著(P0.01)。剩余外观健康的赤松组培苗中也分离到线虫,但数量较少(仅10~20条)。2种类型松材线虫接种引起赤松盆栽苗同等程度的萎蔫,接种35天后的萎蔫率均达80%,无菌和带菌松材线虫致萎蔫植株中均可再分离到松材线虫,其每株平均分别为34 733±34 162条和25 057±21 410条,但差异不显著(P=0.508)。其余外观尚健康的松苗也进行线虫分离,2株接种无菌松材线虫的植株体内线虫分别为486条和22条;接种带菌松材线虫的2株松苗中,1株分离到646条线虫,另1株没有分离到线虫。【结论】无菌和带菌松材线虫均对赤松具有致病性,松材线虫是赤松萎蔫的直接原因,伴生细菌并非赤松萎蔫的必须因子。     

简介松材线虫的分离方法

从林区采集来的松木样品,要及时进行松材线虫的分离和鉴定,正确的分离方法是及时发现松材线虫病疫情的重要环节之一。现将松材线虫分离方法简介如下。1分离的原理线虫是喜水动物,遇水便会从植物体或媒介昆虫体内游出。线虫个体小,可穿过纱布,同时由于线虫身体比重比水大,所以线虫便会下沉到浸泡样品的液体底部。2分离的方法2.1贝尔曼漏斗法这种方法是贝尔曼(Baermann)于1917年提出的,其方法是:①置备一只直径10～15cm的玻璃漏斗,玻璃漏斗末端接上一段长约15cm的乳胶管,置于漏斗架上,在乳胶管上装一止水夹(弹簧夹)。②对媒介昆虫(如松褐天牛…     

马尾松林昆虫群落多样性调查中抽样技术的研究

在进行马尾松林昆虫群落调查时，为了使抽样既能全面地反映群落中昆虫的种类和数量，又能省时省力，对马尾松林昆虫群落多样性调查中抽样技术进行了研究．结果表明：树冠层取样以每样地调查植株30株，每株取3个长约50cm的枝条为佳；灌丛取样以每个样点扫10网，每个样地扫30网即可；地表层以取4个50cm×50cm的小样方为宜．     

无细菌松材线虫对马尾松的致病性

【目的】探讨松材线虫及其伴生细菌在松材线虫病中的作用,为其致病机制研究及病害防治提供理论依据。【方法】以5年生温室健康马尾松盆栽苗为材料,人工接种无菌松材线虫和带菌松材线虫(8 000条·株-1),观察松苗萎蔫情况,并于接种5、10和30天后取茎段横切面观察松脂分泌情况,对接种20天后的茎段组织解剖结构进行显微观察,接种后30天对植株取样进行线虫再分离,统计线虫在树体内种群增殖情况。【结果】无菌松材线虫和带菌松材线虫均能引起5年生马尾松盆栽苗发病,且症状一致,接种35天后致萎蔫率均达到90%,对照植株保持健康状态;茎段横切面观察结果显示,无菌松材线虫接种5天后松脂停止分泌,10天后茎段开始出现少量空洞,30天时空洞化严重;带菌线虫接种5天后尚有少量松脂分泌,10天松脂分泌停止,30天后茎段产生空洞;对照松树松脂分泌正常,茎段横切面完整平滑。石蜡切片结果显示,2组线虫接种致萎蔫松树茎段的组织解剖结构均发生显著变化,皮层及木质部细胞、髓心细胞大多破碎变形,树脂道上皮细胞破碎解体。无菌松材线虫在松苗体内种群增殖速率高于带菌松材线虫,萎蔫松苗体内线虫数量分别为(8 105±5 661)条·g-1和(4 317±1 896)条·g-1,但二者差异不显著(P=0.361 9)。【结论】无菌松材线虫和带菌松材线虫接种均能使5年生马尾松苗发病,无菌化处理未使松材线虫失去对马尾松苗的致病性,松材线虫的致病性与其伴生细菌无关。     

金花茶高空压条繁殖技术

研究不同生长调节剂、基质、环剥宽度和压条径粗对金花茶高压繁殖生根成活率的影响,结果表明:在5月份,选取径粗1.1～1.5 cm的营养枝作压条繁殖材料,在枝条平直处作带宽1.6～2.0 cm的环剥处理,用1 000 mg.L-1的ABT生根粉或萘乙酸(NAA)溶液涂刷环剥切口上方,以竹屑、苔藓作包扎基质,能明显提高金花茶高压繁殖苗的生根成活率。并总结了金花茶高空压条苗的离体移栽技术。     

蒙古栎播种育苗试验初报

以蒙古栎为材料进行育苗技术研究,结果表明：秋播育苗效果优于春播育苗,可提前出土7～10 d,发芽率提高10%,成苗率提高12%;苗高、地径较春播分别提高了5～15 cm和0.15 cm。最佳播种量为0.5～0.7 kg.m-2,最佳保留密度为130～170株.m-2。     

Effects of different culture media on the growth of Indian sandalwood (Santalum album L.) seedlings in Zhanjiang, Guangdong, southern China

We studied the effects of different culture media on the growth of India sandalwood (Santalum album L.) seedlings in Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province in southern China. Five different growth substrates, lateritic subsoil, burnt soil, agricultural soil, peaty soil and coconut dust, were used as the basic culture materials and seven different treatments of composition were used as potting media. Kuhnia rosmarinifolia Vent. was used as a primary host plant for all treatments. Statistically significant differences were found between treatments in respects of survival rate (p < 0.001), height (p < 0.001), ground diameter (p < 0.001) and biomass (p = 0.002), as well as for quality index (p = 0.001) of S. album seedlings after 6-month growth in containers with different culture media. Among all treatments, the treatment combining burnt soil, peat and coconut dust in a weight ratio of 1:1:1 plus 2% calcium super-phosphate as basal manure achieved the best performance for most of the seedling growth parameters, including survival rate (98%), height (35.81 cm), ground diameter (0.56 cm), biomass (4.46 g) and quality index (0.65), followed by the treatment using only burnt soil plus 2% calcium super-phosphate as the culture medium (survival rate 86%, height 29.23 cm, ground diameter 0.48 cm, biomass 3.36 g and quality index 0.52), while the treatment using only lateritic subsoil plus the basal manure as the medium obtained the poorest results in survival rate (38%), height (12.04 cm), ground diameter (0.19 cm), biomass (0.26 g) and quality index (0.043). Increasing the proportion of lateritic subsoil in the medium when mixed with peat and coconut dust did not show statistically significant differences in survival, height, ground diameter, biomass nor in quality index. In consideration of cost, using burnt soil plus 2% calcium super-phosphate as basal manure may be the optimum culture medium for large-scale production of Indian sandalwood seedlings in Guangdong, southern China.     

印度紫檀苗木分级研究

采用逐步聚类分析方法,对印度紫檀容器苗苗木的分级标准进行了探讨。提出了以苗高和地径作为该树种苗木分级的质量指标,并得出印度紫檀苗木的3类(级)分级标准,即:Ⅰ级苗:苗高≥29 6cm,地径≥0 33cm;Ⅱ级苗:29 6cm〉树高≥19 6cm,0 33cm〉地径≥0 27cm;Ⅲ级苗:树高〈19 6cm,地径〈0 27cm。     

油茶轻基质育苗效果

为给油茶苗木生产提供技术依据,以芽苗砧嫁接苗为试验材料,采用轻基质和苗圃土为栽培基质,分别对其苗木嫁接成活率、造林成活率、苗高、地径及根系各指标进行测定分析,评价油茶无纺布轻基质容器育苗的苗木生长效果和质量。结果表明:轻基质培育的油茶苗平均嫁接成活率为89.6%,苗高32.5 cm,地径3.57 mm,根系总长度310.29 cm,根系直径1.33 mm,根冠比0.69,造林成活率达92.5%。轻基质培育的油茶苗木各项指标均显著优于苗圃土培育的苗木,尤其在根系的各项指标上表现出更明显的优势,可在生产中大力推广使用。     

不同蓝莓品种在浙江遂昌引种试验

为了筛选出适合在遂昌县种植的蓝莓品种,以夏普蓝、奥尼尔、灿烂、顶峰4个蓝莓品种为试材,对种植5年后的树高、冠幅和产量等指标进行完全随机区组设计对比试验的结果表明:灿烂和夏普蓝品种明显优于其他2个品种,其树体高大茂盛,树高149.00 cm、142.14 cm、冠幅162.00 cm、159.11 cm,200 m2产量为518.70 kg、505.40 kg;平均单果直径和质量奥尼尔最大,为1.52 cm和1.59 g,但单位面积产量最低,为228.90 kg;适宜在800 m^1050 m海拔高度生长,海拔320 m时需做好夏季7—8月的遮阴降温工作。为此,灿烂和夏普蓝品种可以作为主栽的优良品种在遂昌县800 m^1050 m海拔段中进行种植推广。     

Variation analysis of growth traits of four poplar clones under different water and fertilizer management

To determine appropriate quantities of water and fertilizer required for early growth of hybrid poplar cuttings,we recorded the growth traits of four clones grown under four factors(irrigation and nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium fertilizers),each with four levels,using an orthogonal experimental design.A logistic model was used to estimate growth in height.The growth curves for tree height were sigmoid,and the model R^2 values were greater than 0.9,which indicated that the fit was highly significant.ANOVA results for tree height and basal diameter indicated that all sources of variance showed significant differences(p<0.001).The average tree height and basal diameter for all the four clones under the different treatments ranged from 155.39 to 235.04 cm,and from 13.71 to 17.42 mm,respectively.A highly positive correlation between the extreme k value and tree height was observed,suggesting that the k value was an accurate estimation of tree height.For model parameters,the earliest average time point for the onset of the rapid growth period of poplar clones was 131 d,and the highest average increment in tree height during the rapid growth period was 138.78 cm.The highest average tree height for all clones under each factor was 219,210.51,200,and 201 cm when treated with either 1200 mL of water applied every third day,3 g of nitrogen,0 g of phosphorus,or 0 g of potassium,respectively.The most suitable treatment for the early growth of hybrid poplar cuttings,as suggested by the developed logistic model,was 1200 mL of water applied every third day and three applications of 1 g nitrogen(in the form of CH4N2O).     

不同复垦措施对铁尾矿砂废弃地复垦效果的研究

以河北省临城县南沟村铁尾矿砂废弃迹地为试材,采用田间调查和室内测定相结合的试验方法,研究了不同复垦措施对苹果幼树生长发育以及铁尾矿砂废弃地治理效果的影响。结果表明：壤土与尾矿沙混合填充深度1 m的1号地苹果幼树长势良好,其干径、基径、主枝粗等均极显著大于采用壤土填充深度仅50 cm的2号地,差值分别达到0.74 cm、0.52 cm、0.52 cm;1号地苹果幼树根系活力显著高于2号地;1号地土壤孔隙度大于2号地,全N、全P、速效K含量以21~30 cm土层最高,分别为0.128%、0.23%、0.135 mg/g,有效Fe含量以0~10 cm土层最高,为0.027 mg/g;2号地全N、全P、速效K含量以11~20 cm土层最高,分别为0.135%、0.16 g/kg、0.11 mg/g,有效Fe含量以0~10 cm土层最高,为0.013 mg/g。     

毛竹笋用林冬笋覆盖试验初报

为提高毛竹笋用林冬笋产量 ,对试验竹林采取冬季覆盖加温技术 ,分别用稻草和竹叶 2种覆盖材料进行不同厚度覆盖处理。试验结果表明 ,它们均能提高冬笋产量 ,覆盖样地冬笋平均产量比对照提高 119.4 % ,覆盖栽培后对第 2年春笋和新竹产量影响不显著。对覆盖材料进行了正交分析 ,其中以稻草 2 0 cm加 2 0 cm厚的竹屑的处理效果最佳 ,产量提高了 186 .3%。覆盖后冬笋的投入产出比约为 1∶ 2 .5 7,经济效益可观。     

A basal area increment model for individual trees in mixed continuous cover forests in Iranian Caspian forests

The aim of this study was to develop and test a new basal area growth model in mixed species continuous cover forests in northern Iran.Weanalyzed 421 core samples from 6 main species in the forest area to develop our growth model.In each plot,we measured variables such as total tree height(m),diameter at breast height(DBH)(cm)and basal area of larger trees as cumulative basal areas of trees(GCUM)ofDBH[5 cm.The empirical data were analyzed using regression analysis.There was a statistically significant nonlinear function between the annual basal area increment,as the dependent variable,and the basal area of the individual trees and competition as explanatory variables.Reference area from the largest trees,was circular plot with area of 0.1 ha.GCUM was estimated for trees of DBH>5 cm.Furthermore,we investigated the dependencies of diameter growth of different species on stand density at different levels of competition,and diameter development of individual trees through time.The results indicate that competition caused by larger neighborhood trees has a negative effect on growth.In addition,the maximum diameter increment is affected by competition level.Therefore,the maximum diameter increment of species occurs when the trees are about 35–40 cm in dense-forest(40 to 0 m^2 per ha)and when the trees are about 60 to 70 cm in very dense forest(60 to 0 m^2 per ha)which is more likely to Caspian natural forests with high level density due to uneven-aged composition of stands.