鸭源H10亚型禽流感病毒血凝素基因的序列分析及其致病特性

采用血清学试验和RT-PCR方法从华东地区家养水禽中分离鉴定出多株H10亚型禽流感病毒，对其中1株A／Duck／Yangzhou／502／2003（简称Dk／YZ／502／03）的血凝素（HA）基因进行了序列测定，并与GenBank中登录的其他序列进行了比较。结果显示，Dk／YZ／502／03株血凝素基因与哺乳动物水貂分离株A／Mink／Sweden／84（H10N4）的同源性最高；其推导的氨基酸剪切位点序列为P-E-I-M-Q-G-R，为典型低致病性禽流感病毒的特征序列，这与该毒株对SPF鸡和BALB／c小鼠的低致病特性相吻合。     

1株H1亚型水禽流感病毒分离株的致病特性和表面膜蛋白基因的序列分析

采用常规血清学试验和特异性RT-PCR方法,对我国华东地区家养水禽流感病毒进行了长达4年的跟踪监测,分离到多株H1亚型禽流感病毒,并对其中的1株A/Duck/Yangzhou/163/2003(简称Dk/YZ/163/03)的血凝素基因进行了序列测定,并与GenBank中收录的其他序列进行了比较。结果发现,Dk/YZ/163/03的血凝素基因(HA)与禽流感日本分离株A/Japan/91(H1)的同源性最高;而神经氨酸酶基因(NA)与Mallard dk/A1b/35/1976(H1N1)同源性最高;其推导的氨基酸剪切位点序列为P-S-I-Q-S-R,是典型低致病性禽流感病毒的特征序列,这与该毒株对SPF鸡和BALB/c小鼠的低致病特性相吻合。     

两株家鸭禽流感病毒H3N1亚型分离株的致病性及其表面糖蛋白基因序列分析

测定了2株禽流感病毒（AIV）Dk／YZ／231／02和Dk／YZ／3／04对SPF鸡和BALB／c小鼠的致病性；对其血凝素（HA）基因和神经氨酸酶（NA）基因的序列进行了测定，并与GenBank中收录的其他序列进行了比较。结果，此2株AIV对SPF鸡具有较低的致病性，而对BALB／c小鼠无致病性；Dk／YZ／231／02株的HA基因与Dk／Ukraine／1／63（H3N8）株的同源率最高，Dk／YZ／3／04株的HA基因与Petbird／HK／1559／99（H3N8）株的同源率最高；而Dk／YZ／231／02株的NA基因与Dk／Fuiian／17／2001（H5N1）株的同源率最高，Dk／YZ／3／04株的NA基因与Gs／Guangdong／1／96（H5N1）株的同源率最高。进化分析结果表明，Dk／YZ／231／02和Dk／YZ／3／04株的NA基因均可能起源于水禽源H5N1亚型AIV，这可能是不同亚型AIV在水禽体内基因重组的结果。推导的氨基酸剪切位点序列均为PEKQTR，属于非高致病性AIV的特征序列。     

福建省鸭禽流感病毒分离株（A/Duck/Fujian/FQ107/2007〔H9N2〕）全基因测序及遗传进化分析

为了解一株可引起产蛋鸭产蛋异常的H9N2亚型禽流感病毒A/Duck/Fujian/FQ107/2007（H9N2）（以下简称Dk/FQ107/07）分离株的分子特性及其遗传进化地位,运用RT-PCR方法对其基因组进行扩增,克隆至pMD18-T载体后测序。结果显示,Dk/FQ107/07病毒株的血凝素（haemagglutini,HA）蛋白裂解位点的氨基酸组成为-PARSSR↓GLF-,其静脉接种指数（intravenous pathogenicity index,IVPI）为0.04,符合低致病性禽流感病毒特征;Dk/FQ107/07株HA基因与A/chicken/Shantou/5269/2005（H9N2）同源性最高,为98.9%,和我国首次哺乳动物流感病毒分离株A/Swine/HongKong/9/98（H9N2）有较近的遗传进化关系,三者均属于经典的H9N2/Y280群系;神经氨酸酶（neuraminidase,NA）基因与中国大陆首次分离株A/chicken/Beijing/1/1994（H9N2）相比,在63、64、65位点上缺失3个氨基酸（T、E、I）;核蛋白（nucleoprotein,NP）基因与高致病性鸭源禽流感分离株A/Duck/Fujian/1734/05（H5N1）和A/Duck/Fujian/9713/2005（H5N1）在同一遗传进化分支上,而从聚合酶（polymerase PA,PA）基因的遗传进化分析发现其基因属于H9N2/Y439群系。由此可见,Dk/FQ107/07可能是由不同禽流感病毒基因亚群间发生自然重排的产物。     

一株鸭源H3N6亚型禽流感病毒遗传进化分析

从活禽交易市场健康鸭体内分离到一株H3N6亚型禽流感病毒,命名为A/Duck/Guangdong/E9/2012(H3N6),这是该亚型禽流感病毒在我国广东地区的首次分离报道.为分析其遗传进化特征,对该病毒全基因组序列进行了测定,进行了遗传进化分析.结果显示,其HA裂解位点附近的氨基酸序列为PEKQTR↓ GLF,只含有1个碱性氨基酸,符合低致病性禽流感病毒的HA裂解位点氨基酸序列的分子特征;其HA基因与2011年蒙古国分离的鸭源A/Duck/Mongolia/OIE-7457/2011(H3N5)禽流感病毒的HA基因同源性最高,其NA基因与2011年蒙古国分离的鸭源A/Duck/Mongolia/OIE-7438/2011(H4N6)禽流感病毒的NA基因同源性最高.全基因组分子遗传进化分析结果显示,其8个基因均属于欧亚谱系的禽源进化分支.     

鸭源H5N1亚型禽流感病毒分离株的致病性及表面蛋白基因序列分析

分析1株2004年从广东省分离获得的H5N1型禽流感病毒株A/Duck/GuangdongJiedong/23/2004对SPF鸡和鸭的致病性,并对其血凝素(HA)基因和神经氨酸酶(NA)基因的序列进行测定,与GenBank中收录的其他序列进行比较。结果,此分离株对SPF鸡和鸭均具有高致病性,且致死率达100%。HA基因与SCK/ST/475/04的同源率最高,而NA基因与Ck/GD/178/04同源率最高。进化分析结果表明,此毒珠与DK/Ch i-na/E319-2/03的HA、NA亲缘关系较近,推测它们来源于同一祖代毒株。推导的HA基因氨基酸裂解位点为-RRRKK-,具有典型高致病性禽流感的特征序列;NA基因颈部49~68位20个氨基酸缺失是近年来H5N1亚型优势流行株共同的遗传标志。     

一株鸭源H1N6亚型禽流感病毒的分离鉴定及HA和NA基因序列分析

为了解禽流感病毒（AIV）在广西中越边境地区的流行情况，本研究在该地区活禽市场开展禽流感病原监测。监测过程中分离鉴定出1株H1N6亚型禽流感病毒，命名为A/Duck/Guangxi/F01/2016（H1N6），对其HA和NA基因进行序列测定，并与GenBank中下载的相关参考序列进行比对和遗传进化分析。结果显示，分离株HA基因与A/sparrow/Guangxi/GXs-1/2012（H1N2）的核苷酸同源性最高（96.9%），NA基因与A/Pavo cristatus/Jiangxi/JA1/2016（H5N6）的核苷酸同源性最高（98.2%）。HA基因裂解位点氨基酸序列为PSIQSR↓GLF，符合低致病性禽流感病毒分子特征；与部分N6亚型禽流感病毒一样，分离株NA基因有11个氨基酸缺失。此外，本研究还对分离毒株的受体亲和性进行了测定，结果显示该病毒优先结合唾液酸α-2，3-Gal受体。本研究结果表明A/Duck/Guangxi/F01/2016（H1N6）是一株重组低致病性禽流感病毒。     

1株H6N5亚型禽流感病毒A/duck/Yangzhou/013/2008的全基因测序及遗传进化分析

在对华东地区家养水禽中流感病毒的带毒状况进行流行病学监测的过程中,采用常规的血清学试验和特异性RT-PCR方法,分离鉴定出1株H6N5亚型禽流感病毒A/duck/Yangzhou/013/2008(简称Dk/YZ/013/08)。为了探讨该亚型病毒在流感病毒生态分布中的作用,作者对Dk/YZ/013/08进行了全基因序列测定,并结合Gen-Bank中已收录的所有H6N5亚型病毒的基因组序列及其它参考序列进行了遗传进化分析。结果表明Dk/YZ/013/08的血凝素基因(HA)与近年中国台湾分离的鸭源毒株A/duck/Kingmen/E322/2004(H6N2)的核苷酸一致性最高(94%),推导的氨基酸剪切位点序列为"P-Q-I-E-T-R-G",为典型低致病性禽流感病毒的特征序列;神经氨酸酶基因(NA)与瑞士分离株A/mallard/Switzerland/WV4060167/2006(H3N5)的亲缘关系最近(核苷酸一致性96.9%);而碱性聚合酶2(PB2)基因则与A/duck/Zhejiang/11/2000(H5N1)的遗传距离最近,可能由H5N1亚型流感病毒提供,提示该毒株可能是一株重组病毒。     

鸭流感病毒4/2004-H6N2亚型毒株的血凝素基因全序列克隆与分析

2004初从正常鸭群中分离到一株鸭源禽流感病毒，命名为A／Duck／HN／4／2004(H6N2)。经对血凝素基因(HA)序列分析发现HA基因全长为1744bp，共编码566个氨基酸，在裂解位点仅含一个碱性氨基酸-精氨酸(R)，符合LPAIV的标准。将所得基因序列与已发表的同一亚型参考序列分析表明，与H6亚型流感HA基因同源性为89．2％-97．1％，经分子遗传演化分析表明本次分离株与香港分离株A／Duck／Hong Kong／3600／99(H6N2)、A／Duck／Hong Kong／3600／99(H6N2)最近。     

一株鸭源H1N6亚型禽流感病毒的分离鉴定及HA和NA基因序列分析

为了解禽流感病毒(AIV)在广西中越边境地区的流行情况,本研究在该地区活禽市场开展禽流感病原监测。监测过程中分离鉴定出1株H1N6亚型禽流感病毒,命名为A/Duck/Guangxi/F01/2016(H1N6),对其HA和NA基因进行序列测定,并与GenBank中下载的相关参考序列进行比对和遗传进化分析。结果显示,分离株HA基因与A/sparrow/Guangxi/GXs-1/2012(H1N2)的核苷酸同源性最高(96.9%),NA基因与A/Pavo cristatus/Jiangxi/JA1/2016(H5N6)的核苷酸同源性最高(98.2%)。HA基因裂解位点氨基酸序列为PSIQSR↓GLF,符合低致病性禽流感病毒分子特征;与部分N6亚型禽流感病毒一样,分离株NA基因有11个氨基酸缺失。此外,本研究还对分离毒株的受体亲和性进行了测定,结果显示该病毒优先结合唾液酸α-2,3-Gal受体。本研究结果表明A/Duck/Guangxi/F01/2016(H1N6)是一株重组低致病性禽流感病毒。     

Development of vaccine strains of H5 and H7 influenza viruses

To establish vaccine strains of H5 and H7 influenza viruses, A/duck/Hokkaido/Vac-1/04 (H5N1) [Vac-1/04 (H5N1)], A/duck/Hokkaido/Vac-3/07 (H5N1) [Vac-3/07 (H5N1)], and A/duck/Hokkaido/ Vac-2/04 (H7N7) [Vac-2/04 (H7N7)] were generated from non-pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from migratory ducks. Vac-1/04 (H5N1) and Vac-3/07 (H5N1) were generated by genetic reassortment between H5N2 or H5N3 virus as an HA gene provider and H7N1 or H6N1 viruses as an NA gene provider. Vac-2/04 (H7N7) was a genetic reassortant obtained using H7N7 and H9 N2 viruses to give high growth character of the H9N2 virus in chicken embryonated eggs. The results of sequence analyses and experimental infections revealed that these H5N1 and H7N7 reassortant viruses were non-pathogenic in chickens and embryos, and had good growth potential in embryonated eggs. These viruses should be useful to develop vaccines against H5 and H7 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.     

Experimental assessment of the pathogenicity of H5N1 influenza A viruses isolated in Japan

We examined the pathogenicity for chickens of two H5N1 avian influenza viruses isolated in Japan, A/chicken/ Yamaguchi/7/2004 (Ck/Yamaguchi/7/04) isolated from outbreaks in commercial layer chickens, and A/duck/Yokohama/aq10/ 2003 (Dk/Yokohama/aq10/03) isolated from duck meat imported from China. All chickens inoculated intranasally with either strain died, and the viruses were reisolated from all organs examined. However, both the mean time of onset of clinical signs and the mean death time of Ck/Yamaguchi/7/04 were shorter than those of Dk/Yokohama/aq10/03.     

H9N2亚型禽流感病毒复制特性的基因分析

利用反向遗传技术,通过基因重排方法,以A/chicken/shanghai/F/98（H9N2）禽流感病毒（Avian influenza virus,AIV）的6个内部基因为骨架,与A/Chicken/Guangdong/SS/94（H9N2）AIV的HA和NA基因组合,产生3株H9N2亚型重排AIVs。动物试验发现A/Chicken/Shanghai/F/98（H9N2）和A/Chicken/Guangdong/SS/94（H9N2）AIV主要在呼吸系统复制,A/chicken/shanghai/F/98（H9N2）株在气管和肺组织的复制能力明显强于A/Chicken/Guangdong/SS/94（H9N2）AIV株。3株H9N2亚型重排AIVs的动物试验发现HA和NA基因对H9N2亚型AIV在呼吸道的复制特性起主要作用。内部基因对H9N2亚型AIV在呼吸道的复制也有一定的作用。结果表明1994年中国首次分离到的H9N2亚型AIV经过4年的宿主适应和基因进化,加强了其在呼吸系统的复制能力,奠定了气溶胶传播的基础。     

两株鹅源H6N2亚型禽流感广东分离株的全序列分析及致病性研究

为了解禽流感病毒(AIV)的变异情况,本研究对我国禽流感监测期间分离鉴定的两株鹅源AIVA/Goose/Guangdong/362/2009(H6N2)(GD/362/09)与A/Goose/Guangdong/244/2010(H6N2)(GD/244/10)进行全基因序列的测定和分析,并进行其对SPF鸡和BALB/c小鼠的致病性试验。序列分析显示:HA裂解位点的序列为339PQIETR↓GLFG348,表明两株病毒均为低致病力AIV。HA和NA的核苷酸同源性分别为84.5%和98.9%,另外,序列分析结果显示,GD/244/10的PA、M基因分别与高致病性AIV(HPAIV)A/aquatic bird/Korea/w74/2005(H5N2)和A/duck/Hong Kong/140/1998(H5N1)的同源性最高,表明其内部基因来源复杂,可能与H5 HPAIV发生重组或有共同的来源。病毒对动物的致病性试验结果显示:两株病毒均不能在鸡体内有效复制,在小鼠的肺脏能够有效复制,但在小鼠的鼻甲内只能检测到GD/244/10。     

两株H4N3禽流感病毒全基因组序列分析及对小鼠的致病性研究

2009年在我国南方活禽交易市场进行流行病学调查时,从鸭体内分离到2株H4N3亚型禽流感病毒(AIV),DK/FJ/S1419/09(H4N3)(FJ/419/2009)和DK/HUN/S1010/09(H4N3)(HuN/010/2009)。为了解这2株H4N3亚型AIV的生物学特性,本研究对其进行全基因组分析及对小鼠致病性研究。结果显示:其HA基因来源于近两年流行的H4亚型病毒株,NA基因来源于其它亚型病毒株。内部基因来源较复杂,与FJ/419/2009内部基因同源性最高的病毒株均来自国内H5、H6等亚型分离株,但与HuN/010/2009同源的内部基因则差异较大,与PA、M和NS同源性最高的病毒株分别为A/wild/duck/Korea/UP122/2007(H1N1),A/muscovy/duck/Thailand/CU-LM1983/2009(H4N6)and A/avian/Japan 8KI0068/2008(H3N6)。用106EID50病毒剂量感染6周龄BALB/c小鼠,结果显示试验组小鼠感染后第3 d采脏器样品,仅在鼻甲和肺部能检测到病毒存在。以上数据表明,尽管这2株H4N3特殊亚型组合病毒来源复杂,但对小鼠的致病性较低。     

Characterization of an H5N1 avian influenza virus from Taiwan

In 2003, an avian influenza (AI) virus of H5N1 subtype (A/Duck/China/E319-2/03; Dk/CHN/E319-2/03) was isolated from a smuggled duck in Kinmen Island of Taiwan. Phylogenetic analysis and pairwise comparison of nucleotide and amino acid sequences revealed that the virus displayed high similarity to the H5N1 viruses circulating in Asia during 2004 and 2005. The hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the virus contained multiple basic amino acid residues (-RERRRKR-) adjacent to the cleavage site between the HA1 and HA2 domains, showing the highly pathogenic (HP) characteristics. The HP phenotype was confirmed by experimental infection of chickens, which led up to 100% mortality within 24-72h postinfection. The virus replicated equally well in the majority of organs of the infected chickens with titers ranging from 10(7.5) to 10(4.7) 50% embryo lethal dose (ELD50) per gram of tissue. In a mouse model the virus exhibits low pathogenic characteristics with a lethal infection observed only after applying high inoculating dose (>or=10(7.6) ELD50) of the virus. The infectious virus particles were recovered only from the pulmonary system including trachea and lungs. Our study suggests that ducks infected with H5N1 AIV of HPAI pathotype showing no disease signs can carry the virus silently and that bird smuggling represent a serious risk for H5N1 HPAI transmission.     

Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of neuraminidase genes of H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated from commercial broiler chicken in Iran (2008 and 2009)

A total of 512 tissue samples collected from 30 farms located in various states of Iran during 2008–2009 as part of a program to monitor avian influenza viruses (AIVs) infection in Iran’s poultry population. To determine the genetic relationship of Iranian viruses, neuraminidase (NA) genes from ten isolates of H9N2 viruses isolated from commercial chickens in Iran during 2008–2009 were amplified and sequenced. The viruses’ neuraminidase gene was >90% similar to those of A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 (H9N2) sublineage. The neuraminidase stalk regions in these Viruses had no deletion as compared to that of chicken/Beijing/1/94 sublineage (Beijing-like viruses) and the two human isolates A/HK/1073/99, A/HK/1074/99. Phylogenetic analysis of neuraminidase (NA) gene showed that it shares a common ancestor A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 isolate which had contributed the internal genes of the H5N1 virus. The results of this study indicated that No (Beijing-like) virus and (Korean-like) virus were found in chickens in Iran, and the NA genes of H9N2 influenza viruses circulating in Iran during the past years were well conserved and the earlier Iranian isolates may be considered to represent such a progenitor.