黄瓜品种资源芽苗期和幼苗期耐盐性及其评价指标研究

采用NaCl水溶液人工模拟盐胁迫,以多项指标的盐害系数为依据,比较了18个黄瓜品种资源在芽苗期和幼苗期的耐盐性及其两个时期耐盐性的相关性,并对两个时期各品种资源的耐盐性通过聚类分析进行了分类。结果表明:芽苗期的总盐害系数与发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、下胚轴长、根长、地上部鲜重、根鲜重、活力指数的盐害系数的相关性达极显著水平;幼苗期与总盐害系数相关性达极显著水平的有地上部鲜重、地下部鲜重、地下部干重、壮苗指数、根/冠,达显著相关水平的有地上部干重,叶绿素a/b和叶绿素(a b)/类胡萝卜素的盐害系数与总盐害系数相关性不显著。从两个时期的聚类分析图来看,它们的耐盐性并不相同。黄瓜品种资源耐盐性的强弱在芽苗期和幼苗期表现明显不同。在进行黄瓜芽苗期耐盐性筛选时可以将发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、下胚轴长、地上鲜重、根鲜重综合起来作为评价指标。在对黄瓜幼苗期耐盐性鉴定时可以用地上部和地下部鲜重、地上部和地下部干重、壮苗指标、根/冠来衡量黄瓜材料在幼苗期耐盐性的强弱。     

无芒雀麦苗期耐盐指标筛选及耐盐性综合评价

采用温室模拟Na Cl盐胁迫试验方法,设置5种Na Cl浓度即0%(CK)、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%,对5份无芒雀麦种质材料叶绿素含量(Chl)、相对电导率(REC)、超氧化物歧化酶活性(SOD)、丙二醛含量(Pro)等11项指标进行测定,对各单项指标的耐盐系数进行主成分分析、隶属函数法和逐步回归等方法进行无芒雀麦苗期耐盐性综合评价。结果表明:根据耐盐综合评价值D值得出材料耐盐性排序:ZXY05P-171>ZXY05P-604>ZXY05P-629>ZXY06P-2592>ZXY05P-735,筛选出叶绿素含量(Chl)、脯氨酸含量(Pro)、过氧化物酶活性(POD)、丙二醛含量(MDA)4个无芒雀麦苗期耐盐性评价指标;5份材料耐盐性预测回归模型:D=-4.344+6.158Chl+0.076Pro-1.591POD-0.129MDA,为无芒雀麦苗期耐盐种质材料评价及新品种选育提供科学理论依据。     

26份芸芥种质的耐盐性评价

为了明确26份芸芥种质的耐盐性差异，本试验采用6个不同浓度盐溶液，包括0, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8% 和 1.0% NaCl处理芽期芸芥，测定了发芽率、胚根长等指标；筛选出0.6%、0.8% NaCl溶液处理苗期芸芥，测定了幼苗生长及耐盐生理相关指标，并采用模糊数学隶属函数法评价不同芸芥材料的耐盐性。 结果表明：(1) 0.6%盐胁迫所造成的芸芥萌发抑制率接近50%，0.8%盐胁迫基本造成了生长的停滞(发芽率8%)，因此认为这两个浓度是盐胁迫抑制芸芥生长的阈值。(2) 随着盐浓度的增加，正常种苗率变小，其均值变化为57.62%～34.45%；苗高、根长、根鲜重、苗鲜重均下降，其中各指标的变幅分别为0.99～0.77 cm，0.69～0.44 cm，0.0034～0.0023 g，0.0244～0.0176 g。(3) 根据隶属函数总平均值大小将参试材料进行耐盐性分类：耐盐性较强的材料（0.6133≤隶属值总平均值≤0.7261），包括08武芸3-1等；耐盐性中等的材料（0.4274≤隶属值总平均值≤0.5911），包括临洮芸芥等；耐盐性较弱的材料（0.3894≤隶属值总平均值≤0.0280），包括13芸芥68-3等。(4) 耐盐材料中游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量均显著高于耐盐性较差的材料。总之，26份芸芥种质材料对NaCl溶液胁迫的耐受性存在明显差异，通过模糊数学隶属函数法综合苗期各指标筛选出的耐盐材料，可进一步用于耐盐育种与耐盐基因挖掘。     

3个玉米自交系对盐胁迫的生理响应及耐盐性评价

以自交系M-2导入系、Hr30导入系和Mo17导入系为试验材料,研究不同浓度NaCl(0、100 mmol·L~(-1)、150 mmol·L~(-1)、200 mmol·L~(-1)、250 mmol·L~(-1))对3个玉米幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、可溶性蛋白等生理指标的变化规律的影响,并采用主成份分析与隶属函数相结合的方法对其耐盐性进行综合评价,旨在为玉米耐盐性筛选及抗盐新品种的选育奠定基础。结果表明,3个自交系的株高、生物量、叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)以及可溶性蛋白质的含量大体上随着盐浓度的增加而呈下降的趋势;根长、相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和根冠比大体上呈先上升后下降的趋势。利用主成份分析归纳出株高、净光合速率(Pn)、丙二醛(MDA)等9个与耐盐密切相关的生理指标,运用模糊数学隶属函数分析得出,3个玉米自交系的耐盐性强弱依次为M-2导入系Hr30导入系Mo17导入系。     

新疆主要棉花品种耐盐性筛选与鉴定

采用发芽试验和水培试验,对新疆30个主要棉花品种进行系统的耐盐性鉴定。结果显示：芽期参试的30个品种中,耐盐级别为1级,属高耐盐的仅占16.67%;耐盐级别为2级,属耐盐品种的占到43.3%;盐敏感材料和中等耐盐材料10份,占品种总数的40.00%。苗期耐盐性结果显示：没有高耐盐材料,有8个品种耐盐级别为2级,耐盐级别为3级的材料占63.30%。此外,指标间的相关性分析发现：芽期相对芽长与相对根长呈极显著的正相关,相对芽长与盐害指数呈显著的负相关,苗期根冠比与盐害指数呈显著正相关,且棉花芽期的耐盐特性可间接反映苗期的耐盐性。     

燕山地区叶底珠萌发期耐盐性综合评价

对河北燕山地区30份叶底珠材料种子萌发期进行耐盐性综合评价，以期为叶底珠的耐盐筛选提供理论依据，同时为盐渍化地区生态修复及园林植物的选择提供参考。在人工气候箱内用200mmol/L NaCl溶液进行盐胁迫，以蒸馏水培养为对照，对30份叶底珠材料种子萌发期的相对发芽率、相对发芽势、相对发芽指数、相对盐害率、相对胚根长、相对鲜重进行测定与计算，通过隶属函数分析和聚类分析进行综合评价，筛选耐盐材料。结果表明：盐胁迫下叶底珠种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、胚根长、鲜重等指标均受到不同程度的抑制，30份叶底珠材料种子萌发期的耐盐性有明显差异；在6个鉴定指标中，相对盐害率、发芽率与叶底珠萌发期的耐盐性关系最为密切；根据隶属函数分析和聚类分析，可将燕山地区30份叶底珠材料划分为高度耐盐型(6个)、耐盐型(5个)、中度耐盐型(3个)、盐敏感型(8个)和高敏感型(8个)5类。200mmol/L NaCl溶液可作为叶底珠种子萌发期耐盐性鉴定的适宜盐浓度；发芽率可作为叶底珠种子萌发期耐盐性快速鉴定或初步筛选的鉴定指标；隶属函数法对叶底珠种子萌发期耐盐性综合评价具有较好的应用价值。     

黄花苜蓿耐盐生理特性的初步研究

用0.15%、0.25%、0.35%的NaCl溶液分别对3份耐盐性不同的野生黄花苜蓿材料和中苜1号苜蓿(对照)的幼苗进行处理,通过测定其束缚水含量、自由水含量、组织水含量、束缚水/自由水、电导率、游离脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、丙二醛含量研究黄花苜蓿种质材料的耐盐生理特性。结果表明:黄花苜蓿和紫花苜蓿对盐胁迫的生理响应有相同的变化规律,各项生理指标都与二者的耐盐性相关;灰色关联分析显示,各生理指标与耐盐性关联度大小依次为束缚水>束缚水/自由水>游离脯氨酸含量>可溶性糖含量>电导率>丙二醛含量>自由水含量。在0.35%NaCl溶液处理下,采用多项生理指标进行黄花苜蓿苗期耐盐性综合鉴定较为合理。     

外源硫化氢对加工番茄种子耐盐性及抗氧化酶的影响

为明确硫化氢对盐胁迫下加工番茄种子萌发的缓解作用,用Na Cl半致死浓度为85 mmol·L~(-1)的KT-63(耐盐性弱)和半致死浓度为120 mmol·L~(-1)的KT-18(耐盐性强)为材料,用各自的半致死浓度与不同浓度的NaHS(0.2,0.4,0.6,1.0 mmol·L~(-1))分别配成混合液处理种子。结果表明,随着NaHS浓度的增加,种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、SOD、POD、CAT活性呈先上升后下降的趋势,其中与盐胁迫单独处理相比,用0.4mmol·L~(-1)NaHS处理,种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、SOD、POD、CAT活性在KT-63中分别提升70%、250%、120%、130%、6.7%、150%和180%,在KT-18中分别提升50%、250%、60%、80%、4.3%、160%和200%,而MDA的含量显著降低,并且对KT-63的缓解效应强于KT-18。综上所述,H2S(0.4 mmol·L~(-1))有效缓解了加工番茄萌发过程中盐胁迫的抑制作用,促进了种子的萌发。     

大麦发芽期耐盐性种质鉴定及其生理响应特征分析

为了解大麦发芽期耐盐性差异和生理响应特征,对126份大麦材料进行200 mmol·L~(-1)NaCl胁迫下的种子发芽及生长实验,并对极端耐盐性材料和盐敏感性材料进行盐胁迫处理水培实验。结果表明:盐胁迫下大麦发芽期各指标测量值较对照相比均下降,且处理与对照相比变异系数增大,发芽势、发芽率、株高、根长和根数的变异系数值分别为73.81%、58.00%、47.22%、39.39%和31.79%,说明不同材料盐胁迫处理具有较大差异;并且除株高和发芽率、根长之间无相关性之外,其它各指标之间均存在显著或极显著正相关。采用聚类分析将材料分为4个耐盐等级,其中ZDM655等33个品种为高度耐盐性,MAVRIIP等28个品种为中度耐盐性,GN241等16个品种为中度盐敏感性,莆田17号等49个品种为盐敏感性。在盐胁迫水培条件下,大麦主要通过调节根表面积和根体积表型特征来适应盐胁迫,高度耐盐性材料ZDM655地上部和根系中Na~+含量分别为对照的3.63倍和2.55倍,而盐敏感性材料ZDM222地上部和根系中Na~+含量分别为对照的8.95倍和2.92倍;同时,ZDM655较对照相比地上部K~+含量显著提高,地下部K~+含量显著下降,而ZDM222地上部K~+含量显著下降,地下部较对照无显著差异,表明高度耐盐性材料具有更好适应盐胁迫的表型特征和生理响应功能。种子发芽期耐盐性强弱是在盐渍地生长的关键,发芽势、发芽率、株高、根长、根数可以作为大麦发芽期耐盐性评价的合理指标。     

引发对黄芪种子萌发及幼苗抗旱性的影响

本研究目的在于分析种子引发处理后黄芪发芽特性及幼苗抗旱性,探索提高黄芪种子萌发率的方法,为人工栽培黄芪提供技术支撑。采用20％ PEG-6000、0．25％ KNO3、100 mg·L-1 GA3、12．5 mg·L-16-BA及H2 O （对照）5种化学物质引发处理黄芪种子,进行萌发试验及干旱胁迫,测定种子萌发特性及有关抗旱生理指标。结果表明：各处理发芽势、发芽率的一致顺序为12．5 mg·L-16-BA＞100 mg·L-1 GA3＞0．25％ KNO3＞20％ PEG-6000＞H2 O。幼苗丙二醛（MDA ）含量、可溶性蛋白含量、脯氨酸含量、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性（SOD ）、过氧化物酶活性（POD ）和过氧化氢酶活性（CAT ）与CK之间存在显著差异。比较各处理黄芪幼苗的隶属函数平均值可看出,不同引发处理黄芪种子,幼苗的抗旱性顺序为H2O＞20％ PEG-6000＞0．25％ KNO3≈12．5 mg·L-16-BA＞CK＞100 mg·L-1 GA3。结论：采用20％ PEG-6000或0．25％ KNO3作为引发剂处理黄芪种子,可有效促进黄芪种子萌发和提高幼苗抗旱性。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

The use of Solacol® (validamycin) as a growth retardant in the isolation of soil fungi

Solacol^®, a formulation of the antibiotic validamycin, at 0.33% in 2% malt extract agar, reduced the spread of fungi on dilution plates drastically and allowed twice as much incubation time before subculturing; this resulted in an elevated number of species isolated. Using pure cultures of 62 common soil fungi, it was shown that all fast-growing species (exceptPythium ultimum) were efficiently inhibited but not completely suppressed. Inhibition was comparable to that by 0.5% oxgall, though, while this substance completely suppressed several species, Solacol very strongly inhibited onlyGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum andRhizoctonia solani. In a further experiment each separate constituent of Solacol was tested against 22 fungi at equivalent concentrations. Validamycin strongly inhibitedChaetomium globosum and two Basidiomycetes, though hardly more than the non-ionic detergent which mainly inhibited the other fungi. A few species were, however, more inhibited by Solacol than by the detergent alone. Solacol at 0.33% is a suitable aid in dilution plating of soil fungi, by increasing the number of colonies and species observed.Samenvatting Solacol^®, een formulering van het antibioticum validamycine, remde de groei van schimmels in verdunningsplaten met een concentratie van 0.33% in 2% moutagar en maakte het mogelijk de periode tot afenten met een factor 2 te verlengen; daardoor was het aantal geïsoleerde soorten duidelijk toegenomen. Met reincultures van 62 algemene grondschimmelsoorten werd aangetoond, dat alle snelgroeiende soorten (met uitzondering vanPythium ultimum) voldoende geremd, maar niet volkomen onderdrukt werden. Het remmingspercentage was vergelijkbaar met dat van 0.5% ossegal, hoewel dit laatste sommige soorten volkomen onderdrukte; Solacol remde alleenGaeumannomyces graminis, Gerlachia nivalis, Harzia acremonioides, Verticillium biguttatum enRhizoctonia solani zeer sterk. In een volgend experiment werden de componenten van Solacol t.o.v. 22 fungi apart getoetst in concentraties equivalent aan 0.33% Solacol. Validamycine remde alleenChaetomium globosum en twee basidiomyceten behoorlijk, maar nauwelijks meer dan de niet-ionische uitvloeier, die in hoofdzaak de overige remeffecten veroorzaakte. Enkele soorten werden echter door het complete Solacol veel sterker geremd dan door de uitvloeier alleen. Solacol in een verdunning van 0,33% wordt aanbevolen bij verdunningsplaten voor het isoleren van grondschimmels ten einde het aantal kolonies en soorten te verhogen.