橘皮提取物对7种农业植物病原真菌的抑菌活性研究

[目的]测定橘皮不同溶剂提取物对植物病原真菌的抑菌活性。[方法]采用菌丝生长速率法,测定抑菌活性。[结果]在浓度为0.01 g/ml时橘皮石油醚、乙酸乙酯、乙醇的提取物对7种供试植物病原真菌具有明显的抑菌活性,对苹果腐烂病菌的抑菌率均在90%以上;乙醇、乙酸乙酯提取物对番茄灰霉病菌,乙酸乙酯、石油醚提取物对番茄绵腐病菌,石油醚提取物对苹果斑点落叶病菌的抑菌率均在70%以上。[结论]橘皮中含有抑菌活性物质。     

松针提取物对植物病原真菌的抑制活性

采用菌丝生长速率法,测定松针提取物对苦瓜枯萎病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、烟草赤星病菌和番茄早疫病菌4种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性。结果表明,松针提取物对4种植物病原真菌具有一定的抑菌活性,且在提取物质量浓度为20 mg/mL时,60%乙醇提取物抑菌效果较好,对4种植物病原菌抑制率均达到40%以上;提取时间1 h以上、提取温度70℃以上时,所得提取物抑菌效果较佳。     

柚皮提取物对植物病原真菌的抑菌活性测定

通过测定柚皮的乙醇提取物以及各萃取部分对植物病原真菌的抑菌活性,寻找柚皮中的农用活性物质,为其综合开发利用提供科学依据。采用菌丝生长速率法测定了柚皮乙醇提取物对8种植物病原菌的抑制作用。在供试浓度为5.0mg/ml时,柚皮乙醇提取物对苹果腐烂病菌(Valsa mali)、辣椒炭疽菌(Colletotrichum capsici)和棉花枯萎菌(Fusarium oxysporum vasinfectum)的抑菌活性较高,抑菌率分别为80.7%、72.9%、62.5%。柚皮乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯层的抑菌活性较高,乙酸乙酯层对苹果腐烂病菌的抑菌作用最好,EC50达0.45mg/ml,柚皮乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯层是进一步研究的重点。     

卷柏乙醇提取物对14种植物病原菌的抑制活性

采用牛津杯法及琼脂打孔法测定卷柏(Selaginella tamariscina)乙醇提取物对4种植物病原细菌[柑橘溃疡病菌(Xanthomonas carotovora pv.citri、姜瘟病菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)、水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae)、大白菜软腐病菌(Erwinia carotovora pv.carotovora)]的抗菌活性.结果表明,在浓度为1 mg/mL时,卷柏乙醇提取物对4种供试细菌具有较好的抑制活性,抑菌圈直径13.6～15.3mm,对姜瘟病菌和水稻白叶枯病菌的最低抑菌浓度为125 μg/mL.采用生长速率法测定提取物对10种植物病原真菌[香蕉酸腐病菌(Geotrichum candidum Link ex Pers)、苹果轮纹病菌(Physalospora nasei)、油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)、小麦赤霉病菌(Fusarium graminearum)、苹果腐烂病菌(Valsa mli)、玉米小斑病菌(Helninthosporiun maydwas)、葡萄黑痘病菌(Sphaceloma ampelinum)、苹果斑点落叶病菌(Alternarial ternate f.sp.mali)、棉花枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum)、番茄棉腐病菌(Pythium ultimum)]的抑制作用,发现除对苹果轮纹病菌的抑制效果较好外(抑制率为56.3％),对其余供试菌的抑制率均低于50％.     

紫茎泽兰提取物对几种植物病原真菌的抑制作用

[目的]明确紫茎泽兰提取物对4种植物病原真菌的抑制作用。[方法]以棉花枯萎病原菌、辣椒疫霉病原菌、苹果腐烂病原菌和水稻稻瘟病原菌为供试菌种,利用生长速率法对紫茎泽兰6种有机试剂提取物进行抑菌活性测定。[结果]紫茎泽兰6种有机溶剂提取液对4种病原真菌均有较好的抑制作用,其中以紫茎泽兰乙醇提取液的抑菌效果最好,在浓度为100mg/ml时对4种真菌的抑制率均达到100%,其次为正丁醇提取液。其作用大小与提取液的浓度相关,药剂浓度越大,抑制作用越强。不同的有机溶剂提取液对同一种植物病原真菌的抑制效果有差异。[结论]紫茎泽兰乙醇和正丁醇提取物在较低作用浓度下依然能发挥较高的抑制作用,可作为良好的紫茎泽兰提取物剂型以开发新型植物源生物农药。     

日本革菌发酵液抑菌活性初步研究

对日本革菌摇床发酵液的乙酸乙酯和正丁醇萃取物进行了8种常见植物病原菌和4种细菌的抑菌活性研究。结果表明:乙酸乙酯和正丁醇萃取物具有抑制植物病原真菌和细菌的活性。正丁醇萃取物对植物病原真菌的抑制效果更佳,但对细菌的抑制效果不如乙酸乙酯萃取物。在50 mg.mL-1药液浓度下,乙酸乙酯萃取物能明显抑制西瓜枯萎病菌、苹果炭疽病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、番茄早疫病菌病原真菌菌丝生长,抑制率均在75%以上;正丁醇萃取物对苹果炭疽病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、烟草赤星病菌病原真菌菌丝生长有很强的抑制作用,抑制率达到80%以上。随着浓度的降低,两相萃取物的抑制率均明显减小。日本革菌发酵液中具有抗菌活性物质。     

博落回生物碱对12种植物病原菌的抑制活性研究

[目的]进一步了解博落回生物碱的抑菌作用范围。[方法]采用牛津杯法和琼脂打孔法研究博落回生物总碱对4种植物病原细菌和8种植物病原真菌的抑制效应。[结果]博落回生物总碱在浓度为1．00mg／ml时,对水稻白叶枯病菌、大白菜软腐病菌、柑橘溃疡病菌和姜瘟病菌均具有较好的抑制活性（抑菌圈直径大于30mm）,对8种植物病原真菌也表现出较好的抑制活性,其中对棉花枯萎病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、玉米小瘫病菌和苹果腐烂病菌效果明显,抑菌圈直径达16mm以上。对细菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）为31．25～62．50μg／ml,对真菌的MIC为125．00250．00μg／ml。[结论]博落回生物总碱具有作为抗菌剂应用的潜力。     

大花金鸡菊乙醇提取物对植物病原真菌的抑制活性测定

通过测定大花金鸡菊(Coreopsis grandiflora)乙醇提取物及其各萃取部分对植物病原真菌的抑菌活性,寻找大花金鸡菊中的农用活性物质,为其综合开发利用提供科学依据。采用菌丝生长速率法测定对植物病原真菌的抑菌活性的结果,当浓度为2.0 mg.mL-1时,大花金鸡菊乙醇提取物对小麦赤霉病菌(Gibberella zeae)、苹果斑点落叶病菌(Alternaria alternataf.sp.mali)、辣椒炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum capsici)和黄瓜枯萎病菌(Fusariumoxysporumf.sp.cucumerinum)的抑制作用较好,抑制率分别为48.45%、31.94%、23.22%和22.69%;其中,对小麦赤霉病菌和苹果斑点落叶病菌的EC50分别为1.570和2.872 mg.mL-1。大花金鸡菊乙醇提取物不同溶剂萃取物中,正己烷层和水层的抑菌活性较高。正己烷萃取物对苹果腐烂病菌和小麦赤霉病菌的EC50分别为1.111和0.194 mg.mL-1;水层为1.878和1.390 mg.mL-1。     

中林46杨树提取物体外对植物病原真菌的抑制活性

制备了中林46杨树枝条和叶的乙醇提取物及该提取物的不同极性溶剂的萃取部分,并采用菌丝生长速率法测定了它们对植物病原真菌的抑制活性。结果表明,枝条和叶的乙醇粗提物对番茄早疫病菌、杨树溃疡病菌、小麦赤霉、黄瓜枯萎病菌、番茄枯萎病菌、棉花枯萎病菌和小麦纹枯病菌等7种植物病原真菌均具有一定的抑制作用。抗菌活性成分主要集中在枝条乙醇提取物中的乙酸乙酯萃取部分,这为进一步追踪分离杨树中抗真菌活性成分提供了依据。     

苦皮藤内生真菌As菌株代谢产物抑菌活性初步研究

从新鲜苦皮藤根皮中分离并筛选到1株内生真菌,编号为As菌株,对其代谢产物进行了生物活性研究。结果表明:As菌株发酵产物菌丝体的甲醇和乙酸乙酯提取物对多种病原真菌具有较强的抑菌活性。其中甲醇提取物的抑菌活性较乙酸乙酯好,在4 000μg/mL浓度下对番茄灰霉病菌、烟草赤星病菌、苹果炭疽病菌、玉米弯孢叶斑病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、苹果腐烂病菌6种植物病原真菌均有抑制作用,抑制率在62.9%-85.1%;抑制孢子萌发试验表明:菌丝体甲醇提取物对烟草赤星病菌的毒力较好,其EC50仅为62.5328μg/mL;抑制细菌活性表明菌丝体甲醇提取物对蜡状芽孢杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌有一定的抑制作用,而对大肠杆菌无明显的抑制作用。     

蒿属植物提取物对棉花枯萎病菌和红腐病菌的抑制活性研究(英文)

在实验条件下,采用菌丝生长速率测定法,以棉花枯萎病菌、棉红腐病菌为供试菌,对茵陈、黄蒿、艾蒿3种蒿属植物提取物的抗菌活性进行了研究。结果表明,供试3种蒿属植物提取物对棉花枯萎病菌和棉花红腐病菌均具有较好的抗菌活性,其中尤以艾蒿提取物的抗菌活性强而稳定,48～96h对上述两病菌的菌丝抑制率均达80%以上;试验还比较了不同提取溶剂提取物的抗菌活性,发现提取物的抗菌活性随浓度的增高而增强,两者呈显著的正相关性;极性小的丙酮所得到的艾蒿提取物抗菌活性明显强于乙醇提取物,前者的EC50为1.4785mg/L,后者的为3.2090mg/L。间歇振荡法、超声波法、冷浸法提取物对供试菌的72h菌丝抑制率分别为84.34%、84.56%、88.70%,可见同种溶剂不同提取方法所得提取物抗菌活性基本一致。     

八角尺蠖幼虫粪便提取物抑菌活性的初步研究

[目的]研究八角尺蠖幼虫粪便提取物的抑菌作用,为其合理开发利用提供理论依据。[方法]用蒸馏水、乙醇、丙酮和正己烷4种溶剂对八角尺蠖幼虫粪便进行提取。以4种细菌和4种真菌为供试菌种,使用滤纸片法测定4种溶剂提取物的抑菌活性。[结果]八角尺蠖幼虫粪便的蒸馏水提取物对枯青霉、根霉菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、黑曲霉和产气杆菌的抑菌效果较强;乙醇提取物对枯青霉、根霉菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果较强;丙酮提取物对枯青霉、金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的抑菌效果较强。[结论]八角尺蠖幼虫粪便的4种溶剂提取物均具有一定的抑菌活性,其中蒸馏水、乙醇和丙酮提取物的抑菌活性较强,且不同提取物对不同的供试菌种的抑菌效果也存在差异。     

核桃青皮提取物对6种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性研究

采用5种溶剂对核桃青皮进行平行提取和液—液萃取。以苹果轮纹病菌、苹果腐烂病菌、桃褐腐病菌、苹果斑点落叶病菌、茄子枯萎病菌、小麦赤霉病菌6种病原真菌为靶标,对核桃青皮不同溶剂提取液进行抑菌活性测定。结果表明,核桃青皮水提取液对供试的6种病原真菌抑制效果最好,抑制率达到96%以上,石油醚提取液对供试的6种病原真菌抑制效果最差;核桃青皮甲醇提取物氯仿萃取物对桃褐腐病菌的抑制效果最好,抑制率为71.54%,乙酸乙酯萃取物对小麦赤霉病菌的抑制效果最差,抑制率仅为18.32%。     

苍耳提取液与植物内生真菌抗菌活性研究(英文)

[Objective] The study was aimed to provide theoretical foundation for developing a new fungicide with high activity,low toxicity and low residua.[Method] Based on the plant growth rate and inhibition zone methods,the antifungal activity of extracts of every organ of Xanthium sibiricum,the fermentation liquid of endophytic fungi MC4-23,and the extract of mycelium were tested with six kinds of pathogenic fungi and three kinds of pathogenic bacteria respectively.[Result] The extract of every organ of Xanthium sibiricum,the fermentation liquid of endophyic fungi MC4-23,and the extract of mycelium all had antifungal activities.The acetone extracts of Xanthium sibiricum had stronger antifungal activities than the ethanol extracts of Xanthium sibiricum.The extracts of leaf have the strongest antifungal activities against fungi and bacteria.The inhibition rates of the six pathogenic fungi were all above 47.8%,and the inhibition diameters of the three pathogenic bacteria were all above 0.5 centimeter.The fermentation liquid of endophytic fungi also had strong activities against the fungi and bacteria.The inhibition rates of the six pathogenic fungi were all above 68.1%.The extracts of root of Xanthium sibiricum and the mycelium of endophytic fungi were all had antifungal activities.[Conclusion] Xanthium sibiricum and endophyic fungi MC4-23 had great value of development and utilization.     

Preliminary Studies on Antifungal Activity of Xanthium sibiricum and the Endophytic Fungi

[Objective] The study was aimed to provide theoretical foundation for developing a new fungicide with high activity,low toxicity and low residua.[Method] Based on the plant growth rate and inhibition zone methods,the antifungal activity of extracts of every organ of Xanthium sibiricum,the fermentation liquid of endophytic fungi MC4-23,and the extract of mycelium were tested with six kinds of pathogenic fungi and three kinds of pathogenic bacteria respectively.[Result] The extract of every organ of Xanthium sibiricum,the fermentation liquid of endophyic fungi MC4-23,and the extract of mycelium all had antifungal activities.The acetone extracts of Xanthium sibiricum had stronger antifungal activities than the ethanol extracts of Xanthium sibiricum.The extracts of leaf have the strongest antifungal activities against fungi and bacteria.The inhibition rates of the six pathogenic fungi were all above 47.8%,and the inhibition diameters of the three pathogenic bacteria were all above 0.5 centimeter.The fermentation liquid of endophytic fungi also had strong activities against the fungi and bacteria.The inhibition rates of the six pathogenic fungi were all above 68.1%.The extracts of root of Xanthium sibiricum and the mycelium of endophytic fungi were all had antifungal activities.[Conclusion] Xanthium sibiricum and endophyic fungi MC4-23 had great value of development and utilization.     

苍耳提取液与植物内生真菌抗菌活性研究(英文)

[Objective] The study was aimed to provide theoretical foundation for developing a new fungicide with high activity,low toxicity and low residua.[Method] Based on the plant growth rate and inhibition zone methods,the antifungal activity of extracts of every organ of Xanthium sibiricum,the fermentation liquid of endophytic fungi MC4-23,and the extract of mycelium were tested with six kinds of pathogenic fungi and three kinds of pathogenic bacteria respectively.[Result] The extract of every organ of Xanthium sibiricum,the fermentation liquid of endophyic fungi MC4-23,and the extract of mycelium all had antifungal activities.The acetone extracts of Xanthium sibiricum had stronger antifungal activities than the ethanol extracts of Xanthium sibiricum.The extracts of leaf have the strongest antifungal activities against fungi and bacteria.The inhibition rates of the six pathogenic fungi were all above 47.8%,and the inhibition diameters of the three pathogenic bacteria were all above 0.5 centimeter.The fermentation liquid of endophytic fungi also had strong activities against the fungi and bacteria.The inhibition rates of the six pathogenic fungi were all above 68.1%.The extracts of root of Xanthium sibiricum and the mycelium of endophytic fungi were all had antifungal activities.[Conclusion] Xanthium sibiricum and endophyic fungi MC4-23 had great value of development and utilization.     

苍耳提取液与植物内生真菌抗菌活性研究

[目的]为研制高效、低毒、低残留的新型杀菌剂提供理论依据。[方法]采用生长速率法和抑菌圈法,分别以水稻纹枯病菌等6种植物病原真菌和大肠杆菌等3种病原细菌为供试菌种,对苍耳各器官(根、茎、叶、果)提取液、植物内生真菌MG4-23的发酵液及菌丝体提取液进行抑菌活性测定。[结果]苍耳各器官提取液、植物内生真菌发酵液及菌丝体提取液均有抑菌作用。苍耳的丙酮提取液抑菌活性要好于乙醇提取液。苍耳中抑菌活性最高的器官是叶,对6种供试病原真菌的抑制率均在47.8%以上,对3种病原细菌的抑制直径均在0.5 cm以上。植物内生真菌发酵液的抑菌活性也很明显,对6种供试病原真菌的抑制率均在68.1%以上,对3种病原细菌也具有抑制性。苍耳根和植物内生真菌菌丝体提取液的抑菌活性也较明显。[结论]苍耳和植物内生真菌MG4-23均具有较大的开发利用价值。