加甜型鲜食糯玉米渝彩甜糯1号的选育研究

采用部分基因修饰的方法,以WU2608为母本,以S181为父本育成加甜型糯玉米渝彩甜糯1号,内含甜糯双隐基因,具有品质优、产量较高、熟期较早等特点。介绍了渝彩甜糯1号的特征特性、试验、鉴定结果及栽培技术要点。     

低磷土壤条件下玉米磷吸收和利用效率的混合遗传分析

运用主基因-多基因模型分离分析法对低磷土壤条件下玉米082×掖107组合的P1、P2、F₁、F₂和F_2∶3代磷吸收和利用效率联合遗传分析。结果表明,玉米磷吸收效率遗传符合一对加性-显性主基因与加性-显性-上位性多基因混合遗传模型(D-0)。F₂和F_2∶3估计的主基因遗传力分别为51.96%和56.29%,估计的微效多基因遗传力分别为34.17%和29.72%。主基因的遗传力都高于微效多基因,磷吸收效率的遗传主要由一对加性-显性主基因控制,同时微效多基因对玉米磷吸收效率的影响较大。表明可以利用磷吸收效率高的玉米亲本配制杂交组合,并且在育种的早期阶段选育磷吸收效率高的单株或家系,以获得磷吸收效率高的玉米品种。玉米磷利用效率遗传符合加性-显性-上位性多基因模型(C-0),属非主基因控制的遗传。表明玉米磷利用效率主要由微效多基因控制,可以结合玉米磷吸收效率性状的选育,培育磷利用效率高的玉米品种。     

彩色加甜糯玉米晶彩花糯6号及栽培要点

晶彩花糯6号系南京市蔬菜科学研究所于2010年育成的彩色加甜糯玉米新品种,正在参加江苏省糯玉米区域试验。经江苏、浙江、上海等地试种,结果表明：该品种糯性好,糯中带甜,产量高,商品性佳,粒色紫白相间,早中熟。深受生产者和消费者喜爱。     

优质高产甜糯玉米杂交种泸玉糯1号的选育及栽培要点

泸玉糯1号是用甜质自交系泸97-23和糯质自交系渝9741分别作母本和父本组配而成的杂交种.甜糯结合、皮薄、口感好,一般产鲜果穗13047.0 kg/hm²左右.播种至采收鲜果穗的生育期为82～85 d.属黄白相间粒,甜糯结合大穗型玉米。     

玉米甜、糯性状育种的遗传学基础

甜玉米和糯玉米是一类淀粉合成途径不同、基因发生突变导致子粒中含有高可溶性糖或高支链淀粉的玉米,是可直接食用的鲜食玉米类型。介绍玉米甜、糯性状形成的生物化学基础及其遗传特征,详细阐述单果穗甜糯形成的遗传学基础与机制,利用基因编辑技术进行隐性性状高效遗传改良具有无需表型选择并克服连锁累赘的优势。     

低磷土壤条件下玉米苗期根冠比和株高的混合遗传分析

运用主基因-多基因模型分离分析法,对低磷土壤条件下玉米082×掖107组合的苗期根冠比和株高的P₁、P₂、F₁、F₂和F_2∶3进行5世代联合遗传分析。结果表明：玉米苗期根冠比遗传符合一对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因混合遗传模型(D-0),玉米苗期根冠比是由一对加性-显性主基因控制的遗传,主基因遗传率为49.53%。微效多基因的遗传力较大,多基因控制的玉米根冠比遗传力为32.96%,环境对玉米根冠比也有影响;玉米苗期株高遗传符合一对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性多基因混合遗传模型(D-1),玉米苗期株高是由一对加性-显性主基因控制的遗传,主基因遗传率为57.85%。微效多基因的遗传力也较大,多基因控制的玉米株高遗传力为42.15%,环境对玉米株高几乎无影响。以回交育种和基因重组或聚合为基础的杂交育种方法仍然是改良玉米根冠比和株高的基本方法。     

我国糯玉米育种及产业发展动态

糯玉米以美国研究和利用最多,主要用于淀粉加工和饲料,基本不作为鲜食玉米。我国糯玉米育种起步较晚,但发展迅速,在糯玉米种质创新、组配模式优化、新品种培育、品质改良等方面均具有中国特色,在一些方面具有全球领先优势。京科糯2000等系列品种的选育与推广极大地促进了我国糯玉米产业的整体发展。综述国内外糯玉米育种及产业发展现状、我国糯玉米育种创新点,为我国糯玉米产业在玉米调结构、转方式形势下如何进一步发展提出建议,以鲜果穗销售为主、加工为辅,加强甜加糯新类型品种的选育和推广,加强糯玉米秸秆有效利用,高端特色,打造品牌。     

玉米低磷耐性性状的主基因+多基因遗传分析

以玉米缺磷症状叶为指标,应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型多世代联合分析方法,对1个耐低磷玉米自交系T和2个低磷敏感玉米自交系S₁、S₂及其组配的杂交、回交群体的6个世代材料进行遗传分析,研究玉米耐低磷性状的遗传机制。结果表明,玉米低磷耐性遗传在2个组合中都是由1对加性+加性-显性多基因控制;主基因遗传率（F₂）平均为60.85%和60.29%,多基因遗传率（F₂）平均为22.02%和23.47%;T×S₁组合的遗传变异占表型变异值为83.79%,T×S₂ 组合的遗传变异占表型变异值为82.34%,表明耐低磷性状以主基因遗传为主。     

糯玉米杂交种筑糯5号的选育

筑糯5号糯玉米是以金矮₇₀和ZS₃₁两个自交系分别作父本和母本组配的杂交种.糯性强、皮薄、口感好,一般公顷产鲜果穗15000kg左右、产干子粒约6750kg,播种至采收鲜果穗的生育期71～112d,出苗至子粒成熟的全生育期115d左右.株型较好,抗倒性强,子粒白色、硬粒。     

转育玉米大斑病抗病单基因Ht的实用性初探

对玉米自交系Mo17转育抗病单基因Ht₂、Ht₃,培育出Mo17的6个近等基因系,通过温室及田间人工接种玉米大斑病菌鉴定及配合力测定.得出在利用多基因抗性的基础上同时转育单基因Ht₁、Ht₂、Ht₃、Ht_N,把单基因尽可能集中到一个自交系或杂交种上;形成“多质系”或“多系品种”,因而具有兼抗多个生理小种的作用,从而延长杂交种的使用寿命.”     

基于SLAF-seq技术分析甜、糯玉米种质遗传多样性

利用简化基因组测序技术SLAF-seq,对国内外引进选育的81份鲜食甜、糯玉米自交系进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,共获得803 058个SLAF标签,其中,多态性SLAF标签373 764个。通过序列分析,获得169 128个有效单核苷酸(SNP)多态标记,利用这些SNP标记分析和构建了81份鲜食甜、糯玉米资源的群体结构和系统发生树,并将其分为2个群。结果表明,简化基因组测序技术SLAF-seq能高效、低廉地开发出大量SNP标记,是作物种质资源群体遗传分析的有效工具。研究结果为甜玉米不同基因的聚合、温-热种质杂交育种、鲜食甜、糯玉米亚种间杂交育种提供依据,有利于鲜食甜、糯玉米自交系的高效利用、品种选育及杂种优势群的建立。     

超黑糯玉米杂交后代色素分布规律研究

以超黑糯玉米自交系I46和白糯玉米自交系BN13杂交后F_2代种子产生的果穗群体为供试材料,通过观察子粒颜色、溶剂提取色素和紫外分光光度测定等方法研究超黑糯玉米杂交后代色素分布规律。结果表明,在黑糯玉米杂交F_2代产生的果穗中,子粒颜色出现分离,主要表现为全黑、红黑、红色、棕黄、金黄和白色。在金黄色玉米子粒中类胡萝卜素含量最高,显著高于其他颜色的玉米子粒;类胡萝卜素含量最少的为白色玉米。在全黑色玉米子粒中花色苷的含量显著高于其他颜色玉米子粒;在白色、金黄色玉米子粒中没有检测到花色苷。     

转植酸酶基因玉米的获得及其后代的初步鉴定

构建了仅含有启动子序列、植酸酶基因和终止子序列的线性基因转化元件(UPN)及其两端分别带有T-DNA边界序列(T-UPN)和一段载体序列(V-UPN)的不同线性转化元件,不含选择性标记基因和载体骨架序列,采用花粉管通道法对选定的玉米自交系进行转化,对728株T1代转化玉米PCR检测。结果表明,UPN、T-UPN、V-UPN 3个转化元件的阳性率分别为0.44%、2.2%和1.8%,平均转化率为1.5%。检测时,以种子在果穗上的不同位置分别播种、检测。结果表明,PCR阳性株都是来源于第5～9圈的种子,这个部位的阳性率达到3.57%,说明花粉管通道法转化玉米的成功率与种子结实的位置有关。植酸酶比活结果说明外源基因在转化玉米植株内实现了蛋白质水平的表达。     

甜、糯玉米对烟嘧磺隆除草剂抗性的遗传分析与基因发掘

以4种不同类型的玉米除草剂对6个甜、糯玉米自交系进行抗性鉴定,并对抗×敏感杂交组合进行抗性遗传分析。结果表明,沈糯512抗、沈糯509抗、沈糯W4抗和沈甜135抗对烟嘧磺隆表现为抗,沈糯509感和沈甜132感对烟嘧磺隆表现为敏感;抗×敏感组合在F2的抗性表型符合孟德尔遗传3∶1的分离比例,据此推断,该抗性是受一对显性基因控制的遗传性状。试验还表明,所试甜、糯玉米对烟嘧磺隆和2,4-D的抗性受不同位点基因控制。     

白桦花发育基因BpMADS3对玉米的遗传转化及功能验证

MADS-box基因编码多种具有重要生物学功能的转录调节因子,能够激活或抑制其他基因的转录,在调节植物根、叶、花和果实的发育尤其在开花植物花的发育过程中起到重要的调控作用。将东北白桦树中克隆得到的BpMADS3基因导入玉米中,验证其在玉米中的功能。结果表明,利用In-Fushion技术成功构建了BpMADS3基因的单子叶植物表达载体pTF101.1-T-nos-Ubi-BpMADS3,采用花粉管通道法将该基因导入玉米自交系合344中,获得5个T2代PCR和RT-PCR阳性株系,转基因株系H1-25和H1-76的散粉期和抽丝期均比对照提前,穗重、穗长、穗粗和百粒重等产量相关性状显著或极显著高于对照。研究结果初步证明,BpMADS3基因的导入对玉米花期提前和产量增加有一定的功效。     

Combining ability analysis for Phaeosphaeria leaf spot resistance and grain yield in tropical advanced maize inbred lines

Phaeosphaeria leaf spot (PLS) disease (causal agent Phaeosphaeria maydis (Henn.) Rane, Payak & Renfro) of maize is increasing in importance in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, there is still limited information on the combining ability for disease resistance of the germplasm that are adapted to African environments. Evaluating combining ability effects and their interactions with the environment would provide valuable information that can be used in the development of cultivars that are resistant to PLS. This study was therefore conducted to determine the combining ability, gene action and the relationship between grain yield and PLS disease severity among selected tropical advanced maize inbred lines. Forty five F₁ hybrids were generated by crossing 10 inbred lines in a half diallel mating scheme. The 45 hybrids along with the ten inbred parents were evaluated in four environments, with two replications each between 2007 and 2009. General and specific combining ability (GCA and SCA) effects were highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) for PLS, grain yield and days to anthesis. GCA effects accounted for 66–90% and SCA effects for 10–34% of the variation in the hybrids for PLS resistance, grain yield and days to anthesis. This indicated predominance of additive over non-additive gene action for the three traits in these inbred lines. The resistant inbred lines to PLS were A1220-4, N3-2-3-3, CML312, MP18 and CML488. These lines had good combining ability for PLS resistance and contributed towards resistance in their crosses. In general, resistant hybrids involved a susceptible and a resistant parent, where at least one of the parents had a negative GCA effect. In addition, lines A1220-4 and CML312 contributed towards high yield and were late maturing. Inbred line CZL00009 conferred genes for early maturity. Linear regression analysis indicated that grain yield of maize was suppressed by about 250 kg ha⁻¹ per each increase in PLS disease severity score, underscoring the need to control the disease. Significant (P < 0.01), negative correlations (r = −0.29 to −0.43) between grain yield and PLS severity were also detected. This showed the potential of PLS to reduce yield when favourable conditions for disease development are present. By and large, highly significant additive gene action implied that progress would be made through selection. Although non-additive effects were small (±10%), observation of dominance effects which were associated with reduced disease levels in some hybrids may be exploited in developing single cross maize hybrids among these inbreds when one parent is resistant.     

烟嘧磺隆对糯玉米光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响

以沈糯509抗、不抗近等基因系为试材,研究烟嘧磺隆除草剂对玉米光合色素含量、叶片光合特性和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,烟嘧磺隆处理使沈糯509抗、不抗近等基因系的叶绿素含量、净光合速率和PSⅡ光化学效率等均不同程度的降低,使胞间CO₂浓度和非光化学猝灭系数呈升高趋势,且表现出一定的剂量-效应关系。在供试浓度范围内,抗系各参数变化幅度均小于不抗系,说明抗系具有较强的光合调节机制,用以减轻或消除烟嘧磺隆的胁迫反应。     

Genetic analysis of early-maturing maize (Zea Mays L.) inbred lines under stress and nonstress conditions

Early-maturing maize (Zea Mays L.) germplasm developed from diverse sources has the potential for use in developing maize hybrids suitable for increasing maize production in the dry ecologies of eastern Africa. A diallel study was conducted to estimate general combining ability (GCA) of 12 early-maturing maize inbred lines, identify potential single-cross hybrids for use as parents, assess genetic diversity among the inbred lines, and relate genetic distance to specific combining ability (SCA) and hybrid performance. Sixty-six F₁ diallel hybrids were evaluated under optimal and drought stress conditions at four locations in Kenya and Uganda. The parental inbred lines were genotyped using 94 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Additive gene action was more important than nonadditive gene action for inheritance of grain yield (GY) under optimal conditions. However, nonadditive gene effects were more important in the inheritance of GY under drought and across all environments. Inbred lines CKL0722, VL058014, and CZL0724 were among the best with positive GCA effects for GY across both optimal and drought stress conditions. The correlation between SCA and both genetic distance and F₁ GY was significant under both drought stress and across all environments. Inbred lines with desirable GCA effects for GY and other agronomic traits and hybrids with good performance under both optimal and drought stress conditions are potential parents for development of various types of high-yielding, stress-tolerant, and early-maturing hybrids.     

玉米孤雌生殖单倍体诱导性状的遗传分析

运用主基因-多基因混合遗传模型理论,对构建的玉米常规自交系与单倍体诱导系杂交组合群体A(四-287×Y11)和两个单倍体诱导系杂交组合群体B(Y6×Y11)的F2世代的单倍体诱导性状的遗传进行研究。结果表明,群体A的单倍体诱导性状遗传由两个主基因控制,表现加性-显性效应,遗传率达91.27%;群体B检测到1个主基因,表现加性-显性效应,遗传率为38.86%,群体B的诱导率遗传主要由主基因和多个微效基因共同作用。     

基于共表达网络分析发掘调控玉米株高发育的关键ZmGRF基因

生长调控因子(growth-regulating factors,GRF)基因家族是一类植物特有的转录因子。在模式植物水稻、拟南芥中,部分GRF基因被证实是影响株高发育的核心调控因子。利用加权基因共表达网络分析方法(Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis, WGCNA),初步构建以玉米ZmGRF基因与调控株高发育的功能基因为核心的共表达网络。结果表明,有9个ZmGRF基因与已报道的调控株高发育基因具有显著的共表达关系,并呈现出网络化的共表达模式,推测这9个ZmGRF基因是调控玉米株高发育的潜在候选基因。进一步通过微共线性分析发现,9个ZmGRF候选基因中有8个基因可以形成基因对,并且所有基因对的Ka/Ks值均显著小于1,暗示调控株高发育候选ZmGRF基因功能的保守性。