江苏沿江地区新选玉米自交系产量及产量构成性状的配合力分析

选用热带、亚热带等种质选育的9 个代表性自交系,按GriffingⅢ双列杂交设计方法,配制成正、反交共72个F1组合,在江苏省南通和南京两个地点对参试自交系4个性状进行一般配合力和特殊配合力分析。结果表明：在新选自交系间杂种F₁代小区产量、行粒数的变异中,非加性遗传方差大于加性遗传方差;在穗行数、千粒重的变异中,加性遗传方差大于非加性遗传方差。小区产量、千粒重性状一般配合力好的自交系是S7和S3;穗行数一般配合力较好的自交系是S6、S3和S9;行粒数一般配合力较好的自交系是S9和S2。综合4个性状评价,S3最好,其他依次为S7、S2、S5和S1。导入了热带、亚热带种质的S9行粒数一般配合力有所提高。除行粒数外,其他性状的反交效应均不显著。     

Protein quality and endosperm modification of quality protein maize (Zea mays L.) under two contrasting soil nitrogen environments

Quality protein maize (QPM) breeding involves the combined use of the opaque-2 (o2) gene and the genetic modifiers of the o2 locus to develop cultivars with modified kernel endosperm, and increased concentrations of lysine and tryptophan. This study was designed to assess grain yield performance, endosperm modification, and protein quality and quantity under two contrasting soil nitrogen environments. A 15-parent diallel cross was evaluated under one low nitrogen stress and one optimal nitrogen environment each at Harare (Zimbabwe) and Bako (Ethiopia). Most QPM hybrids showed higher protein quality levels than the best non-QPM check under both conditions. Protein concentration tended to vary across nitrogen levels, but not endosperm type. Significant differences were found for the test of main effect (nitrogen-level) for endosperm modification and tryptophan concentration. This indicated that QPM maintains quality even under low soil nitrogen, a widespread condition in Africa. General combining ability (GCA) mean squares were highly significant for most protein quality traits for each environment and across environments whereas specific combining ability (SCA) mean squares were not significant in most cases. This indicated that additive gene effects were primarily responsible for variation of most traits evaluated and hence progeny performance can adequately be predicted on the basis of parental performance. Inbred lines P2, P4 and P12 had desirable GCA effects for endosperm modification while P1 and P3 had the best GCA for tryptophan concentration in grain. The current study suggests that hybrids with desirable endosperm modification, protein quality and stable performance under low nitrogen stress and optimal conditions can be produced with careful selection.     

玉米子粒含油量的遗传分析

用7个玉米自交系(5个高油自交系，2个普通自交系)作完全双列杂交，并对配合力、方差成份和遗传力进行分析。结果表明：自交系的一般配合力效应均达极显著水平；一般配合力效应与自交系的含油量呈极显著正相关，相关系数为0.98；含油量高的组合出现在一般配合力效应高的自交系中，一般配合力效应与特殊配合力效应无明显关系；自交系的含油量受环境影响较小，遗传方差占表型方差99%，遗传方差中，加性方差占88%，表明含油量的加性方差在遗传变异中起重要作用；含油量有很高的遗传力。     

Combining ability analysis for Phaeosphaeria leaf spot resistance and grain yield in tropical advanced maize inbred lines

Phaeosphaeria leaf spot (PLS) disease (causal agent Phaeosphaeria maydis (Henn.) Rane, Payak & Renfro) of maize is increasing in importance in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, there is still limited information on the combining ability for disease resistance of the germplasm that are adapted to African environments. Evaluating combining ability effects and their interactions with the environment would provide valuable information that can be used in the development of cultivars that are resistant to PLS. This study was therefore conducted to determine the combining ability, gene action and the relationship between grain yield and PLS disease severity among selected tropical advanced maize inbred lines. Forty five F₁ hybrids were generated by crossing 10 inbred lines in a half diallel mating scheme. The 45 hybrids along with the ten inbred parents were evaluated in four environments, with two replications each between 2007 and 2009. General and specific combining ability (GCA and SCA) effects were highly significant (P ≤ 0.001) for PLS, grain yield and days to anthesis. GCA effects accounted for 66–90% and SCA effects for 10–34% of the variation in the hybrids for PLS resistance, grain yield and days to anthesis. This indicated predominance of additive over non-additive gene action for the three traits in these inbred lines. The resistant inbred lines to PLS were A1220-4, N3-2-3-3, CML312, MP18 and CML488. These lines had good combining ability for PLS resistance and contributed towards resistance in their crosses. In general, resistant hybrids involved a susceptible and a resistant parent, where at least one of the parents had a negative GCA effect. In addition, lines A1220-4 and CML312 contributed towards high yield and were late maturing. Inbred line CZL00009 conferred genes for early maturity. Linear regression analysis indicated that grain yield of maize was suppressed by about 250 kg ha⁻¹ per each increase in PLS disease severity score, underscoring the need to control the disease. Significant (P < 0.01), negative correlations (r = −0.29 to −0.43) between grain yield and PLS severity were also detected. This showed the potential of PLS to reduce yield when favourable conditions for disease development are present. By and large, highly significant additive gene action implied that progress would be made through selection. Although non-additive effects were small (±10%), observation of dominance effects which were associated with reduced disease levels in some hybrids may be exploited in developing single cross maize hybrids among these inbreds when one parent is resistant.     

高寒山区几个玉米自交系数量性状配合力分析

利用9个玉米自交系,按 Griffing完全双列杂交方法4组配成36个杂交组合进行试验。对主要数量性状的一般配合力、特殊配合力、配合力总效应以及各自交系的特殊配合力方差进行估算和分析。结果表明,自交系411的一般配合力最高,自交系405和琼180具有较高的一般配合力和特殊配合力方差,其配制的组合配合力总效应高,系组配强优势杂交组合的优良自交系。     

玉米籽粒几个物理性状的遗传与配合力分析

用14份玉米自交系采用7×7不完全双列杂交设计组配的49个F1组合为供试材料,研究了玉米籽粒几个物理性状的遗传规律和配合力效应。结果表明,粒宽和容重主要受加性基因效应影响;千粒重和比重加性效应及非加性效应同等重要;粒长主要受非加性效应影响。同一物理性状在不同自交系间其GCA效应有较大差异,其中自交系5003的粒长GCA效应最高,533粒宽和比重GCA效应均为最高,千粒重和客重GCA效应最高者分别为425和48—2。     

几个玉米骨干自交系杂交优势利用研究

利用15份玉米自交系组配试验，对其主要数量性状的GCA、SCA、TCA以及各自交系的SCA方差进行估算和分析。结果表明，各自交系的GCA、SCA方差均达极显著水平。P6C1－2－1、Y65－941－1、6166、中黄6441等4个自交系综合性状较优，是组配强优势杂交组合的优良自交系。     

几个玉米自交系主要性状的配合力分析

用19个玉米自交系按不完全双列杂交配成90个组合，对其主要数量性状的GCA、SCA进行估算和分析。结果表明，各自交系的GCA、SCA方差均达极显著水平。168^s、024、169^S、166^S、H6-34、31412等5个自交系综合性状较优，为组配强优势杂交组合的优良自交系。     

玉米自交系对灰斑病抗性配合力及遗传参数分析

以6个灰斑病抗性不同的玉米自交系为亲本,按Griffing双列杂交试验设计方法Ⅱ组配15个杂交组合,对叶片病斑覆盖度进行配合力分析,并估算遗传参数。结果表明,6个自交系一般配合力(GCA)效应差别较大,齐319表现高抗;其次是鲁9801、B84和8112;9046和掖478表现感病。结合杂交组合实际表现与特殊配合力效应进行分析,齐319所组配的各组合抗性表现均较好;掖478与8112、9046、B84组配的各组合抗性差;由9046所组配的组合特殊配合力效应好。进一步对遗传参数的分析表明,该性状广义遗传力为64.49%,性状的遗传以加性效应为主,同时存在一定的非加性效应,性状表现受环境影响较大。     

1O个玉米自交系主要性状的配合力研究

试验采用5×5不完全双列杂交设计,对10个玉米自交系的一般配合力和特殊配合力进行了分析。结果表明：在利用一般配合力较高的自交系作为杂交亲本时,兼顾特殊配合力可以组配出更强优势的杂交组合。     

Performance and yield stability of maize hybrids in stress-prone environments in eastern Africa

Identification and deployment of high-yielding and stress-tolerant maize hybrids adapted to stress-prone agro-ecologies is important for improving the food security and livelihoods of smallholder farmers in eastern Africa.The objectives of this study were to(i)assess the performance of maize hybrids under well-watered and drought stress conditions;(ii)evaluate grain yield stability of 65 intermediate-maturing and 55 early-maturing hybrids in 24 well-watered locations and seven drought stress locations;and(iii)identify representative and/or discriminative testing locations for increasing genetic gains for the target traits.There were significant differences for grain yield among early-and intermediatematuring hybrids tested under well-watered and drought stress environments.Among the early-maturing hybrids,the top 10 hybrids produced 46.8%–73.9%and 31.2%–42.1%higher mean grain yields than the best commercial check under drought and well-watered conditions,respectively.Among the intermediate-maturing hybrids,the top 10 hybrids produced 25.2%–47.7%and 8.5%–13.5%higher grain yield than commercial checks under drought stress and well-watered conditions,respectively,suggesting improvement in the levels of drought tolerance in both early-and intermediate-maturing hybrids.GGE biplot analysis and a bi-segmented regression linear method identified specific early-maturing and intermediate-maturing hybrids that performed well under both well-watered and drought stress conditions.These hybrids could be recommended for commercial production in eastern Africa.Kakamega in Kenya was found to be the most representative and highly discriminating site among well-watered testing locations,while Kabuku in Tanzania was the least representative of test locations.For testing under drought stress conditions,Kiboko in Kenya was identified as the most representative location.This information could be useful for allocating resources and streamlining CIMMYT maize hybrid testing in eastern Africa.     

玉米主要抗旱性状的配合力及遗传参数分析Ⅲ.生育时期

按Griffing双列杂交(Ⅳ)方法,分析了8个玉米自交系的播种至散粉期日数、播种至吐丝期日数和散粉至吐丝间隔在雨养地和水分胁迫下的GCA、SCA及遗传变量.结果表明:三者均以加性基因效应为主,选择时GCA较为重要;水分胁迫对生育时期的影响较大,对其遗传改进和选择应在正常条件下进行。     

十个玉米自交系主要数量性状配合力和遗传参数分析

利用10份玉米自交系按不完全双列杂交配成25个组合,对其主要数量性状的GCA、SCA和遗传变量进行估算和分析.结果表明,除穗位高、千粒重、出籽率和子粒产量的SCA外,其余各性状的GCA和SCA都达到显著或极显著差异.H504、同系和82-2A等3个自交系综合性状较优,可组配强优势杂交组合的优良自交系。     

15份玉米自交系数量性状配合力分析

利用15份玉米自交系组配试验,对其主要数量性状的GCA、SCA、TCA以及各自交系的SCA方差进行估算和分析。结果表明,各自交系的GCA、SCA方差均达极显著水平。P6C1-2-1、Y65-941-1、6166、中黄6441等4个自交系综合性状较优,系组配强优势杂交组合的优良自交系。     

优良玉米自交系苏951的配合力分析及应用

苏951是江苏省农业科学院粮食作物所选育的优良玉米自交系,利用苏951已经育成一批优良组合。根据玉米杂种优势群和杂种优势模式,按不完全双列杂交模式组配了20个杂交组合,对苏951的一般配合力和特殊配合力进行分析评价苏951的育种特性。研究结果表明：除穗行数外,苏951的大部分产量性状的一般配合力较高,与塘四平头群、PN群有较强的杂种优势。     

温热种质改良玉米自交系主要农艺性状配合力分析

对应用温带骨干自交系和西南地方种质选育的15份玉米自交系,按GriffingD4模型进行双列杂交,组成105个杂交组合。采用完全随机区组设计进行试验,分析了生育期、株高、穗位高、穗长、秃尖、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、千粒重和单株产量10个性状的GCA、SCA、TCA以及各自交系的SCA方差进行估算和分析。结果表明：各自交系的GCA、SCA方差均达到极显著水平。W 17,W 16,W 18,6-25,W 14这5个自交系综合性状表现突出,是组配强优杂交组合的优良自交系。     

SSR-based and grain yield-based diversity of hybrid maize in Thailand

Commercial hybrid maize varieties are often used to extract new inbred lines in hybrid breeding programs. Seven commercial hybrid maize varieties were crossed in a diallel design, and the resulting hybrids and selfed progeny were evaluated for yield and adaptability grown in six locations in Thailand. The parental varieties were analyzed with a set of 64 Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) loci, spanning all 10 chromosomes. The average number of alleles per SSR locus was 4.98 with a range of 2–11. The polymorphic information content (PIC) varied from 0.24 to 0.89, with an average of 0.69. Using SSR-based genetic distance (GD), an UPGMA dendrogram showed seven field corn varieties classified into three distinct groups. Troyer's genetic distance (TGD) calculated from yield data, which is a function of inbreeding depression, varied from 0.493 to 1.015 between different parental combinations. A significant positive correlation was found between the GD and TGD across the six locations (0.66^**). The GD correlated positively with specific combining ability (SCA) as well across all locations (r = 0.76^**) heterosis was significant for grain yield and SCA, accounting for 47% of the sum of the square among entries. Therefore, we suggest that broad base populations derived from each of the distinct groups can be formed using combined criteria of SSR-based GD, TGD, grain yield, GCA and SCA.     

玉米自交系08-641不同选择方向回交改良后代主要性状的配合力

利用不完全双列杂交设计对玉米自交系08-641(R08)不同选择方向回交改良后代主要性状的配合力进行分析。结果表明,两种选择方向的回交后代均能在相当程度上保持轮回亲本R08的一般配合力(GCA),以种子形状和颜色不似R08为标准选择得到的回交后代株系GCA有所提高的性状相对略多于以种子形状和颜色似R08为标准选择得到的回交后代株系,部分回交后代部分性状GCA显著降低。改良系BCML50主要性状一般配合力高,且与测验种RP125有较高的特殊配合力,是优良的改良系。     

Diallel analysis of fumonisin accumulation in maize

Contamination of maize (Zea mays L.) grain with aflatoxin, produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus Link: Fries, or fumonisin, produced by the fungus Fusarium verticillioides (Saccardo) Nirenberg (Syn F. moniliforme Sheldon), greatly reduces its value and marketability. Host resistance to fungal infection and mycotoxin accumulation is considered a highly desirable way to reduce losses of both aflatoxin and fumonisin. Maize germplasm lines with resistance to aflatoxin accumulation have been developed in Mississippi. Three of the aflatoxin-resistant lines and five additional lines were used as parents to produce a diallel cross. The diallel cross was evaluated for fumonisin accumulation in field tests conducted in Mississippi in 2007 and 2008. General combining ability (GCA) was a highly significant source of variation in both 2007 and 2008, but specific combining ability (SCA) was not significant. GCA effects for reduced fumonisin levels were highly significant for Mp715, Mp717, and GA209. Mp715 and Mp717 were developed and released as sources of resistance to aflatoxin contamination and exhibit resistance as inbred lines and in hybrid combinations. These lines should be useful in developing maize lines and hybrids with resistance to both fumonisin and aflatoxin accumulation in grain.     

籼型两用核不育系主要农艺性状的配合力分析

 选用5种不同来源的6个籼型两用核不育系与6个早、中籼及广亲和品种以不完全双列杂交方式组配成36个组台，此较分析了6个不育系的株高、穗长、每穗粒数、每穗实粒数、结实率、千粒重、单株穗数、单株产量及生育期9个主要农艺性状的一般配台 和特殊配合力效应以及F1优势表现。 结果表明，不育系之间的一般配台力差异很大，且与所配对应组合的F1竞争优势呈极显著相关，不 育系的一般配合力高，其 所配组合的优势也强。 一般配合力较差的不育系所配组合即使有较高的特殊配合力效应，也难有实际应用价值。3130S和衡农S-1具有较高的一般配合力效应值。作者认为不育系的配合力与其亲缘有关，采用粳籼交或栽野交可能是选育高配合力两用核不育系的有效途径。