孕马尿废水处理的应用研究

指出了在实验室条件下,采用酸化沉淀-三效蒸发-上流式污泥床过滤器(Upflow Blanket Filter,UBF)-二级缺氧/好氧(Anoxic/Oxic,A/O)-膜生物反应器(Membrane Bio-Reactor,MBR)的组合工艺处理孕马尿废水,处理规模为小试设计规模2L/h,实际运行规模为5t/h,运行费用2.15元/(m~3·d)。运行结果表明:该工艺处理后COD、BOD5、SS、NH_3-N去除率分别为:99.91%、99.75%、99.00%、99.93%,出水各项指标满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)中一级A标准:COD≤60 mg/L、BOD_5≤20mg/L、SS≤5mg/L、NH_3-N≤5mg/L。     

催化氧化深度处理高浓化机浆废水及工程设计

监测的某化机浆厂每吨浆废水发生量在24～55 m3/t之间变动,高浓化机浆废水经过了沉淀—厌氧—好氧生物处理后,化学需氧量(COD)降至500 mg/L左右,去除了废水中90%的污染负荷。对好氧出水进行了催化氧化试验,探讨了主要处理因素对COD去除率的影响,结果表明:最佳工艺条件pH值为3,H2O2和FeSO4.7H2O用量分别为2和3 mmol/L,COD去除率为86.1%,用空气作催化剂在1.2 L/L用量下可使废水COD去除率再提高5.6个百分点,达90%以上。在工程上,曝气可引自好氧处理的风机房,节省了工程投资。在工厂现场完成放大试验后,设计建造了催化氧化工程,工程运行表明:COD在500 mg/L的好氧出水经过氧化处理后排放水COD降至54 mg/L,生化需氧量(BOD)降至17 mg/L,悬浮固形物(SS)降至32 mg/L,色度降至30倍,完全满足新国家排放标准(GB 3544-2008)。     

应用EM技术处理城市污水的中试研究

应用KMT及EM技术构建KMT及EM-KMT生物流化床工艺处理典型城市污水,工艺运行稳定,经济可行.中试试验结果表明:对污水主要污染物BOD、COD、SS去除率均可达75%～95%,主要出水水质指标优于国家一级排放标准.应用EM技术能有效提高流化床反应器的抗有机负荷能力,增强反应器对BOD、COD、SS及T-N等主要污染物的去除能力,但表现出一定温敏特性.KMT及KMT-EM生物流化床可作为现代城市污水深度处理技术进行广泛工程化推广.     

Advanced Treatment of Chem-machanical Pulping Wastewater with Catalytic Oxidation and Engineering Design

监测的某化机浆厂每吨浆废水发生量在24-55 m3/t之间变动,高浓化机浆废水经过了沉淀—厌氧—好氧生物处理后,化学需氧量(COD)降至500 mg/L左右,去除了废水中90％的污染负荷.对好氧出水进行了催化氧化试验,探讨了主要处理因素对COD去除率的影响,结果表明:最佳工艺条件pH值为3,H2O2和FeSO4·7H2O用量分别为2和3 mmol/L,COD去除率为86.1％,用空气作催化剂在1.2 L/L用量下可使废水COD去除率再提高5.6个百分点,达90％以上.在工程上,曝气可引自好氧处理的风机房,节省了工程投资.在工厂现场完成放大试验后,设计建造了催化氧化工程,工程运行表明:COD在500 mg/L的好氧出水经过氧化处理后排放水COD降至54 mg/L,生化需氧量(BOD)降至17 mg/L,悬浮固形物(SS)降至32 mg/L,色度降至30倍,完全满足新国家排放标准( GB 3544 - 2008).     

表流人工湿地COD去除影响因素研究

研究了表流人工湿地系统中COD去除率的影响因素,根据南四湖、东平湖表流人工湿地中试试验基地3年的COD、DO、HRT、温度、植物要素等的监测结果,分析了系统不同运行条件下的COD去除率。结果表明:在未校正由较大渗透量引起的污染物浓缩情况下该中试系统对COD的平均去除率为26.4%,且去除场所主要位于湿地A段,占72%;在进水COD浓度60~120.3mg/L范围内,出水COD浓度随系统进水COD浓度呈线性变化,表流人工湿地系统不具备高效处理的能力。系统的COD去除率在5~10月份逐月增长,10月份达到最大33.9%;COD去除率与溶解氧浓度具有大致同步的增减变化过程,且溶解氧的补给主要依靠大气复氧;在HRT月平均值范围2~12d内,COD去除率随HRT的延长而提高,较长的水力停留时间有利于提高COD去除率,但会降低去除COD的能力。     

红霉素生产废水处理工程设计与运行

采用"混凝沉淀-气浮-水解酸化-UASB反应器-CASS反应器-混凝沉淀"组合工艺处理了红霉素生产废水,处理规模400 m~3/d,其中高浓度废水280 m~3/d,低浓度废水120 m~3/d。高浓度废水COD 11000 mg/L、BOD_5 4700 mg/L、NH_3-N 100 mg/L,SS 2500 mg/L,低浓度废水COD 1000 mg/L、BOD_5 300 mg/L、NH_3-N 15 mg/L,SS 300 mg/L,处理后出水水质表明可满足河南省地方标准《发酵类制药工业水污染物间接排放标准》(DB41/758-2012)标准B要求,即COD≤180 mg/L、BOD_5≤45 mg/L、NH_3-N≤25 mg/L、SS≤120 mg/L。该工艺运行稳定、运行费用低、削减了对环境排放的污染物。     

洗瓶废水处理工程设计与运行

采用"气浮-混凝沉淀-水解酸化-生物接触氧化-混凝沉淀-过滤"组合工艺处理洗瓶废水,处理规模50m3/d,原水COD 1500mg/L、BOD5600mg/L、NH3-N 30mg/L、SS 150mg/L,处理后出水水质满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)规定的一级A类标准,即COD≤50mg/L、BOD5≤10mg/L、NH3-N≤5(8)mg/L、SS≤10mg/L。实践表明:该工艺运行稳定可靠、易于操作、无二次污染,还可节约水资源。     

利用白腐真菌处理阿维菌素废水的研究

阿维菌素废水是一种可生化难的制药污水,从自然界中筛选得到6株白腐真菌菌种,经过实验室处理处理阿维菌素废水,其中2号白腐真菌处理废水的效果最好,将COD从896.4g/L降到429.6g/L.     

阿胶生产废水处理工程设计与运行

采用气浮-水解酸化-缺氧-好氧活性污泥法组合工艺处理了阿胶生产废水,处理规模120m^3/d,原水COD1800mg/L、BOD5800mg/L、NH3-N50mg/L,SS800mg/L,处理后出水水质满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)表4规定的一级排放标准,即COD≤100mg/L、BOD5≤20mg/L、NH3-N≤15mg/L、SS≤70mg/L。该工艺运行稳定,处理费用低、管理方便、操作容易、无二次污染产生。     

利用大孔树脂回收废水中的间羟基苯甲酸

指出了磺化碱融法生产间羟基苯甲酸属于传统工艺,其最终废水量大且含有一定量的间羟基苯甲酸、水质COD较高,一般在20000mg/L,难以治理,通过研究发现了利用XDA-1大孔吸附树脂可对其中的间羟基苯甲酸进行回收,其废水中间羟基苯甲酸回收率为73%,吸附回收后,废水的COD为11000mg/L,有效去除率为44%,为废水预处理提供了有力的技术支撑。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.