嗜水气单胞菌气溶素单克隆抗体的制备及初步应用

以1％福尔马林灭活的嗜水气单胞菌纯化的气溶素免疫8周龄的BALB／C小鼠，取其脾细胞与SP2／0细胞融合，经间接ELISA筛选，获得1株稳定分泌气溶素单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞，命名为A2D3。腹水单抗ELISA效价为1：16，384（1：2^14），其能特异性抑制气溶素的溶血活性并且腹水单抗有中和特性，抑制效价和中和效价分别为1：128（1：2^7）和1：128（1：2^7）。以此单抗建立了检测嗜水气单胞菌气溶素的问接ELISA方法，对临床分离的50株嗜水气单胞菌培养上清检测，有48株呈阳性反应。     

鱼源气单胞菌的分离鉴定及血清学调查

应用生化鉴定和PCR技术对1999～2001年主要分离自福建省患典型败血症鳗鲡的气单胞菌进行精细的鉴定，结果共得到气单胞菌115株，其中嗜水气单胞菌69株，温和气单胞菌29株，豚鼠气单胞菌2株和未定种气单胞菌15株。45株可被典型分型于5个主要血清型；福建鳖源嗜水气单胞菌优势血清型为O：Ah10501，鳗源气单胞菌分离株主要分布于0：Ahl0501、O：YT-1、0：CHS-3和O：CQ-1等4个血清型。非福建分离株则集中分布在O：Ah9617(0：9)。LPSs免疫印迹法既能用于不同血清型菌株脂多糖的结构分析，又能对常规血清学分型结果进行校正，其结果更直观、准确。     

欧洲鳗免疫球蛋白单克隆抗体的制备与特性

应用杂交瘤单克隆抗体技术制备了13个分泌抗欧洲鳗免疫球蛋白的单克隆抗体细胞株，并对这些单克隆抗体的特性进行了分析。经抗体级份和亚级份测定，其中IgM有3株，IgG1有5株，IgG2a有3株，IgG2b有2株；所有的单克隆抗体与欧鳗免疫球蛋白均有ELISA反应特性，抗体滴度10^4-10^7，有七株单抗具有WESTERN BLOT反应特性，能在变性条件下识别欧鳗免疫球蛋白的重链。进一步实验证实这些单抗能特异地识别欧洲鳗、日本鳗的免疫球蛋白，而与鲫、淡水白鲳、罗非鱼、胡子鲶、美洲斑点叉尾Hui血清免疫球蛋白以及水产动物常见病原菌如气单胞菌、爱德华氏菌、弧菌、柱状屈桡杆菌、沙门氏菌及大肠杆菌等无任何交叉反应。单克隆抗体9D7，对纯化的欧洲鳗免疫球蛋白的检测灵敏度为16ng。实验结果证明这些单抗具有高度特异、高度灵敏等特点，可用于鳗鲡免疫球蛋白的结构分析、免疫应答水平监测和病原诊断，具有广阔的应用前景。     

日本鳗鲡体表溃疡病病原菌的分离、鉴定及单克隆抗体制备

从日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)体表溃疡病的肝脏分离到一株优势细菌JS70322NA,经人工感染证实为引起日本鳗鲡体表溃疡病的病原菌.通过形态学观察、API 20E细菌鉴定试剂盒鉴定、生理生化试验和16S rRNA特异性基因分析,鉴定该菌为嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila).JS70322NA为典型的β-溶血,血清型为O∶9.以甲醛灭活的JS70322NA为抗原免疫Balb/c小鼠,利用淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术,制备出3株抗嗜水气单胞菌的单克隆抗体,分别命名为:1A5、1B8、1F3;其腹水效价分别达1.0×10-6、1.0×10-5、1.0×10-6;细胞亚型分别为IgG2a、IgM、Ig2a;3株单克隆抗体与温和气单胞菌(Aeromonas sobria)、豚鼠气单胞菌(Aeromonas caviae)、鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)等6种水产常见致病菌无交叉反应,特异强,可应用于日本鳗鲡嗜水气单胞菌特异性检测.     

耐喹诺酮类药物嗜水气单胞菌的分离鉴定及电镜观察

本研究对吉林省内12个水域采集和送检的66尾病鱼进行细菌分离鉴定,共检出46株嗜水气单胞菌疑似株,通过生化试验和PCR扩增气溶素基因aer鉴定法,确定其中22株为嗜水气单胞菌。进一步采用纸片扩散法和双倍稀释法测定嗜水气单胞菌分离株对多种抗生素的耐药性,其中部分菌株存在不同程度的耐药性,22株嗜水气单胞菌中有4株对喹诺酮类药物耐药,并且为交叉耐药。其对喹诺酮类药物的抑菌圈均小于19mm。嗜水气单胞菌耐喹诺酮类药物的检出率为18 2%。将病料中分离的8株嗜水气单胞菌在电镜下观察发现,2株耐药菌表面发现均匀分布的球形结构,而6株敏感菌表面未见此结构。     

27株嗜水气单胞菌致病性及ERIC—PCR指纹图谱分析

从福建省淡水养殖鱼类体内分离到27株嗜水气单胞菌,根据嗜水气单胞菌16SrDNA基因和气溶素基因（aerolysin）的保守序列,设计2对引物,对所分离到的27株嗜水气单胞菌进行双重PCR扩增,扩增结果表明,其中18株为含有Aer毒力基因的潜在致病性嗜水气单胞菌,占总菌数的66．67％。应用ERIC-PCR分型技术对27株嗜水气单胞菌菌株进行分析,以相似度54．00％为限,所有菌株可分为Ⅰ和Ⅱ两大聚类,以76．00％相似度为界,27株嗜水气单胞菌可分为11个聚类,同一个聚类中菌株分离区域基本相同。分析结果表明,分离的嗜水气单胞菌基因型的多样性和分离地域具有一定的关联,也表明ERIC-PCR可以有效应用于嗜水气单胞茵分子流行病学调查。     

鱼源乳酸菌对水产病原菌的抑制作用研究

为研究高活性乳酸菌的抑菌作用,采用牛津杯法体外评价了6株鱼源乳酸菌对9种水产致病菌的抑菌特性,并通过纸片扩散法测定21种抗生素对嗜水气单胞菌的抑制作用。试验结果表明,6株乳酸菌对嗜水气单胞菌、温和气单胞菌、维氏气单胞菌及豚鼠气单胞菌均有明显的抑制作用,而对鳗弧菌、大肠杆菌、弗氏柠檬酸杆菌、杀鲑气单胞菌、小肠结肠炎耶尔森菌无抑制效果,且发酵上清液的抑菌能力大于菌体。药敏试验发现仅3种药物能有效抑制嗜水气单胞菌的生长,而17种抗生素的抑菌效能已不同程度减弱甚至消失。与抗生素类药物相比,乳酸菌发酵液的抑菌能力在一定程度上优于抗生素,为抗生素替代品开发奠定基础。     

微量菌鉴系统在水产养殖中的应用

运用专门检测发酵性革兰氏阴性杆菌的微量菌鉴系统——CDRC-菌鉴系统，鉴定水产养殖中分离自患病动物血液、肝胰腺和养殖水体的9个菌株，鉴定结果为9个菌株均为弧菌科细菌，其中4株属于气单胞菌属，分别为嗜水气单胞菌、温和气单胞菌和豚鼠气单胞菌，其余5株属于弧菌属，为副溶血性弧菌和溶藻弧菌。     

鲤隐性败血症病原菌的分离与鉴定

本文对东北地区流行的鲤隐性败血症进行了病原菌的分离、人工感染、病原菌生理、生化特性和药物敏感性的测定,观察了病理组织变化等。从病鱼内脏分离到场22株致病菌,其中标7株的生长及生化特性均符合嗜水气单胞菌种的特性,嗜水气单胞菌hec毒素检测呈阳性。有3株菌V—P(-)、赖氨酸(-)、葡萄糖产气(-)是区别嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)及温和气单胞菌(A．Sobrie)主要特征,这三株菌符合豚鼠气单胞菌(A．Caviae)种的特征。     

嗜水气单胞菌细胞外膜蛋白及S层蛋白分析

用十二烷酰肌氨酸盐抽提结合超速离心纯化，制备了19株典型嗜水气单胞菌（Aeromonas hydrophila)和1株温和气单胞菌（A.sobria)的主要外膜蛋白（MOMP）。根据SDS-PAGE图谱，将其中的14株菌分为3个MOMP组，I组的主要蛋白带为40kD和43kD，Ⅱ组的主要蛋白带为40kD和50kD,Ⅲ组的主要蛋白为40kD、46kD和50kD.MOMP组和血清型间没有严格的关系。用兔抗嗜水气单胞菌体抗原为第一抗体进行免疫印迹实验。结果显示，所有被试菌株都能产生强阳性反应，其中40kD的蛋白带为大多数菌株所共有，且具有相似的免疫原性，是构成菌体抗原的重要免疫原。用0.2mol/L甘氨酸缓冲液（pH4.0)处理上述菌株培养物，结果仅有嗜水气单胞菌ZY01-g3能够分离到丰富的S层样蛋白，其分子量约为52kD，而分子量约为52kD，而其他菌株未能分离到典型的S层样蛋白，表明S层蛋白的分布有限。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).