暖季型结缕草对低温响应的生理生态特性

以沟叶结缕草和结缕草为材料,测定了两种结缕草在低温胁迫下叶片主要抗性生理指标及其内源激素的变化,结果表明:在低温胁迫下,两种结缕草叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量都显著增加,叶片SOD、POD和CAT三种酶活性和MDA含量都有不同程度增强或增加.其中沟叶结缕草叶片可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量及SoD和CAT值增幅均大于结缕草,表现出更强的生长优势;低温对两种结缕草叶片的类胡萝卜素(Car)含量,叶绿素a (Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)以及Chla/Chlb的比值也产生了较大的影响.在低温胁迫下,两种结缕草叶片内ABA含量增加,GA3含量下降,抑制类激素ABA含量与促进类激素GA3、IAA和ZR含量总和的比值升高,IAA和ZR含量则表现为10℃时增加,O℃时减少.     

不同盐浓度下3种结缕草的耐盐性比较研究

以大穗结缕草、沟叶结缕草和日本结缕草为试材,研究了不同浓度NaCl(0.20%,0.40%,0.60%,0.80%)处理40 d后对3种草坪草叶片中保护酶(POD,SOD,CAT)活性、丙二醛、脯氨酸、叶绿素及可溶性蛋白含量的影响,以确定各自的耐盐性强弱。结果表明,随盐浓度增加,3种草坪草叶片中的保护酶活性、丙二醛、脯氨酸含量呈上升趋势。在0.80%盐浓度下,大穗结缕草叶片中的保护酶活性较高而丙二醛、脯氨酸含量较低;低盐浓度下(<0.40%),3种草坪草叶片的叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量随盐浓度升高而升高,高盐浓度下(>0.60%),随盐浓度升高而下降。在0.80%盐浓度下,大穗结缕草叶片的叶绿素及可溶性蛋白含量较高且下降值较小。表明大穗结缕草具有较高的耐盐性。     

结缕草ZjSGR基因在离体模拟逆境胁迫环境下的功能

结缕草（Zoysia japonica Steud.L）是禾本科多年生草本植物，适用于运动场草坪建植等。但结缕草在北方生长绿期较短，制约了其大面积的应用，因此培育绿期长、抗性好的结缕草品种成为重要育种目标。而SGR（STAY-GREEN）滞绿基因的发现为改善结缕草持绿性提供了便利。本研究通过对野生植株与结缕草Zjsgr突变株系的叶绿素含量、MDA （Malondialdehyde，MDA）含量、可溶性蛋白含量和抗氧化酶活性等指标进行检测，探究野生植株与突变植株在离体处理模拟的逆境胁迫下各指标之间的变化。结果表明：突变植株与野生植株相比，在逆境胁迫下叶绿素含量下降幅度更小；逆境胁迫下，突变植株的MDA含量和可溶性蛋白含量更低；在非胁迫环境下，突变植株部分抗氧化酶活性更高。总体来看Zjsgr突变植株在离体处理下具有较好的持绿性，较强的抗氧化能力。综上所述，ZjSGR基因可能与植物抗逆性有关，为全面研究ZjSGR基因的功能奠定了基础，对选育结缕草滞绿、抗逆品种具有重要作用。     

SA、H2O2和6-BA预处理对沟叶结缕草耐寒性的影响

通过对沟叶结缕草进行叶面喷施信号化合物SA、H₂O₂和6-BA,研究了预处理对沟叶结缕草耐寒性的影响。结果表明,SA、H₂O₂和6-BA预处理可以有效控制或者防止结缕草叶片中活性氧的积累和氧化伤害的发生,从而提高其抗寒性;预处理植株中POD、CAT和APX活性在胁迫过程中显著高于对照,冷胁迫本身可以诱导SOD的活性避免O₂^-的积累,GR在抗寒胁迫过程中可能起到负反馈的作用,抗氧化酶活性升高与沟叶结缕草耐寒性的获得密切相关;在这3种信号化合物中,SA预处理植株中SOD,CAT和GR活性高于对照和其他化合物预处理植株,并且具有最小的MDA浓度,因此,SA对于提高沟叶结缕草的耐寒性最有效。     

干旱胁迫下结缕草叶片抗坏血酸与相关生理指标变化的品种差异研究

通过盆栽试验,以日本结缕草与细叶结缕草为材料,研究了干旱胁迫下结缕草叶片AsA含量与相关生理指标的品种差异。结果表明,干旱胁迫下日本结缕草和细叶结缕草叶片中AsA含量与相关生理指标的动态变化规律基本相似,但品种间差异显著。干旱胁迫下2个品种的AsA含量和AsA/DHA均呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势,但日本结缕草下降的时间更早。干旱胁迫下叶片相对含水量、POD活性在2个品种中均呈下降趋势,但日本结缕草的下降趋势更明显,尤其在干旱胁迫后期。胁迫后日本结缕草叶绿素a与叶绿素b含量下降明显,而细叶结缕草变化不大。胁迫后两者的相对电导率和MDA含量均呈上升趋势,但日本结缕草增加的幅度更为显著。干旱胁迫后日本结缕草和细叶结缕草叶片Rubisco的含量均在第3天开始下降,胁迫后期日本结缕草Rubisco含量恢复到对照水平,而细叶结缕草Rubisco含量在胁迫后期显著高于对照。本研究结果表明,干旱胁迫下结缕草可以通过增加和维持叶片中AsA含量与POD活性来减缓Rubisco及叶绿素的降解,降低干旱胁迫对植株造成的氧化胁迫伤害程度,进而改善其抗旱能力。本研究结果进一步证实结缕草抗旱能力有品种差异,其中日本结缕草抗旱能力弱于细叶结缕草。     

践踏胁迫对两种暖地型草坪草叶片形态及生理的影响

通过测定践踏胁迫下野生假俭草和结缕草2种草坪草叶片的几项生理指标,初步探讨了在践踏胁迫下叶片的超氧化物歧化酶活性、可溶性总糖含量、脯氨酸含量、相对电导率和叶绿素含量等生理指标的变化特征.结果表明,1)践踏胁迫下假俭草和结缕草草层厚度、叶片长度和宽度均比对照有显著的减少.2)践踏胁迫下结缕草和假俭草的相对电导率、可溶性总糖、脯氨酸含量均显著高于对照;SOD酶活性要低于对照.3)践踏胁迫下可溶性总糖含量、脯氨酸含量、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的含量均为:假俭草>结缕草.综合评价,通过形态和生理指标分析假俭草叶片耐践踏能力大于结缕草.     

两种暖季型草坪禾草对土壤持续干旱胁迫的生理反应

在土壤含水量不断递减的干旱胁迫条件下,对沟叶结缕草、假俭草的生理反应进行研究.结果表明,恢复供水试验显示,沟叶结缕草的抗旱能力大于假俭草;随胁迫加深,叶片含水量不断下降,水分饱和亏缺增加;脯氨酸(Pro)含量先升后降,但沟叶结缕草的高峰期出现较假俭草迟且含量高,因而可以Pro高峰期出现的早迟及含量高低作为判定抗旱能力的指标之一;根系活力胁迫初期高于对照,以后逐渐下降,但沟叶结缕草维持高水平时间较长;胁迫初期叶片质膜透性(RPP)、丙二醛(MDA)表现为缓慢递增,SOD活性高于对照,当胁迫到一定程度后,RPP、MDA急剧增加,SOD活性急剧下降,但沟叶结缕草能在较长时间内维持SOD活性,RPP、MDA增加幅度较小,这是沟叶结缕草较假俭草抗旱的生理机制之一.     

铅递进胁迫对假俭草和结缕草生理特性的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了铅递进胁迫对假俭草和结缕草叶片脂质过氧化程度、叶绿素含量、脯氨酸含量及叶片抗氧化系统等的影响.结果表明,随着Pb2 处理浓度的升高,1)假俭草叶片出现不同程度的伤害,结缕草伤害较轻;2)2种草叶片膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,增大幅度假俭草大于结缕草;3)超氧化物歧化(SOD)活性在假俭草中先升高后降低,结缕草变化不明显;4)假俭草过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,而结缕草恰好相反;5)游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量假俭草随铅胁迫浓度的增加先升高后降低,结缕草游离脯氨酸含量一直升高;6)2种草叶绿素含量都是呈现出先升高后降低的变化趋势.分析表明结缕草对铅的耐受性比假俭草强.     

生长期内三种结缕草对盐胁迫的响应

试验以大穗结缕草、沟叶结缕草和日本结缕草为试材,研究了不同盐浓度(0,0.2%,0.4%,0.6%,0.8%)对生长期内3种结缕草叶片膜脂过氧化及生长的影响。结果表明,3种结缕草的生物量均随着盐浓度的增加逐渐减小;随着盐浓度的提高及处理时间的延长,3种结缕草的可溶性蛋白含量逐渐降低;相对电导率和丙二醛含量增加,在低盐浓度(0.2%~0.4%)下,两者增加幅度较小,当盐浓度为0.8%时,3种结缕草的相对电导率均达最大值,分别是38.71%,41.32%,40.97%,可溶性蛋白含量均达到最小值,分别为2.08,1.15和1.33 mg/g FW。Pro含量在处理后第10天达最大值,之后逐渐下降,后期变化比较平稳。在低盐浓度(0.2%~0.4%)下,CAT和SOD活性逐渐降低,而高盐浓度(0.6%~0.8%)下,两种酶活性呈上升-下降-上升的趋势。3种结缕草相比,大穗结缕草在高盐浓度胁迫下的相对电导率和丙二醛含量最低,而保护酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量最高。试验证明大穗结缕草抗盐能力最强,沟叶结缕草次之,日本结缕草较差。     

多效唑和磷、钾肥配施对沟叶结缕草抗寒性的影响

采用裂裂区设计研究多效唑和磷、钾肥配施对沟叶结缕草抗寒性的影响,试验表明多效唑和磷、钾肥合理配施可以显著提高越冬期沟叶结缕草抗寒性,即可溶性糖、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量提高,同时丙二醛（MDA）含量有所减少,减轻了膜脂过氧化程度;而总酚、类黄酮含量表现出降低趋势,是低温胁迫下的一种适应性反应。综合分析各项指标表明,试验最优组合为P2K3Y2（P2O560kg/hm^2,KCl 140kg/hm^2和多效唑250mg/L）。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.