冷却剂参数对铣槽喷管低周疲劳寿命的影响

采用有限体积流固耦合计算方法、非线性有限元热结构耦合分析方法和局部应变法研究大面积比铣槽喷管三维再生冷却槽道在循环工作条件下的热结构变形与低周疲劳寿命,并对比分析了冷却剂质量流量与入口温度对铣槽喷管疲劳使用寿命的影响。计算结果表明,铣槽喷管热结构响应呈现复杂的三维效应,应变较大位置主要分布在与肋连接的内衬区域,喷管中部的残余应变量最大;冷却槽道低周疲劳寿命分布和热结构响应基本一致,最小寿命位于喷管中部与肋相连的内衬区域燃气侧;随冷却剂质量流量增加,铣槽喷管低周疲劳寿命不断提高;随冷却剂入口温度增加喷管尾部低周疲劳寿命值不断降低,而喷管中前部的低周疲劳寿命值却不断提高,当冷却剂入口温度为280K左右时,本文的铣槽喷管总体使用寿命达到最大。      

不同绿地类型对城市小气候的影响

通过HOBO便携式气象站测定了城市林荫道、草坪、广场3种绿地类型的气温、相对湿度和辐射强度。分析了不同绿地类型上的温度、湿度及太阳辐射变化情况,比较了不同绿地类型对城市小气候的影响。结果表明,随着辐射强度的增强,林荫道有较好的降温保湿效果,并且林荫道与广场的最高温差可达2.76℃,相对湿度的最高差值可达12.5%。在晴朗无风的条件下,随着辐射强度的变化林荫道上温度和相对湿度变化比较缓慢,所以随着辐射强度的增强,林荫道上的气温低于草坪,相对湿度则高于草坪,当辐射强度逐渐减弱时,林荫道上的气温逐渐高于草坪,相对湿度则低于草坪。     

热带地区林內和林外的能量平衡与小气候的比較

本文根据1960年8—11月在热带地区海南岛树林内外的辐射平衡、热量平衡与小气候的观测,对林内外的辐射能与热能收支作了计算,分析了林内外小气候要素的分布与变化规律,得到下列初步结果:林内的辐射强度与热量交换比林外弱得多;林内得到的淨辐射主要用于土壤增热与蒸发,林外得到的淨辐射则主要用于空气增热与蒸发;林内的土壤温度与空气温度比林外低,而空气湿度则比林外高。林内的小气候是凉爽而潮湿的,林外的小气候则是炎热而干燥的。森林对改善小气候环境条件有重大的良好作用。     

黑龙江大兴安岭兴安落叶松林土壤热通量研究

利用气象梯度观测塔安装的土壤热通量板和净辐射传感器等设备对大兴安岭的兴安落叶松林土壤热通量的特征及与净辐射相关性进行了分析。结果表明：5cm土壤热通量的日变化和年变化均呈现出＂S＂形,土壤热通量在年度6月达到最大值747.35W·m-2,12月达到最小值-394.55 W·m-2,全年总土壤热通量为738.89 W·m-2,全年土壤总的热通量为正值,土壤为热汇。对5cm土壤热通量和冠层净辐射相关性进行了回归分析,无论在日尺度还是在年尺度上均达到显著相关性。     

常规热压无胶干法纤维板热压传热研究

对未施加胶粘剂的干法纤维板板坯采用常规热压法进行热压时的中心层温度变化规律。以及温度变化与板坯含水率、板厚、板材密度和热压温度等因素的关系进行了探讨。     

昆明市瞬时热力场空间格局及动态变化

文章用遥感技术及1995年、2010年、2015年多期Landsat影像对昆明20 a的温度变化进行研究,基于不同地表辐射温度,将所有地块分为5个温度等级:相对低辐射温度区域(13.89℃),相对较低温辐射温度区域(13.89~20.67℃),中等辐射温度区域(20.67~27.45℃),相对较高温辐射温度区域(27.45~34.23℃)和相对高温辐射温度区域(34.23℃),分析城市的热力场变化与下垫面类型变化之间的关系。结果表明,经过了20 a的城市化进程,昆明市的低温区逐渐缩小至完全消失,而高温区则是从无到有,再到逐渐扩大,至2015年高温区的面积已经达到1995年高温区面积的13倍。下垫面的变化是影响城市地表辐射温度发生变化的主要原因,建筑材料和裸露的地表都具有很高的吸热能力,因此建筑面积和未利用荒地面积的增加是导致城市地表温度逐渐升高的主要原因,同时人口的剧增还会导致大量人为热量的释放,也会导致地表温度的升高。植被可以减缓城市的热岛效应,在城区中,有植被覆盖的区域温度明显要低于其他地区。因此,合理扩大城市的绿化面积是降低城市地表温度的最有效的办法。     

小五台山自然保护区气候特征初步分析

利用小五台山自然保护区山涧口沟山神庙滩自动气象站3a的观测资料,分析了该地区温度、湿度、雨量、大气压强和辐射等气象要素的季节变化特征。结果表明:该区具有气温日较差和年较差较大的气候特点,年均气温为7.87℃,气温季节变化中降温率高于升温率;年降水总量高,达728.48mm;平均相对湿度季节变化过程分布与年变化基本与气温的季节变化一致,与降水量分布一致;大气压强变化分布主要受季节变化过程影响,与相对湿度呈现反向关系;月均总辐射强度夏季明显高于冬季,5月出现最大值,与大气所含水汽、天空云量、下垫面性质等因素有关。     

夏热冬冷地区太阳能烟囱冬季供暖的性能研究

介绍了太阳能烟囱在通风和供暖两种工况下的系统原理及流程,分析了太阳能烟囱用于夏热冬冷地区冬季采暖的两种运行模式特点及性能,计算结果表明:太阳能烟囱通风量随太阳辐射强度、烟囱高度及烟囱宽度的增加而增加。当室外温度相同,室内温度低于室外温度时,室内空气循环系统的通风量比全新风系统的通风量大;室内温度高于室外温度时,室内空气循环系统的通风量比全新风系统的通风量小。室内空气循环系统空气获得的热量比新风系统大,更容易满足室内热舒适需求。在太阳辐射强度为200W/m2时,全新风系统和室内空气循环系统得到的热量分别能达到室内热负荷的76.6%、94.2%。在太阳辐射强度为300W/m2、400W/m2时,可满足室内热负荷需求。     

干法无胶纤维板粘合机理的研究Ⅱ．干法无胶纤维板的红外光谱分析

运用红外光谱分析法研究了干法无胶纤维板制造过程中木材组成成分官能团的变化，进而探讨了干法无胶纤维板的粘合机理。结果表明：（１）在热磨过程中，热磨制浆使木材中高聚物——纤维素、半纤维素、木素都有不同程度的降解。（２）在热压制板过程中，热磨降解后的木材成分经热压工艺能发生聚合反应，使木质纤维粘合成板。（３）热磨过程产生的活性羟基，热压后可以缔合形成氢键，增加了纤维之间的结合力，有利于木质纤维粘合成板。（４）热压成板后，憎水性羰基官能团增加，亲水性“自由的”羟基数量减少，增强了板的耐水性能     

阻燃三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂胶对胶合板发烟特性的影响

为探究阻燃三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂胶(IFR-MUF)对胶合板发烟特性的影响,研究了两种辐射强度下,胶合板的发烟总量和烟气温度。结果表明:MUF可使炭化层趋于整体性,抑制燃烧前期的发烟,但会导致燃烧后期烟气的集中释放;IFR阻燃剂对发烟总量的影响与辐射强度密切相关,可使烟气温度大幅降低。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。