新疆葡萄主要病虫害及防治

针对目前新疆葡萄病虫害的发生情况，重点讲述了葡萄霜霉病、葡萄白粉病、葡萄瘿螨（葡萄毛毡病）、葡萄短须螨（红蜘蛛）这4种病虫害的为害症状、发生规律及防治方法。并归纳总结了葡萄园主要病虫害综合防治历。     

瓮安县葡萄病虫发生种类调查及防治措施

2013-2015年对贵州省瓮安县葡萄有害生物进行调查,数据表明:瓮安县葡萄园发生病虫种类有25种,其中,侵染性病害9种,非侵染性病害5种,虫害7目11科11种。发生普遍、危害较重的病虫害主要是霜霉病、炭疽病、灰霉病、黑痘病、白粉病、日灼、裂果、葡萄二星叶蝉、绿盲蝽、野蛞蝓、铜绿丽金龟等。针对葡萄主要病虫的发生危害特点,提出以农业防控与物理防控和生物防控相结合,抓住防控适期,及时使用高效、低毒、低残毒农药和生物源农药以及杀虫灯、黄板等的防治对策。     

酿酒葡萄常见病虫害及其防治措施

玛纳斯地区酿酒葡萄产业链的不断发展，迄今面积已增至近6667hm^2。随着种植年限的延长，病虫害发展呈逐年加重的趋势，常见的几种酿酒葡萄病虫害有霜霉病、白粉病、毛毡病、叶蝉、黄化病、日灼等。     

石河子鲜食葡萄主要病虫害综合防治技术

石河子地处新疆准噶尔盆地,光照充足,昼夜温差大,适宜葡萄生长发育,尤其是葡萄成熟期的生态气候条件有利于葡萄糖分的积累,其优质的果品深受国内、外的青睐.但由于规模化种植,集中连片,也为葡萄的病虫害的发生、蔓延提供了良好的空间,并成为石河子垦区鲜食葡萄生产、发展的限制因素之一.目前,石河子葡萄主要病害有霜霉病、白粉病、毛毡病、根瘤病、灰霉病、穗轴褐枯病等,其中葡萄霜霉病、白粉病为害较重,2007年发病率达32%.     

葡萄病害综合防治技术

农六师目前葡萄定植总面积1626．6hm^2，其中鲜食葡萄1060hm^2，品种主要有红提、克瑞森、八月皇家、莫莉莎和无核早红等；酿酒葡萄566．6hm^2，品种主要有赤霞珠、梅露辄等。2005年，葡萄虫害未有发生，病害以霜霉病、日灼病为主，其次为白粉病、毛毡病、病毒病等。     

葡萄抗病品种筛选初报

南方地区种植葡萄受传染性病害的危害相当严重,如葡萄霜霉病、黑痘病、炭疽病、白粉病、褐斑病、穗轴病、锈病、黑腐病、白腐病等,从葡萄展叶期就开始感病,到 5月后为发病高峰期,并且重复感病.经多年生产实践观察认为,选用抗病品种和运用抗病栽培技术措施,才能获取葡萄的优质丰产.现将我们在重庆市铜梁县对葡萄抗病品种的筛选结果介绍如下.     

7～8月份美国红提葡萄主要病害的防治

<正>7～8月份是葡萄在一年中的发病高峰期。此期间病虫害防治的好坏,不仅对当年植株的生长影响重大,对来年果园的病虫害防治也不无影响。葡萄病害的防治要做到以防为主,综合防治。一、病害种类该期间红提葡萄的主要病害有:霜霉病、白粉病、褐斑病、黑腐病、黑痘病。二、发病症状与防治措施     

葡萄霜霉病预测模型及预警技术研究进展

霜霉病是危害葡萄最严重的病害之一，目前采用的主要防治手段是喷施化学农药，但其用量过多也带来许多严重问题。若要减轻农药污染，就必须对病害进行精确的预测预报，以便确定最合理的农药使用时机和使用量。在此，从病害流行系统的监测、因子选择、结构及应用等方面综述了利用农业气象模型预测葡萄霜霉病的研究应用进展，并对其存在的问题及发展前景作了讨论。     

黔东南地区葡萄主要病害发生规律及防控技术

系统介绍黔东南地区葡萄霜霉病、黑痘病、炭疽病、白腐病、褐斑病、白粉病等主要病害的发生规律、危害症状和防控技术。     

qhxlove@tom.com

 利用7个酒葡萄品种对霜霉病抗性进行了鉴定，并研究了不同感病性酒葡萄品种霜霉病的发生情况及霞多丽品种叶片内三项生化指标的变化。结果表明，在供试品种中，没有对霜霉病完全免疫的酒葡萄品种，但不同酒葡萄品种间抗性存在着显著的差异。其中，贝特和SV6059属低感品种，感病较重的品种有霞多丽、伏罗西，而华北264、夏夫拉尼、品丽珠感病性中等。随着发病程度逐渐加重，葡萄叶片内可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖含量逐渐下降，而超氧化物歧化酶活性则呈上升趋势。     

植物新品种保护与品种审定的意义和异同

随着知识产权愈来愈受到社会各界的关注，植物新品种保护工作也显得尤为重要。该文着重介绍了植物新品种保护的发展概况、意义及其与品种审定的异同，使读者对植物新品种保护工作有所了解。     

大白菜施肥技巧与主要病虫害防治

1施肥技巧 大白菜施肥原则是：整地重施有机肥，苗后分次巧追肥。追肥要掌握“少量多次、前少后多、分期供给”。肥后及时浇水，以达到肥水均匀，充分发挥肥效。     

我国蔬菜产业和科学技术的发展与展望

1　我国蔬菜产业的发展现状蔬菜是人们日常生活中不可缺少的副食品,也是我国目前种植业中最具活力的经济作物。改革开放以来,随着市场经济的发展,农产品产销体制的不断改革和完善,特别是1988年实施“菜篮子工程”以来,蔬菜产业得到了蓬勃发展。1.1　播种面积1987~1999年,全国蔬菜播种面积由533.3万hm²,发展到1333.3万hm²,增长139.5%。1.2　总产量1987~1999年,全国蔬菜总产量由1.55亿t增加到4.05亿t,增长161.3%,使年人均鲜菜占有量达到330.7kg(世界各国人均105kg……     

Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and residues of oil and protein crops

Oil and protein crops are of growing importance in cropping systems. This study was carried out to compare oil crops of linseed, rapeseed, sunflower and protein crops of faba bean and white lupin for grain production, residual plant dry matter and nitrogen. Two field experiments with either oil or protein crops were conducted in 1993 and 1994, respectively. Total dry matter production, grain yield, residues, N concentrations and mineral N in the soil were measured. Dry matter production and distribution as well as N uptake and residues varied greatly among species and between years. In 1993, oil crops gave up to 3 t ha⁻¹ grain and 16 t ha⁻¹ residues with sunflower, while in 1994 up to 5 and 11 t ha⁻¹, respectively, were recorded with winter rape. Protein crops showed an opposite reaction in years. Nitrogen uptake and residual N amounts were correlated with dry matter production. Plant residues of oil crops contained 20–140 kg N ha⁻¹; those of protein crops up to 80 kg N ha⁻¹. Despite the variation of residual plant N the variability of mineral N in the soil at harvest was hardly influenced by crops and amounted to only 20–50 kg NO⁻₃-N ha⁻¹.     

向日葵抗盐碱生理生化机制与生长发育特性分析

以Y05-222A和Y06-136R杂交得到的135株F₂群体为研究材料,测定过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、脯氨酸（Pro）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛（MDA）等6个生理指标,并进行方差分析、相关性分析和通径分析,对F₂群体进行偏度及峰度分析。结果显示,以上6个生理指标在F₂群体中P>0.05,分布频率符合正态分布,同时存在双向超亲分离现象;相关性分析和通径分析显示,这些指标与抗盐碱系数均呈极显著相关（正相关或负相关）,且相关系数与总间接通径系数方向一致。POD活性的直接通径系数为0.5003,可见POD直接影响抗盐碱性;CAT活性和Pro含量的直接通径系数分别为-0.1317和-0.0384,间接影响抗盐碱性;SOD活性、MDA及可溶性蛋白含量直接或间接影响抗盐碱性。POD、SOD、Pro、CAT、可溶性蛋白和MDA各生理指标的抗盐碱作用表现为POD>CAT>Pro>可溶性蛋白>MDA>SOD。叶片数、株高、茎粗和盘径与抗盐碱系数呈极显著正相关,其相关性表现为叶片数>盘径>株高>茎粗。以上结果可为研究油用向日葵抗盐碱性提供一定的理论基础。     

On Fengshui and Rockery and Water Layout

Definition of Fengshui and the theories of selecting mountain and water environment in Fengshui were elaborated. Theories about mountain-water relationship were expounded from the perspective of piling of rockeries and layout of water, a residential area in Hefei City, Beijing Olympics Park, Hangzhou Prince Bay Park, mineral pit of Shanghai Chenshan Botanic Garden, Beijing Beihai Park, Shanghai Changfeng Park were taken for example to demonstrate the influence of traditional rockery and mountain layout in Fengshui on modern landscape design.     

果蔬食品的褐变与控制

结合生产实际,对果蔬食品产生褐变的机理及其控制途径进行探讨。通过遗传学途径,培育果蔬新品种,使之不含易氧化变色物质,增强其天然抗褐变性,是控制果蔬褐变的根本途径。     

Approaches and Applications of Chemomics and Chemoinformatics

Some novel concepts of chemomics/molomics are proposed including hydrocarbomics, alcophenomics, carboxomics, pepitomics, metabonomics, etc. like genomics, protomics and glycomics in bioomics. Some examples are given to demonstrate the chemomics and/or molomics methodology and technology based chemoinformatics and bioinformatics and their wide applications in Chemistry and Biology.     

Acidity and sweetness in apple and pear

Summary Sweetness and acidity in apple and pear inherit independently and can be organoleptically evaluated separately, but less accurately in pear than in apple. For breeding purposes an analysis of fruits for acidity and sweetness with pH indicator paper and a hand refractometer is to be prefered to the organoleptic method.In apple, the acidity-decreasing with time-of the unripe fruit was already strongly indicative of that of the eating-ripe fruit; sugar-increasing with time-not before the fruit was picking ripe. Sugar content in apple and pear, and the pH in pear, appeared to be normally distributed; the pH in apple showed a segregation into an acid and a low-acid group, which occurred in both the unripe and ripe stage. The segregation ratio between these groups was found to be highly variable. On the whole, the mean acidity and sugar content of apple and pear progenies is significantly determined by that of the parents. Most of the observations made did not support the theory that low acidity in apple is determined by one recessive gene. The relationship between the pH of leaf juice and fruit juice in apple may offer a possibility for pre-selection.     

乙烯的生物合成与信号及其对种子萌发和休眠的调控

种子萌发是一种关键的生态和农业性状,由调控种子休眠状态和萌发潜势的内在和外部信息所决定,在植物随后的生长发育和产量中起着极其重要的作用。休眠是指种子在合适的条件下暂时不能萌发。乙烯是一种简单的具有多种功能的气体植物激素,在分子、细胞和整体植物水平调节植物的代谢。在适宜和逆境条件下,乙烯通过与其他信号分子的相互作用影响植物的行为。本文主要综述乙烯的生物合成与信号、乙烯在种子萌发和休眠释放中的作用以及乙烯与植物激素脱落酸和赤霉素的相互作用;并提出了需要进一步研究的科学问题,试图为解释乙烯调控种子萌发与休眠的分子机制提供新的研究思想。