超高压鲜榨梨汁褐变因素与控制研究

分析超高压鲜榨梨汁褐变的影响因素,探索褐变控制技术,以翠冠梨汁为对象,研究了成熟度、澄清、去心、柠檬酸、抗坏血酸处理对梨汁褐变的影响,测定了色泽、总酚、多酚氧化酶、糖度、酸度、pH值等指标。结果表明,八九成熟的翠冠梨榨汁不易褐变;300~600 MPa超高压处理会加速梨汁货架期褐变;PPO活性和总酚含量是影响鲜榨梨汁褐变的主要因素,而pH值是影响PPO活性的一个重要因素;澄清处理、去心处理可以降低PPO活性和总酚含量,一定程度上抑制梨汁褐变;柠檬酸会降低pH值,更接近PPO最适反应pH值,提高PPO活性,加速梨汁褐变;抗坏血酸可有效抑制PPO活性,防止梨汁褐变。因此,抗坏血酸是一种有效控制超高压梨汁褐变的方法。     

酿酒曲对柑橘梨汁复合酒发酵工艺的影响

通过添加不同含量的酿酒曲到柑橘梨汁复合液进行试验,结果表明：酿酒曲具有提高果汁出汁率,从而提高酒精度的作用;适当提高酿酒曲含量有利于果汁含糖量的快速降解,可获得较高浓度的酒精     

苹果多酚提取物对血管紧张素转换酶活性的抑制

为研究不同品种、成熟度的苹果多酚对血管紧张素转化酶（angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE）活性的影响,确立高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定苹果多酚对血管紧张素转换酶（ACE）活性抑制的检测方法。选取‘富士’、‘国光’2个品种、2个成熟度的苹果多酚提取物作为实验材料,研究其对ACE活性的抑制。实验结果表明,多酚浓度在1~250 μg/mL范围时,未成熟‘富士’、成熟‘富士’、未成熟‘国光’、成熟‘国光’的苹果多酚对ACE活性的抑制逐渐增强,其中未成熟‘富士’多酚提取物的半抑制率浓度IC50值最低,成熟‘国光’的IC50值最高,分别为16.9、80.8 μg/mL。由以上结果得出,未成熟‘富士’的苹果多酚对ACE活性的抑制作用最强,可以作为天然优良的ACE活性抑制剂。     

Effect of harvest maturity on quality of fresh-cut pear salad

Texture of an unripe pear is firm and crisp, similar to an apple. However, at the crisp stage, the flavor of pears is flat. This study evaluated the effect of harvest maturity on the quality of fresh-cut pear salad. Fruit were harvested at commercial maturity and 1-month delayed. After 2 and 5 months (1 and 4 months for delayed-harvest fruit) storage at ?1 °C, fruit were sliced into 8–12 wedges per fruit, dipped in an antibrowning solution, packaged in Ziploc bags and stored at 1 °C for up to 21 d. Delayed-harvest fruit were larger in size (≈20% increase in weight), had lower flesh firmness (≈17% decrease), lower titratable acidity content (≈20% decrease), and lower phenolic content (≈45% and 13% decreases in pulp and peel, respectively). There was no significant difference in soluble solids content. After 2 months storage, ethylene production and respiration rate were initially lower in the slices from delayed-harvest fruit, but tended to become similar after 7 d in storage at 1 °C. Delayed-harvest fruit had lower hydroxycinnamic acids and flavanols, and higher ester, alcohol, and aldehyde volatile compounds after 2–5 months storage. The results indicated that fruit salad produced with delayed-harvest pears had less browning potential and better flavor. Sensory evaluation results showed that about 80% of the panel liked slices from delayed-harvest fruit over commercial harvested, especially in terms of visual quality (65–85%), sweetness (75–95%), taste (70–80%), and overall quality (75–80%) during 21 d storage at 1 °C. The cut surface of slices appeared dry in delayed-harvest fruit when processed after 5 months in storage. However, sensory evaluation showed that panels still preferred the delayed-harvest fruit.     

北京果园土壤营养状况和微生物种群调查分析

为了探明北京地区主要果树的肥力水平,应用田间土壤取样方法,对苹果、梨、桃和葡萄三种不同产量品质水平(高、中、低)果园的土壤理化性状、营养水平和微生物种群数量进行分析。结果表明：土壤容重1.06～1.60 g.cm-3,不同树种差异不显著;土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)81.47～238.83 mmol.kg-1,苹果、桃、葡萄园显著高于梨园,同一树种的高(H)、中(M)型果园均高于低(L)型园;土壤pH在7.39～8.55间;有机质含量7.34～19.50 g.kg-1,不同树种差异不显著,同一树种的H园高于M、L园;全氮0.41～1.09 g.kg-1,苹果、桃和葡萄园显著高于梨园,同一树种H园高于M、L园;速效磷14.54～185.50 mg.kg-1,速效钾99.77～267.50 mg.kg-1,不同树种及不同类型果园间差异均不显著;有效铁、锌和硼含量分别为4.78～33.42mg.kg-1、0.97～10.54mg.kg-1、0.19～0.58mg.kg-1。四种果园的土壤微生物总量为0.45×107～1.23×107cfu.g-1,苹果园最高,梨园最低;细菌数量占绝对优势,放线菌次之,真菌最少。不同树种果园土壤营养水平(Pi)顺序为苹果(0.71)＞葡萄(0.58)＞桃(0.54)＞梨(0.31),同一树种为H＞M＞L。综合分析,北京果园土壤营养和微生物种群总体状况为土壤pH偏高,有机质和全氮缺乏,磷钾比偏高,有效硼不足,土壤微生物总量偏少等,为北京果园土壤改良提供了基本理论依据。     

苹果和梨不同品种及品质特性对近红外反射光谱无损测定SSC的影响

基于近红外光照射技术的无损检测方法是目前果实品质无损检测的主要手段之一。本试验采用有损与无损两种方法就苹果和梨不同品种及品质特性、采收期、套袋等因素对无损检测果实可溶性固形物含量（SSC）结果准确性的影响进行了研究。结果表明,新红星、金冠苹果等果皮较厚的品种对无损检测结果的准确性影响较大．而寒富苹果及梨等果皮较薄的果品,无损检测结果较准确;同时,果个较小的果实无损检测结果准确性较差．而果实色泽、脱宿萼、公母梨、采收期等因素对无损检测结果无明显影响．套袋果实无损检测结果的准确性及重复性较好。     

3种鲜食型苹果发酵酒的对比研究

以国光苹果为原料,以活性干酵母为发酵剂,经过苹果预处理、果汁澄清、过滤、发酵等工序,通过正交试验和感官质量评价确定最佳工艺条件:初始酸度为3.5,酵母添加量0.06%,初始糖度20°Bx,发酵温度17℃。在此条件下,进行3个鲜食型苹果品种间单因素试验。结果表明,红富士苹果为最佳酿酒原料。     

南瓜番茄黄色复合汁制作工艺研究

为了获得南瓜汁和番茄汁为主要成分的黄色复合果蔬汁制作工艺,以南瓜、番茄、菠萝和苹果为原料,经提汁后进行复合,采用正交实验,确定了4种果蔬汁复合的最优配比,同时对最优配方的复合果蔬汁的稳定性进行了研究。结果表明：由50%南瓜汁、25%番茄汁、5%菠萝汁和3%苹果汁复合时,并且添加蔗糖10%,柠檬酸0.2%,口感最好;当南瓜番茄复合果蔬汁中加入0.02%黄原胶和0.06%果胶,均质后,产品均匀稳定。以南瓜汁和番茄汁为主要原料,配以少量的菠萝汁和苹果汁,按一定配比进行复合,添加一定量的黄原胶和果胶,均质后,可得到口感较好,易为消费者接受的黄色复合果蔬汁。     

宁夏主栽苹果品种制汁特点剖析

对宁夏栽培的23个早、中、晚熟苹果品种制汁相关指标进行了测定。测定结果显示,早熟品种的酸度指标均能满足制汁需要,但是采后酸的分解、硬度下降较快 中熟品种绝大多数总酸指标未能满足制汁要求 晚熟品种的总酸含量因产地不同存在差异,其中丹霞、昊红、国光均是制汁的适宜品种。     

鲜榨果汁抗氧化性能的比较

测定了14种鲜榨果汁中黄酮和VC的含量,通过果汁对羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和过氧化氢的清除试验,比较了其抗氧化性能的强弱。结果表明,抗氧化性由高到低顺序依次为猕猴桃、草莓、橘子、木瓜、橙子、柠檬、苹果、蜜柚、杨桃、梨、枇杷、芭乐、西瓜、菠萝。鲜榨果汁中黄酮含量与其抗氧化性之间有显著的相关性。说明鲜榨果汁的抗氧化性能主要是由含有的黄酮类化合物决定的。     

土壤pH和不同酸化土壤改良剂对苹果果实品质的影响

摘 要：由于长期大量使用化肥,许多老苹果产区果园土壤呈现酸化趋势。为了科学评价土壤酸化及其改良对苹果果实品质的影响,本文通过研究不同酸化苹果园果实品质的差异,以及施用几种酸化土壤改良剂对土壤pH等土壤性状和苹果果实可溶性固形物等果实品质因素的影响,运用综合评价模型综合分析了土壤pH对果实综合品质影响。结果表明,果实单果重、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、果皮色泽和果实风味五项指标与土壤pH的相关系数分别为0.9711、0.9548、0.9629、0.9842和0.9494,均大于r0（r0=0.9500）,呈显著相关。而果形指数和可滴定酸受土壤pH的影响较小,未达显著水平。土壤酸化明显降低果实品质。以使用过的大豆油脱色剂膨润土、豆油渣和有机质为主要成分的自制有机肥可明显提高土壤pH,并显著提高果实综合品质。     

不同果树枝条栽培灵芝基质配方研究

通过利用农业副产物果树枝条进行灵芝栽培基质配方优化研究,筛选出适合果树可持续发展的最佳灵芝栽培配方。本研究利用桃树、梨树和苹果树枝屑,通过不同配方优化设计进行灵芝优良菌株的栽培研究,对灵芝子实体的农艺性状进行差异分析,同时结合其氨基酸和矿质元素含量分析。结果表明：通过对灵芝子实体农艺性状差异分析,苹果-2配方表现最好;通过对氨基酸含量分析,配方组氨基酸含量顺序为桃树组配方＞梨树组配方＞苹果树组配方;综合9个配方中灵芝子实体内矿质元素含量分析,梨树-1配方表现最佳。以上不同的配方栽培出的灵芝其产量、氨基酸和矿质元素含量各不相同,芝农可根据不同的需要而选择合适的灵芝栽培基质配方。     

Chemical and flavour changes in jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) cultivar J3 during ripening

Chemical composition (titratable acidity, moisture content, crude fibre, colour, pH, soluble solids, sugars, organic acids) and flavour changes during ripening of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) cultivar J3 were evaluated. Significant (p < 0.05) changes in titratable acidity and colour was obtained, but no significant changes were found in moisture and crude fiber contents during ripening. Total soluble solids and total sugars increased significantly (p < 0.05) throughout the ripening process. Total soluble solids at the top portion of the fruit were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than middle and bottom portions of the same fruit. A high content of malic acid was found in unripe fruit (day 1). In contrast, ripened fruit (days 5 and 6) contained a high amount of citric acid. Overall, the total amount of organic acids was found to decrease from the early to later stage of ripening. A total of 23 volatile compounds were tentatively identified by GC and GC–MS. The number of peaks was observed to increase throughout the ripening process. In this study, data obtained suggest that the ripening process of jackfruit was at its optimum at day 5 after harvest.     

果浆酶SEB MASH的酶解工艺及其应用研究

研究了印度Advance enzyme公司果浆酶(SEB MASH)应用于苹果浆的酶解工艺条件,对比分析了酶解前后苹果浆各项指标的变化情况。利用L1(645)正交试验,得到果浆酶SEB MASH的最佳酶解条件为:果浆酶用量0.015 g/100 g苹果浆、酶解时间30 min,酶解温度35℃,在此条件下苹果浆的出汁率为95.39%;酶解后苹果的出汁率比直接榨汁的出汁率(75.36%)提高了26.58%。酶解前后的对比分析结果表明,果浆酶SEB MASH有效地提高了苹果榨汁的出汁率,果胶含量以及果渣质量比酶解前分别降低了55.09%和67.6%,且果浆酶处理后果汁的透光率和色值均有较大提高。所以,果浆酶SEB MASH可有效用于苹果果浆,提高苹果加工的出汁率和生产能力。     

Real time polymerase chain reaction for rapid and quantitative determination of Cystofilobasidium infirmominiatum on the surfaces of apple,pear, and sweet cherry fruit

The objectives of this study were to develop primers and a real time PCR protocol for the postharvest biocontrol yeast Cystofilobasidium infirmominiatum (Cim). The application of this technology was developed to quantify Cim on the surfaces of apple, two pear cultivars, and sweet cherry fruit treated over a range of concentrations. Statistically significant relationships were observed between Cim DNA on fruit surfaces, expressed as μg/m², and CFU/L of dip suspensions for apple, pear, and sweet cherry. In addition, the relationship for each fruit was significantly different from the other three fruits. Threshold values of concentrations of Cim DNA on the fruit surface were calculated based on regression equations and a dose of 2.0 × 10¹¹ CFU/L of dip suspension, the dose for optimum decay control, and were 4.8, 7.0, 16.5, and 25.2 μg/m² for Bosc pear, Lapins sweet cherry, d’Anjou pear, and Golden Delicious apple, respectively. Monitoring Cim DNA concentration on fruit surfaces will assure that Cim is being properly applied to fruit and that a sufficient number of cells are present for optimum decay control.     

Quality attributes of stored koubo (Cereus peruvianus (L.) Miller) fruit

Cereus peruvianus (L.) Miller (koubo, also known as apple cactus) is a new fruit crop in Israel. When the fruit reach full maturity, they tend to crack due to uncoordinated growth of the different fruit tissues. This phenomenon normally causes heavy fruit losses, as much as 90% of the total yield. To prevent this problem, fruit are usually harvested before they reach full ripening, i.e. at the violet stage, a practice that effectively prevents cracking, but also reduces the overall quality of the marketed fruit. In order to establish optimal harvesting protocols and storage conditions, we characterized fruit ripening under storage, comparing purple-harvested fruit, stored fruit (purple and red-ripe) and tree-ripened red-split fruit. Organoleptic tests indicated that the overall flavor increased concomitantly with the development of the red peel color. During ripening, the pH slightly increased, while titratable acidity and the content of malic acid decreased. These changes were more marked in stored than in tree-ripened fruit. The levels of polysaccharides, glucose and fructose did not change significantly during storage. The content of linalool and linalool derivatives increased dramatically during storage, being much higher than that of cracked tree-ripened fruit. Our results indicated that the overall quality of the fruit increased during storage as expressed by color change, decreased acidity and enhanced levels of aroma compounds, while the content of carbohydrates was practically unaffected.     

Genomics of pear and other Rosaceae fruit trees

The family Rosaceae includes many economically important fruit trees, such as pear, apple, peach, cherry, quince, apricot, plum, raspberry, and loquat. Over the past few years, whole-genome sequences have been released for Chinese pear, European pear, apple, peach, Japanese apricot, and strawberry. These sequences help us to conduct functional and comparative genomics studies and to develop new cultivars with desirable traits by marker-assisted selection in breeding programs. These genomics resources also allow identification of evolutionary relationships in Rosaceae, development of genome-wide SNP and SSR markers, and construction of reference genetic linkage maps, which are available through the Genome Database for the Rosaceae website. Here, we review the recent advances in genomics studies and their practical applications for Rosaceae fruit trees, particularly pear, apple, peach, and cherry.     

苹果浓缩汁中多酚物质的高效液相指纹图谱研究

通过优化多酚检测条件,分析不同来源苹果浓缩汁中多酚的种类与含量,建立苹果汁多酚的高效液相(HPLC)指纹图谱,以控制苹果多酚的质量及鉴别苹果汁产品的真伪。试验以苹果浓缩汁为样品,采用Welchrom C18色谱柱,在检测波长280 nm,柱温30℃,进样量20 μL,流动相0.3%三氟乙酸水溶液和甲醇（流速1 mL/min）以及梯度洗脱的条件下,标定了12个共有指纹峰,测定出10个不同来源苹果浓缩汁多酚的指纹相似度均在0.900以上,多酚含量为5559~7971 μg/mL。研究初步建立了苹果汁多酚的高效液相指纹图谱。该方法可为苹果加工企业进行苹果多酚的定性、定量分析及质量控制提供理论依据。     

Methods to analyze physico-chemical changes during mango ripening: A multivariate approach

Canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) was used to identify the best method to discriminate between maturity and ripening stages, assessed in terms of dry matter content, firmness, color (peel and flesh), total soluble solids content attributes, before and during ‘Keitt’ mango ripening at 20 °C. Dry matter content was determined by hot-air oven and microwave oven methods. Fruit firmness was determined non-destructively by hand squeezing, with a durometer, using acoustic resonance and low-mass elastic impact methods (AWETA), as well as destructively by the penetrometer. Peel and flesh color were expressed as L*, a*, b*, h⁰ and C* values. Total soluble solids content was analyzed from filtered juice from whole fruit tissue and from unfiltered juice squeezed out by hand. Canonical discriminant analysis indicated that the durometer and the penetrometer were better methods to assess firmness than hand firmness, acoustic resonance or impact methods. The best color attributes to follow changes during early stage of ‘Keitt’ mango ripening were a* and b* values of the flesh, whereas b* value of the peel was considered better during later stages of ripening. Results of total soluble solids content in filtered juice from whole fruit tissue were less variable compared to unfiltered juice squeezed out by hand. Dry matter content was better assessed by drying the sample in a microwave oven than in a hot-air oven. A combined CDA including the best methods to assess each ripening attribute, as well as titratable acidity, showed that the best tools to assess changes in fruit during ripening were the penetrometer, followed by flesh a* value and total soluble solids content (from filtered juice from whole fruit).     

山楂决明子苹果醋复合饮料的研制

通过在苹果醋中添加山楂汁、决明子汁、木糖醇、柠檬酸,开发一种复合型饮料。以感官评分为指标,采用单因素试验结合正交试验筛选最优配方。结果表明,复合饮料最佳配方为：以苹果醋为基液,山楂汁添加量20%,决明子汁添加量15%,木糖醇添加量10 g/L,柠檬酸添加量0.15 g/L;按该配方制备的山楂决明子苹果醋复合饮料,色泽透亮、口感纯正、酸甜可口、具有山楂和苹果特有的果香味;蛋白质含量为8.6 mg/100 mL,总酸含量为5.9 g/100 mL,总糖含量为3.6 mg/100 mL,微生物指标检测结果符合相关国家标准。