椭圆管单管拱架日光温室结构性能分析

为探明椭圆管单管拱架日光温室的结构性能,该研究以北京地区风雪荷载为例,选取8、9、10 m三种常见跨度的日光温室为研究对象,依据国家标准《农业温室结构荷载规范》和农业行业标准《日光温室设计规范》确定日光温室的建筑剖面尺寸以及荷载作用形式,主要研究日光温室在屋脊不同位置设置拉杆时,随着拉杆位置的不同,在保证结构安全的前提下,针对拱架两端与基础和后墙的不同连接形式、不同跨度以及不同的屋脊形式建立结构计算模型,运用3D3S软件计算分析拉杆设置位置的变化对单管拱架的内力影响。计算发现,不论拱架与后墙采用哪种连接形式,当拱架与基础采用固接时,设置拉杆时拱架的应力比系数最小为0.974,其余均大于1.0,此种连接形式都应避免设置拉杆;当拱架与基础采用铰接时,设置拉杆时拱架的应力比系数大部分小于1.0,应尽量增设拉杆;在拱架与基础采用铰接连接、与后墙采用固结连接时,不同跨度日光温室增设屋脊拉杆的作用效果呈现曲线变化态势,9 m跨度的日光温室设置拉杆后的应力比系数最小,为0.90,因此推荐温室的跨度以9 m为宜;对尖屋脊和圆弧屋脊日光温室拱架的内力分析发现,建议如果不设屋脊拉杆,温室的屋脊形式应尽量做成圆弧形,而设置屋脊拉杆后可将屋脊做成尖屋脊。该研究成果可为椭圆管单管拱架日光温室的结构设计提供理论支撑。     

柔性保温墙椭圆管单管拱架日光温室内力分析及结构优化

针对柔性材料围护椭圆管单管拱架日光温室跨度不断加大,而标准化管材市场供应截面单一带来的结构安全性问题,该研究基于北京地区的风、雪荷载,依据国家标准《农业温室结构荷载规范》（GB/T 51183-2016）和《农业温室结构设计标准》（GB/T 51424-2022）,选用截面80 mm×30 mm×2.0 mm（高×宽×壁厚）椭圆管,以12 m跨度日光温室为基准,使用Midas-Gen有限元软件建立模型,分析不同作物吊挂模式、后墙立柱不同结构形式以及拱架与基础不同连接形式对结构内力分布的影响,寻找结构最大应力最小的作物吊挂模式和结构形式。结果显示：柱脚铰接的单管拱架作物荷载2点吊挂时,出现强烈的局部应力集中,且作物荷载为主要控制荷载。其中后墙立柱作物吊挂点位置最大应力值为1146.7 N/mm²,其余位置平均应力值为445.4 N/mm²。作物荷载为3个吊挂点时,拱架应力系数为0.61,作物荷载退化为次要控制荷载;吊挂点个数≥4时,拱架应力系数降低到约0.51,作物荷载完全退出控制作用,拱架最大应力仍超出材料允许强度。因此,采用局部加强措施同时结合柱脚连接形式寻找更加合理的拱架结构,并最终提出该温室结构采用前柱脚铰接、后柱脚固接、后墙立柱为格构柱时结构的最大应力最小,应力分布最合理。研究可为北京地区柔性保温墙椭圆管单管拱架日光温室的结构形式和结构用材提供参考。     

深水网箱浮架结构的失效及疲劳性能分析

为了分析台风海况环境与系泊载荷导致深水网箱局部崩塌的现象,分析网箱部件长期承受波浪交变载荷作用而导致的疲劳破坏问题,该文自主开发网箱浮架试样的加工方法,并进行浮架管材的性能参数测定,进一步采用等效载荷有限元模拟、全场景有限元模拟与力学试验对比验证,结合有限元结构仿真分析网箱浮架的失效及疲劳情况。结果表明,网箱浮架承受拉伸及弯曲载荷时弹性变形至塑性变形的临界屈服强度为22.12和30.58 MPa;浮架应力集中及疲劳关键节点主要为焊接点、系泊点、管材联接及工字架装配边缘区域,塑性区扩展至表面且断裂伸长率大于340.18%时发生结构断裂;浮架单点系泊及均布载荷40 kN时的低周疲劳寿命为734次应力循环,主要是由于此时的结构应力大于疲劳极限3.38 MPa导致疲劳寿命减小。增大系泊面积和工字架数量、减少焊接接头、降低联接管材的SDR系数可有效提高网箱浮架的可靠性能。研究结果可为长期和极限作业环境下网箱结构的优化设计提供参考。     

支持电解质浓度对磷酸根在可变电荷土壤表面吸附和解吸的影响

研究了离子强度对2种可变电荷土壤中磷酸根吸附和解吸的影响。结果表明,当pH分别大于3.7和4.0时,红壤和砖红壤对磷酸根的吸附量随离子强度的增加而增加;当pH分别小于3.7和4.0时,红壤和砖红壤对磷酸根的吸附量随离子强度呈相反的变化趋势。电解质主要通过改变离子专性吸附面上的电位来影响磷酸根的吸附。Zeta电位的测定结果表明,当pH大于土壤胶体的等电点(IEP)时,吸附面上电位为负值,且随离子强度增加数值减小,对磷酸根的排斥力减小,土壤表面对磷酸根的吸附量增加;当pH小于IEP时,吸附面上的电位为正值,它随离子强度增加而减小,不利于磷酸根的吸附。解吸实验的结果表明,吸附于可变电荷土壤表面的磷酸根在去离子水中的解吸量高于0.1 mol L-1NaNO3体系中的解吸量。这同样由于电解质浓度对土壤表面吸附面上的电位的影响所致。     

连栋塑料温室GLP-728结构的力学分析和优化设计初探

连栋塑料温室结构安装安全方便,投资相对节省,在我国得到广泛地应用。该文从结构力学的角度,对杭州地区典型的连栋塑料温室GLP-728结构进行理论分析,并采用优化设计理论,借助结构有限元分析软件,在原结构的基础上优化设计出一种安全、经济的连栋塑料温室结构。优化设计后的连栋塑料温室,其横边柱、拱架和中柱的强度利用率分别提高了18%、3%和25%,纵边柱由非安全失稳利用转向稳定安全性合理利用,主体结构节省钢材3.7%。     

高速公路不同边坡土壤保持措施对土壤侵蚀速率影响分析

研究郑州西南绕城高速公路边坡不同土壤保持工程措施,在一定植被盖度(90%、70%、50%、30%、10%)下,不同降雨强度对土壤侵蚀速率的影响。按照区组试验设计,对郑州西南绕城高速公路小拱架、方形网状、未实施工程措施的三种类型边坡在不同降雨强度下产生的土壤侵蚀速率进行了测定。建立一定盖度下,土壤侵蚀速率与降雨强度关系15种模型。利用模型和降雨强度区间的不定积分计算不同工程类型的土壤保持效率。结果表明:三种类型边坡,土壤侵蚀速率随降雨强度呈幂函数增加;小拱架、方形网土壤保持效率随盖度的增大而增大,当盖度为50%~70%时达到最大值,后随盖度的增大而减小。小拱架土壤保持效率平均为方形网防护的1.28倍。     

哈尔滨节能温室结构特点及其性能

哈尔滨地处北方寒冷地区,冬季温室蔬菜生产,需要加温消耗大量能源,节能是温室能否大发展的关 键。哈尔滨市蔬菜研究所与建成机械厂合作,研制了一种太阳能为主要能源,保温为主要手段,以补温为辅的薄膜拱架式节能温室,其结构特点: (1)采光好 为了充分利用寒冷季节的光能,一方面加大温室采光面角度,另一方面又要降低温室的高度,故采取拱架式结构。哈尔滨春分时节太阳高度角为43°7′。该温室拱架大部分受光面角度为30°     

不同处理对核桃萌芽率、成枝力和着果的影响

通过对核桃轻截、中截、重截和长放几种修剪方法的研究,探讨了不同修剪强度对成枝长度、枝条粗度、萌芽率、成枝力的形响。结果表明:对水平枝中萌芽率最高的是中短截,为45.6%。45°短截对枝条萌芽率的影响中,中短截萌芽率最高,为45.1%。对水平枝发枝量影响中短截处理平均发枝数量最高,为3个。对45°枝条影响中长度最高的是中短截,为38.53 cm。     

护坡植物在植物卷材中的适应性研究

植物卷材是针对岩石边坡防护难、成本高而设计的一种高强度、低成本人工植被基材,目前还处于试验阶段。三亚原位验证试验结果表明:高羊茅、白灰毛豆、刺槐、多花木蓝等植物在卷材中长势良好,而种子硬实率高的黄荆和截叶胡枝子与生长速度缓慢的马桑则体现了极强的不适应性;在整个试验过程中,刺槐和多花木蓝的数量下降幅度较小,其他植物的死亡率均在40%以上;乔木刺槐在坡面上变成了优势物种,虽然对其他植物种子的萌发和幼苗的存活并未产生显著影响,但对大部分植物幼苗的生长产生的影响却很显著;刺槐、白灰毛豆和多花木蓝根冠比较大,能大大提高它们的抗旱性和生长能力,是它们在坡面上成活率高、生长好的重要原因。     

137Cs示踪法研究坡度与土壤流失的关系

应用13 7Cs示踪法对陕西延安燕沟流域自然坡面上坡度与侵蚀强度之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明 ,坡面各点的坡度与侵蚀强度之间呈幂或指数函数关系 ,且相关性极显著 ,即随着坡度的增加 ,侵蚀强度呈幂或指数函数增加 ;偏相关分析结果表明 ,侵蚀强度与坡面平均坡度之间呈正相关关系 ,其相关系数为 0 4447。     

Theoretical effect of wheel loads on subsoil stresses

This study highlights the previously expressed concerns of soil researchers who have indicated that compaction pressures or stresses in the deeper layers of soil are determined by the amount of surface load. Modifications of Boussinesq theory by Froelich and further modification of Froelich's equations by Soehne were used to predict and develop graphical relationships for maximum allowable loads and/or mean surface contact pressures beneath loaded farm machinery tyres. Vertical compressive stresses at different subsoil depths were calculated and design loads for a currently used high flotation tyre were examined for comparative purposes. For highly compactible soils the results indicate that mean surface contact pressures should not exceed maximum allowable stresses in the subsoil for individual wheel loads which exceed approximately 30 kN. Thus, it appears that future designs based upon limited ground contact pressures are essential. This will require limitations on vehicle wheel loads and the use of more tyres and axles on heavy equipment.     

Stress‐Strain Analysis and Visual Observation of Wheat Kernel Breakage During Roller Milling Using Fluted Rolls

The endosperm and bran of a wheat grain have different mechanical properties and break differently under the same stresses. Stress‐strain analysis was used to model the factors affecting wheat kernel breakage during milling using fluted rolls. The planes of principal compressive and tensile stress and the maximum shear stresses, along which the kernel is most likely to be broken, were calculated for a sharp‐to‐sharp roll disposition. With the occurrence of compressive stress in the horizontal direction and shear stress in the vertical direction, a kernel tends to break along a principal tensile stress plane because the tensile strength of the endosperm is much smaller than its compressive strength. The model presented quantifies the mathematical relationship of three design and operational factors affecting the principal stresses and the maximum shear stresses: roll gap, differential, and roll diameter. High‐speed video was used to observe wheat breakage events during milling; the results show consistency with the theoretical analysis.     

梯形渠道衬砌冻胀破坏弹性地基板模型

为探讨开放系统中梯形混凝土衬砌渠道的冻胀问题,根据衬砌板与冻土地基的相互关系,采用 Winkler弹性地基板理论建立了考虑冻胀力和冻结力作用的衬砌板冻胀破坏力学模型,使用解析法得到了衬砌板变形和内力解,对不同地下水埋深、衬砌板几何参数的影响规律进行了分析。通过与已有现场观测值和计算值进行对比,验证了弹性地基板理论计算结果的正确性。研究结果表明：坡板在非均匀分布的冻胀力作用下,挠度、弯矩和剪力也表现为非均匀分布,挠度最大值在坡顶距坡脚2/3处,弯矩最大值靠近底板位置,拉应力分布与内力分布规律一致,与已有研究结果吻合。与梁理论相比,板理论计算结果表明衬砌板的挠度和内力沿板宽方向为非均匀分布,挠度和弯矩在自由边界（纵向伸缩缝）处增大,扭矩主要分布在衬砌板的拐角处。切向冻结力对渠道冻胀影响较小,在原渠道工况下,不考虑切向冻结力与考虑最大切向冻结力之间,最大挠度相差0.7 mm。针对不同地下水位的渠道,给出了衬砌板的安全厚度,可为现浇混凝土梯形渠道的抗冻胀设计提供参考和理论依据。     

Compaction of agricultural and forest subsoils by tracked heavy construction machinery

Precompression stress has been proposed as a criterion for subsoil compression sensitivity in regulations, limiting mechanical loads by vehicles, trafficking on agricultural and forest soils. In this study we investigated the applicability of this criterion to the field situation in the case of tracked heavy construction machinery. ‘Wet’ and ‘dry’ test plots at three different test sites (soil types: Eutric Cambisol and Haplic Luvisol under crop rotation and Dystric Cambisol under forest) along an overland gas pipeline construction site were experimentally trafficked with heavy tracked machines used for the construction work. The comparison of samples taken from beneath the tracks with samples taken from non-trafficked areas beside the tracks showed that no significant increase in precompression stress occurred in the subsoil. Comparing calculated mean and peak vertical stresses with precompression stress in the subsoil, only little compaction effects could have been expected. Precompression stress was determined by the Casagrande procedure from confined uniaxial compression tests carried out in the laboratory on undisturbed samples at −6 kPa initial soil water potential. Dye tracer experiments showed little differences between flow pattern of trafficked and non-trafficked subsoils, in agreement with the results of the precompression stress, bulk density and macroporosity measurements. The results indicate that Casagrande precompression stress may be a suitable criterion to define the maximum allowable peak stresses in the contact area of a rigid track in order to protect agricultural and forest subsoils against compaction.     

Strength and deformation of agricultural soil: measurement and practical significance

Abstract. Soil has a finite strength to resist permanent volume change and permanent shear deformation. When the stresses imposed on the soil are of a sufficient magnitude to overcome the strength, then the deformation falls into one of two regimes. At low stress ratios (ratio of normal stress to maximum past stress) the soil expands when sheared and at high stress ratios it compresses. The maximum past stress in a field soil is the pre-consolidation stress. The pre-consolidation stress is the compressive stress greater than which compression is considerable and permanent.
These regimes of soil deformation behaviour are consistent and predictable under a wide range of conditions. They are described by the critical state concept, which can usefully be applied to soil management. Management decisions can be based on whether the stresses imposed by a particular operation result in high or low stress ratios. This governs whether the soil will deform permanently or not (for compaction damage), expand on shear (tillage) or compress on shear (preparation of rice paddy soils). The change in permeability and structure can also be predicted from the deformation regime.     

Rules of thumb for minimizing subsoil compaction

Subsoil compaction is persistent and can affect important soil functions including soil productivity. The aim of this study was to develop recommendations on how to avoid subsoil compaction for soils exposed to traffic by machinery at field capacity. We measured the vertical stress in the tyre–soil contact area for two traction tyres at ca. 30‐ and 60‐kN wheel loads on a loamy sand at field capacity. Data on resulting stress distributions were combined with those from the literature for five implement tyres tested at a range of inflation pressures and wheel loads. The vertical stress in the soil profile was then predicted using the Söhne model for all tests in the combined data set. The predicted stress at 20 cm depth correlated with the maximum stress in the contact area, tyre inflation pressure, tyre–soil contact area and mean ground pressure. At 100 cm depth, the predicted vertical stress was primarily determined by wheel load, but an effect of the other factors was also detected. Based on published recommendations for allowable stresses in the soil profile, we propose the ‘50‐50 rule’: At water contents around field capacity, traffic on agricultural soil should not exert vertical stresses in excess of 50 kPa at depths >50 cm. Our combined data provide the basis for the ‘8‐8 rule’: The depth of the 50‐kPa stress isobar increases by 8 cm for each additional tonne increase in wheel load and by 8 cm for each doubling of the tyre inflation pressure. We suggest that farmers use this simple rule for evaluating the sustainability of any planned traffic over moist soil.     

拖拉机链式金属带功率分流无级变速箱换段品质分析

拖拉机链式金属带功率分流无级变速箱具有多个工作区段,带载换段时容易产生冲击甚至引起动力中断,是该类变速箱研发过程中迫切需要解决的问题。目前该领域研究较少,为了揭示各因素对链式金属带功率分流无级变速拖拉机换段品质的影响规律及作用机理,本研究对其换段过程进行了仿真研究。首先,阐述了所研究拖拉机链式金属带功率分流无级变速箱的传动原理,分别从无级调速特性、牵引特性、PTO功率和燃油经济性等方面对其可行性进行了计算分析;其次,构建了链式金属带功率分流无级变速箱换段液压系统的动力学模型并进行了试验验证,以此为基础,进一步构建了变速箱及拖拉机整机换段动力学模型;最后,给出了换段品质的3项评价指标,并对各因素对换段品质的影响规律及机理进行了仿真研究。仿真结果表明:该变速箱的传动特性与传统机械换挡变速箱相当,但燃油经济性优于传统机械换挡变速箱(低速重载工况下小时油耗降低约0.3 kg/h)和传统金属带无级变速箱(系统比油耗降低约20 g/(kW·h))。此外,较低的发动机转速(1 200 r/min)、适中的充油压力(5 MPa)、较高的充油流量(10 L/min)、理想换段点前换段(提前约0.2 s)与重叠时序换段(重叠约0.2 s)均可改善换段品质,而变速箱输出轴转动惯量、拖拉机质量以及负载等因素对换段品质的影响较为复杂,各项指标对其换段品质的评价并不统一,在拖拉机设计阶段需要综合考虑。链式金属带功率分流无级变速箱非常适合中小功率拖拉机传动,不仅经济,而且换段品质具有可控性,具有继续研究的价值,该研究结果可为中小功率无级变速拖拉机传动系统的设计提供理论支撑。     

四橡胶履带轮式车辆转向力学性能分析与试验

橡胶履带轮是一种能够与轮胎整体快速互换,降低接地比压、提升越野机动能力的特殊行走装置。该文以某型四橡胶履带轮式车辆转向系统为研究对象,首先通过建立断开式转向梯形机构数学模型,得到内轮、外轮转角与油缸位移关系,以及转角特性曲线;通过转向油压测试,得到两轮和四轮转向时转向油缸输出最大转向驱动力及其随左前轮转向角变化曲线。然后对履带轮在混凝土地面上转向受力分析,建立最大平均转向阻力矩数学模型,得到单轮最大平均转向阻力矩。最后提出了基于转向杆件应力应变测试分析转向阻力矩的方法,得到履带轮在混凝土地面2轮和4轮原地转向时转向阻力矩随转角变化的规律,对比分析最大总转向驱动力矩与总转向阻力矩,验证了数学模型和该分析方法的正确性。该文的研究也可对四履带轮式车辆转向系统的结构参数设计和履带轮的接地尺寸、接地比压、轮系布置研究提供参考。     

花生机械收获中根、茎、果节点的力学试验与分析（英）

为了降低花生挖掘收获、摘果、脱壳作业,特别是花生联合收获中的掉果率、破碎率,该文利用CTM-4503型万能材料试验机及相关测试设备,对花生收获期前后近一个月(28 d)花生的秸秆、根茎节点、果根节点、果壳结合处分别做了拉伸与剪切力学性能试验与分析.通过试验,得到了花生的秸秆、根茎节点、果根节点、果壳结合处最大许用抗拉与抗剪应力;经力学性能理论分析,确定了花生最佳收获期(以鲁花14为例,最佳收获期为播种后的(122±1) d),给出了现行的花生联合收获采用的夹持收获中最大许用夹持力(49.71 N)和最大许用拉力(70.84 N);通过试验分析得出花生挖掘收获中主要机械损失为根茎节点断裂(95.7%),并根据农业部发布的花生收获机作业质量行业标准所给出的作业质量指标,给出了在花生挖掘收获时的最大拉力(9.51 N);通过花生果结合处的剪切试验,给出了不同时期花生果结合处最大抗剪强度.这为花生收获、摘果、脱壳装置,特别是联合收获装置的研制与优化设计提供了参考.     

Technical solutions to reduce the risk of subsoil compaction: effects of dual wheels, tandem wheels and tyre inflation pressure on stress propagation in soil

The use of heavy machinery is increasing in agriculture, which induces increased risks of subsoil compaction. Hence, there is a need for technical solutions that reduce the compaction risk at high total machine loads. Three field experiments were performed in order to study the effects of dual wheels, tandem wheels and tyre inflation pressure on stress propagation in soil. Vertical soil stress was measured at three different depths by installing probes into the soil horizontally from a dug pit. In one experiment, also the stress distribution below the tyre was measured. Beneath the dual wheels, vertical stresses at 0.15 and 0.3 m depth were lower between the two wheels than under the centre of each wheel, despite the gap between the wheels being small (0.1 m). At 0.5 m depth, vertical stress beneath the wheels was the same as between the two wheels. The stress interaction from the two wheels was weak, even in the subsoil. Accordingly, measured stresses at 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 m depth were highest under the centre of each axle centre line of tandem wheels, and much lower between the axles. For a wheel load of 86 kN, tyre inflation pressure significantly affected stress at 0.3 m depth, but not at greater depths. Stress directly below the tyre, measured at 0.1 m depth, was unevenly distributed, both in driving direction and perpendicular to driving direction, and maximum stress was considerably higher than tyre inflation pressure. Calculations of vertical stress based on Boussinesq's equation for elastic materials agreed well with measurements. A parabolic or linear contact stress distribution (stress declines from the centre to the edge of the contact area) was a better approximation of the contact stress than a uniform stress distribution. The results demonstrate that stress in the soil at different depths is a function of the stress on the surface and the contact area, which in turn are functions of wheel load, wheel arrangement, tyre inflation pressure, contact stress distribution and soil conditions. Soil stress and soil compaction are a function of neither axle load nor total vehicle load. This is of great importance for practical purposes. Reducing wheel load, e.g. by using dual or tandem wheels, also allows tyre inflation pressure to be reduced. This reduces the risk of subsoil compaction.