樱花穿孔性褐斑病防治试验

<正>樱花褐斑病又称樱花褐斑穿孔病,该病是樱花叶部的一种重要病害,病原属半知菌亚门、丝孢纲、丝孢目、尾孢属真菌。该病主要危害樱花叶片,有时也侵染嫩梢。发病初期,感病叶面出现针尖大小的斑点,斑点紫褐色,逐渐扩大形成圆形或近圆形斑。病斑褐色至灰白色,病斑边缘紫褐色,直径可达5mm。发病后期病斑上产生灰褐色零状物,即病原菌的分生孢子及分生孢子梗。最后病斑中部干枯脱     

油橄榄孔雀斑病的发生规律与防治

<正> 油橄榄孔雀斑病(Cycloconium Oleagin-um Cast)是一种真菌性病害,为害油橄榄的果实、叶片与嫩枝。目前在云南省为害十分严重。我省重庆市林业试验场1974年在个别植株上发现此病,以后不断扩展蔓延,1976年以来400余株油撖揽受到严重为害,致使95%的植株大量落叶,部分植株失去结果能力,减产达30%以上。为此,从1977年开始对该病进行发病规律与防治试验的研究,现将结果整理如下以供参考。一、病原及症状油橄榄孔雀斑病病原菌属半知菌类(Fungiimperfcti)链孢霉目(Moniliales)黑霉科(De-matiaceae)。分生孢子多为椭圆形双胞,一头比另一头更尖,黄褐色,大小22.4—28.8×9.6—12.8微米。也有单胞的,大小12.8—32.4     

拟茎点霉引起橡胶幼树病害的初步研究

对西双版纳景洪市出现的橡胶幼树回枯、死亡样本进行病原分离鉴定和农药毒力试验,试验确认导致幼树落叶的病原菌为橡胶拟茎点霉Phomopsis heveicola;引起幼树回枯、死亡是橡胶拟茎点霉Phomopsis heveicola、胶孢炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides复合侵染的结果。多菌灵、多·福·溴菌腈、霜脲·锰锌、吡啉醚菌酯、异菌脲对两种病原菌菌丝生长有明显抑制作用。     

红叶石楠叶斑病病原菌分离鉴定及致病性测定研究

红叶石楠叶斑病是江苏地区红叶石楠的一种主要叶部病害,严重时叶片能形成大面积枯死斑,阻碍了红叶石楠的生长并降低其观赏价值。2011年6～9月通过对红叶石楠叶斑病病原菌的分离、室内外人工接种致病性测定试验、病原菌的形态观察及ITS序列分子鉴定,将该病的病原菌鉴定为小孢拟盘多毛孢。其室内接种130 h后,感病率和感病指数达到最高,接种叶片全部发病,感病指数达85,发病率100%;室外接种240 h时,病斑平均直径为7.8 mm,发病指数为50.7,发病率达94.28%。该病原菌的分生孢子盘为黑色,分生孢子梗短,圆柱形,无色,长3.0～5.1μm;分生孢子4个隔膜5个细胞,纺锤形,直或稍弯曲,23～25μm×7～9μm;顶端细胞着生2～3根无色附属丝,不分枝,长31～32μm,宽1μm左右;尾胞上着生中生柄1根,长6～7μm。     

越南黄檀锈病病原菌的鉴定

【目的】描述在海南省澄迈县新发现的越南黄檀锈病的症状及其孢子形态特征,并提取DNA进行ITS序列扩增测序,从而鉴定该病的病原。【方法】实地调查该病害的发生和为害情况,观察并记录病害症状。采集该病新鲜夏孢子,制备浓度为1×105个·m L-1的夏孢子悬浮液,对越南黄檀健康叶片进行涂抹接种,采用单孢子堆分离法获得1株越南黄檀锈病纯培养物HNCM1。利用孢子形态观察结合ITS序列分析的方法对该病原菌进行鉴定。【结果】越南黄檀锈病为害寄主叶片与枝条,以当年生嫩枝叶为主,每年暴发2次,4月上旬—6月上旬与9月中旬—11月上旬为2个盛发期,重病株发病率可达75%以上。夏孢子堆初期为黄色或橙黄色,粉状,一般长在叶背面圆形或椭圆形小突起上,直径约0.2~2.5 mm,严重时连接成片引起嫩叶卷曲或畸形,后期在叶片上形成锈褐色枯死斑,导致老叶枯死或早落;夏孢子圆形、椭圆形,表面有小刺,萌发孔不明显,大小为(13~21)μm×(10~16)μm,壁厚约1μm。冬孢子堆苍白色、胶质状,天气转凉时偶见,呈圆形,小于夏孢子堆;冬孢子椭圆形、棍棒形或近纺锤形,大小为(19~28)μm×(13~16)μm,无色,光滑单细胞,具柄,长约7~10μm,壁厚约1μm。该病原ITS序列扩增产物长约750 bp,产物经双向测序拼接后得到640 bp,进行Blast比对,结果表明,病原菌ITS序列与Gen Bank中已有的序列同源性较低,最高仅为90%。【结论】引起海南省澄迈县越南黄檀锈病的病原菌为紫檀无眠单胞锈菌,夏孢子ITS序列在Gen Bank中尚无同源性较高序列,获取HNCM1菌株的Gen Bank登录号为KU301795。     

马兰茎腐病的病原鉴定

对马兰茎腐病病害症状观察表明,受害株基部病斑淡褐色,椭圆形至长圆形,长1～2 mm,病斑绕茎一周,整个茎基部变褐色腐烂,并向上蔓延,该病在浙江丽水地区每年10月下旬至翌年4月发病严重,且易发生在植株茂盛、湿度大的地方;通过对其病原菌的分离鉴定,结果表明,马兰茎腐病病原为丝核菌属立枯丝核菌。     

麻疯树茎腐病的初步研究

麻疯树Jatropha curcas Linn.茎腐病是麻疯树人工幼林中发生的一种新病害,在病区标准地调查,重病区病株率达35.2%,主要发生在西坡低海拔林区.经过感病植株组织分离、优势菌株形态特征观察和致病性测定,病原菌初步鉴定为镰孢霉属真菌Fusarium sp..用敌克松、多茵灵、硫茵灵,代森锌和土茵灵室内毒力测定,敌克松、多茵灵、硫菌灵对病原茵分生孢子萌发和菌丝生长有很强的抑制力,分生孢子萌发抑制率95%以上.筛选出的药剂在林间灌根处理,敌克松对病害防治效果最好,控制率80%以上.     

引起I-107杨树溃疡病的病原菌大孢不高双胞菌的研究

2008年4月～2011年6月，通过对I-107杨溃疡病病原分离、野外接种致病性测定试验、病原菌的形态观察及ITS序列分子鉴定，结果表明，该病的病原菌鉴定为大孢不高双胞菌，在我国的杨树上属于首次报道，由它引起I-107杨溃疡病为杨树新病害。野外接种1年生I-107杨树幼苗，10天后的发病率为100％；该病原菌的分生孢子器为黑色，分生孢子梗缺；产孢细胞瓶梗状，无色，4．5～9．6μm×4．5—7．4μm；分生孢子圆柱形到长圆形，或窄卵圆形，成熟的分生孢子有2个细胞，无色，基部细胞窄，顶部细胞略宽，分隔处缢缩，2个细胞的分生孢子比单细胞的分生孢子更大，23．1—31．6Iμm×6．7～9．8μm，平均为27．7μm×8．9μm；未成熟的分生孢子为单细胞，16．5—26．1μm×6．2—8．5μm，平均为22．7μm×8．9μm。     

一株拟茎点霉(Phomopsis sp.)拮抗菌的筛选鉴定

为筛选出拟茎点霉(Phomopsis sp.)的生防菌,探索拟茎点霉病原菌的有效生物防治方法,从武威7个乡镇采集45个土样,采用土壤稀释平板法进行微生物分离和平板对峙培养法进行筛选,对选出的抑菌效果最好的菌株LKYHC-6采用形态学及分子生物相结合的方法进行鉴定。结果表明,筛选出的拮抗细菌LKYHC-6菌落在LB培养基上呈现乳白色、中间凹陷、边缘隆起、杆状、革兰氏染色呈阳性,16S rDNA序列分析得到该菌株的序列长度为1 493 bp,构建系统发育树结合形态学特征将拮抗细菌LKYHC-6鉴定为萎缩芽孢杆菌(Bacillus atrophaeus);对LKYHC-6抑制效果分析时发现,该菌株对供试的拟茎点霉病原菌(枫香拟茎点霉、胡桃楸拟茎点霉、富士拟茎点霉、乌饭树拟茎点霉)都有抑制作用,抑菌带大小分别为11、15、13、16 mm。故拮抗菌株LKYHC-6在拟茎点霉引起的病害防治中具有极大的生防潜能。     

木棉干腐病病原鉴定及发病因素

从木棉干腐病标本中分离出病原菌,采用病原形态学、分子生物学方法鉴定,并进行致病因素分析,结果表明:木棉干腐病由可可葡萄座腔菌Botryosphaeria rhodina危害所致;引发病害的最适温度为28℃,湿度越大越利于发病;孢子悬浮液致病最适含量2×103个/m L,且含量与发病程度成正比;病菌主要侵染木棉干部及幼茎,典型病斑梭形至椭圆形,后期表生黑色颗粒状物。菌丝和孢子均能从伤口侵入枝干发病,分离所得菌种具有弱致病性,这与该病害多发生在自然整枝或修枝整形时的规律符合。     

不同水分胁迫对油橄榄生长指标的影响

根据油橄榄生理生态学特性对环境的反应,2007～2008年,在攀西干旱河谷设计不同品种和不同水分试验,系统研究水分胁迫对2年油橄榄幼树生长的影响。结果表明:在攀西干旱河谷旱季,随单株水分胁迫加剧,植株株高、茎粗、主枝长和单株叶面积下降,4个品种中,莱星的各项指标最高。该研究为攀西地区油橄榄水分管理提供支持。     

Boron remobilization at low boron supply in olive (Olea europaea) in relation to leaf and phloem mannitol concentrations

For plant species in which a considerable portion of the photoassimilates are translocated in the phloem as sugar alcohols, boron is freely translocated from mature organs to growing tissues. However, the effects of decreased plant boron status on boron remobilization are poorly understood. We conducted a growth chamber experiment (CE) and a field experiment (FE) to study the effects of low boron supply on boron remobilization in olive (Olea europaea L.), a species that transports considerable amounts of mannitol in the phloem. For the CE, several physiological parameters were compared between control (B+) and boron-deficient olive plants (B-) during the expansion of new leaves. Boron remobilization was assessed by measuring boron content of selected leaves at the beginning and at the end of the CE. As expected, boron was remobilized from mature leaves to young leaves of B+ plants; however, considerable boron remobilization was also observed in B- plants, suggesting a mechanism whereby olive can sustain a minimum boron supply for growth of new tissues despite an insufficient external boron supply. Boron deficiency caused inhibition of new growth but had no effect on photosynthetic capacity per unit leaf surface area of young and mature leaves, thereby altering the carbon utilization pattern and resulting in carbon allocation to structures within the source leaves and accumulation of soluble carbohydrates. Specifically, in mature B- leaves in the CE and in B- leaves in the FE, mannitol concentration on a leaf water content basis increased by 48 and 27% respectively, compared with controls. Carbon export ability (assessed by both phloem anatomy and phloem exudate composition of FE leaves) was enhanced at low boron supply. We conclude that, at low boron supply, increased mannitol concentrations maintain boron remobilization from source leaves to boron-demanding sink leaves.     

云南省油橄榄产业发展探讨

油橄榄是世界最优的食用油科树种,栽培面积约1 000万hm2,年产成品油282.5万t。产品供不应求。文章总结了我省引种油橄榄的历史、取得的成果以及存在的问题,在开展油橄榄生态适应性调查的基础上,进行了全省生态区划,提出了主栽品种、栽培技术、产品加工、经营模式等油橄榄产业的发展路子,并进行了3个效益的预测。     

Osmotic regulation in leaves and roots of olive trees during a water deficit and rewatering

We evaluated the osmotic adjustment capacity of leaves and roots of young olive (Olea europaea L.) trees during a period of water deficit and subsequent rewatering. The trials were carried out in Basilicata (40 degrees 24' N, 16 degrees 48' E) on 2-year-old self-rooted olive plants (cv. 'Coratina'). Plants were subjected to one of four drought treatments. After 13 days of drought, plants reached mean predawn leaf water potentials of -0.45 +/- 0.015 MPa (control), -1.65 +/- 0.021 (low stress), -3.25 +/- 0.035 (medium stress) and -5.35 +/- 0.027 MPa (high stress). Total osmotic adjustment increased with increasing severity of drought stress. Trees in the high stress treatment showed total osmotic adjustments ranging between 2.4 MPa at 0500 h and 3.8 MPa at 1800 h on the last day of the drought period. Osmotic adjustment allowed the leaves to reach leaf water potentials of about -7.0 MPa. Active osmotic adjustment at predawn decreased during the rewatering period in both leaves and roots. Stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate declined with increasing drought stress. Osmotic adjustment in olive trees was associated with active and passive osmotic regulation of drought tolerance, providing an important mechanism for avoiding water loss.     

油橄榄低效林土壤培肥技术研究

【目的】为给油橄榄的科学施肥提供参考依据。【方法】以油橄榄品种阿贝基娜为试材,通过对低效园与高产园土壤养分的调查、油橄榄叶片中各营养元素的检测,找出了影响油橄榄生长发育的关键营养元素;再选择生长势弱且挂果较少的样树,对其施用有机肥加浓度分别为0.3%、0.4%、0.5%和0.6%的高效水溶肥进行施肥试验,以常规施肥处理为对照,比较分析了不同施肥处理对油橄榄树势、叶片和果实生长发育的影响情况。【结果】养分调查中,低效园与高产园的效益差别受到土壤营养状况的影响,高产园区油橄榄叶片中N、P、K、Ca、Zn、Fe的含量均高于低效园的;其中,N含量未达到国外标准,P、K含量符合国外标准,而Ca、Zn、Fe含量均高于国外标准。施肥试验中,与常规施肥处理相比,施用有机肥加浓度分别为0.3%、0.5%、0.6%的高效水溶肥,均促进了油橄榄的树高生长;施用有机肥加浓度分别为0.4%、0.5%、0.6%的高效水溶肥,均能增加油橄榄叶片长度和百叶质量;施用有机肥加浓度分别为0.3%、0.4%、0.5%和0.6%的高效水溶肥,均能显著提高油橄榄坐果率,总体效果随水溶肥浓度的增加而呈先增后减的变化趋势,其中,施用有机肥加0.5%的高效水溶肥的总体效果最佳。【结论】Ca、Zn、Fe这3种微量元素均非金堂地区油橄榄生长及产量增加的关键营养元素,而N、P、K这3种大量元素特别是N元素才是限制油橄榄生长发育的关键营养元素。施用有机肥加水溶肥有利于油橄榄树体、叶片、果实的生长,其中施用有机肥加0.5%的高效水溶肥的总体效果最佳。     

海口林场油橄榄产业发展前景展望

油橄榄是世界上以自然状态的形式供人类食用的木本植物,一次栽种,百年受益。介绍海口林场油橄榄的发展历史和现状。海口林场发展油橄榄产业有利于林业产业结构调整,推动当地经济发展。文章分析了油橄榄产业发展中存在的问题及采取的措施。从经济效益、社会效益和生态效益3方面对海口林场油橄榄产业发展前景进行了展望。     

Physiological and morphological responses of olive plants to ozone exposure during a growing season

We studied physiological (gas exchange and stomatal aperture) and morphological (individual leaf area and stomatal density) responses in leaves of five-year-old olive plants (Olea europaea L. cvs. Frantoio and Moraiolo) exposed to filtered air containing < 3 ppb O(3) or 100 ppb O(3) for 5 h day(-1) for 120 days in fumigation chambers. After 100 days of treatment, leaf drop and development of necrotic spots were observed in O(3)-fumigated plants of Moraiolo but not of Frantoio. Significant reductions in photosynthetic activity (57%) and stomatal conductance (69%) were detected in O(3)-fumigated plants of Frantoio compared with control plants. In O(3)-fumigated plants of Moraiolo, the decrease in photosynthetic activity (17%) was not statistically significant, but a significant reduction in stomatal conductance (40%) was observed. In both cultivars, leaves that developed after exposure to O(3) showed decreased stomatal aperture (63.6 and 54.8% with respect to the Frantoio and Moraiolo controls, respectively) and one-sided leaf area, and increased stomatal density compared with control leaves. Actual transpiring stomatal surface decreased substantially in both Frantoio (59.8%) and Moraiolo (56.3%) in response to O(3) treatment. Relative transpiring stomatal surface (RTSS) in Frantoio decreased from 0.54 (control) to 0.27% (O(3) treated) of total leaf surface. The corresponding values for Moraiolo were 0.79 and 0.42%. However, because the RTSS of Moraiolo leaves in the O(3) treatment was 0.42 versus 0.27% in Frantoio, the potential uptake of O(3) was higher for Moraiolo plants than for Frantoio plants. The large O(3)-induced reduction in transpiring stomatal surface in both cultivars could have significant effects on olive productivity in the Mediterranean area, where high O(3) concentrations persist for long periods during the year.     

油橄榄落叶规律及与氮素营养相关性研究

在我国油橄榄叶片寿命比原产地要短,为1—2年。落叶高峰期为11月初至12月底,而且不同年份落叶率有显著差异。施氮肥能量著降低油橄榄落叶率,但各施氮量之间差异不显著。落叶前叶片氮索营养水平极显著影响落叶率。     

玉龙油橄榄介壳虫种类及发生规律

2012年1月至2014年6月,在玉龙县对危害油橄榄(Olea europaea)的介壳虫种类、发生规律、天敌种类进行调查.结果表明:玉龙县油橄榄介壳虫种类主要有蚧科的橄榄黑盔蚧(Saissetia oleae)、盾蚧科的红圆蚧(Aonidiella aurantii )和矢尖蚧(Unaspis yanonensis);每年4月、10月为介壳虫的发生高峰期;3种介壳虫的捕食性天敌主要有黑缘红瓢虫(Chilocorus rubidus)和红点唇瓢虫(C. kuwanae).     

油橄榄的早实丰产栽培技术

在调查、总结四川省油橄榄栽培历史、种植技术及其试验研究成果的基础上,从品种选择,种植地选择,整地、造林,栽植后的土、肥、水管理,整形、修剪,病虫害防治等方面系统地介绍了四川省发展油橄榄的早实丰产栽培技术。