3个油用牡丹栽培品种的适应性分析

对‘凤丹’牡丹、‘香丹’牡丹和紫斑牡丹等3个油用牡丹品种在福建闽北地区的适应性进行比较试验,并对其植株性状、果实性状、产籽量及抗病性等进行调查分析。结果表明:‘凤丹’牡丹能适应引种地的气候和土壤条件,幼树长势良好,能正常开花结实,但丰产性表现一般、果实经济性状较好,在闽北高海拔地区可适量推广种植,以满足不同市场需求;‘香丹’牡丹幼树能正常开花结实,果实经济性状一般,丰产性较差,有待于进一步观察研究;紫斑牡丹品种表现较差,幼树能存活,但树体生长基本停滞,开花少,且不结实,不适宜在闽北地区推广种植。     

中国栽培牡丹起源的形态分析

本文认为在研究观赏植物起源时，应仔细区分物种的分类性状和因适应人类选择压力而强化的观赏性状，前者才是研究观赏植物起源的线索。基于此，本文重点观察了中国栽培牡丹在种级水平上的分类性状，略去花型、瓣形、重瓣性等观赏性状。结合已有的工作和历史文献，认为中国栽培牡丹起源于矮牡丹、紫斑牡丹、杨山牡丹、卵叶牡丹。‘凤丹’系列品种直接起源于杨山牡丹，少数传统西北品种直接起源于紫斑牡丹。中国栽培牡丹及其瓣基紫斑主要来源于杂交。     

油用‘保康紫斑’牡丹优良单株选择初报

以20个保康紫斑牡丹初选优株为试材,通过对其地径、株高、冠幅、单株产量、种子含油率等生长指标和结籽性状指标的测定及比较分析,初步筛选出9株生长及结实性状良好,含油率较高的优良单株,其单株结实量达到340~700 g、含油率达到27.76%~34.69%可作为油用牡丹优良品种选育的重要原始材料。     

菏泽牡丹引种温州光合特性研究

对菏泽地区的6个品种牡丹进行了引种,对其在不同栽培方式下的光合指标进行了研究。结果表明,无论是盆栽还是地栽,‘大棕紫’均表现出较高的净光合速率。‘鲁荷红’、‘大棕紫’、‘迎日红’、‘胜葛巾紫’4个品种盆栽牡丹净光合速率均低于地栽牡丹净光合速率,‘肉芙蓉’、‘十八号’2个品种盆栽牡丹净光合速率却均高于地栽牡丹净光合速率。通过对各光合指标综合分析,‘大棕紫’在引种栽培中表现最好。     

湖北中低海拔地区'保康紫斑'牡丹丰产栽培技术

保康紫斑牡丹是湖北省特有的野生牡丹类群,分布在海拔1 100～1 800 m之间,具有结实能力强、果荚大、结籽多、含油高等特点,但原生种植范围局限在高海拔山区,种植面积小,通过良种选育,选出暖湿性家系,采用与木本油料植物、园林观赏树种套种栽培技术,使保康紫斑牡丹在湖北省中低海拔地区能够正常生长,且表现形状良好。     

菏泽牡丹、洛阳牡丹与兰州紫斑牡丹在牡丹江市引种应用对比分析

牡丹是我国独有的特产花卉,有数千年的自然生长和人工栽培历史。多年来牡丹江市园林管理处分别引进菏泽牡丹、洛阳牡丹和兰州紫斑牡丹进行了引种栽培。本文主要从引种牡丹产地自然条件、成活状况及越冬防寒等方面对三产地牡丹进行观察、研究,为北方城市引种栽培牡丹提供一些实践经验。     

‘保康紫斑’牡丹播种育苗技术规范

<正>‘保康紫斑’牡丹Paeonia rockii ‘baokang’2014年被湖北省林木良种审定委员会认定为良种(良种编号:鄂R-SV-PS-003-2013),其主要特征:花白色,荷瓣,瓣内基部具宽卵状深紫黑色斑,盛花期直径22~26cm,心皮淡黄色,花药黄色,花丝白色或淡黄色,花期在保康地区多在四月,二回羽状复叶,小叶宽卵形,大多全缘,少数顶叶有2~3裂,每支复叶的小叶总数在19片或19片以     

牡丹与芍药引种栽培

牡丹、芍药都是芍药科芍药属植物,牡丹是落叶灌木,芍药为多年生宿根草本植物,经过长期栽培,成为中国著名的观赏植物和药用(食用)植物。牡丹、芍药花形相似,花大而艳丽,是优美的园林花卉植物,深受人们的欢迎,因此在全国广大地区得到广泛栽培。我区栽培还不够广泛。随着人们生活的提高,生态环境的改善和旅游林业的发展,对牡丹、芍药的苗木和切花需求量逐年增多,因此我们开展了牡丹、芍药的引种、育种栽培工作。1牡丹引种和育种1.1引种引进了兰州紫斑牡丹和荷泽牡丹,在乌鲁木齐和玛纳斯地区立地条件下,生长良好。引种紫斑牡丹6大色系30个品种,…     

陇中黄土丘陵区油用紫斑牡丹品种调查及选优

以甘肃定西市为研究区,在全面调查油用紫斑牡丹种质资源特征的基础上,通过试验栽培筛选出‘紫叶莲’‘粉金玉’‘昙花粉’和‘粉霞迎日’4个优良品种,为该区域油用紫斑牡丹产业化发展提供技术支撑。     

赤霉素处理对紫斑牡丹种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为探讨赤霉素(GA_3)处理对紫斑牡丹(Paeonia rockii)种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,试验以紫斑牡丹为研究对象,设置不同浓度水平的赤霉素处理(0、100、200、300、400mg/L),测定分析紫斑牡丹种子首粒生根时间、生根率、主根长度等生根指标和幼苗的枝长、叶片数、叶宽和苗高等生长指标。结果表明:赤霉素对紫斑牡丹种子的生根有显著的促进作用,不同浓度处理首粒种子的生根时间均为35d,赤霉素浓度为300 mg/L时,生根率和主根长度均为最大,分别为83.04%、4.53cm,显著高于其他处理。不同浓度赤霉素对紫斑牡丹幼苗的生长也表现出显著地促进作用,其中赤霉素浓度为300mg/L时效果最好,幼苗的枝长为1.6cm,叶片数为3.4片,叶宽达到5.9cm,苗高达到7.3cm。综合分析表明,赤霉素处理对紫斑牡丹种子萌发和幼苗生长促进效果最好的浓度为300mg/L。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.