印度谷螟各虫态及性别对60Co辐照的敏感性

１９９２－１９９３年有＾６０Ｃｏ－γ射线３，３．５，４，５，７，１５，３０和６０Ｄｒａｄ剂量辐照印度谷螟老龄幼虫，１－２日龄、３－４日龄、５－７日龄蛹，１－３龄成虫和Ｆ１代３－４日龄卵。研究表明，各虫态对＾６０Ｃｏ辐射敏感性的顺序依次为：老龄幼虫＞蛹＞成虫；１－２日龄蛹３－７日龄蛹；雌虫＞雄虫。用于直接防治，用７－１０Ｋｒａｄ辐照幼虫和蛹，用３０Ｋｒａｄ辐照成虫和卵就能达到较好的防治效果。用３－３     

60C0对绿豆象的辐射遗传效应

作者采用不同剂量的＾６０Ｃｏ－γ射线辐照绿豆象幼虫，蛹和成虫。用１．１，３．４，４．６，５．７，６．９万拉德辐照绿豆粒内高龄幼虫和蛹后，各处理幼虫，蛹，成虫的总死亡率分别为３９．５８％，８４．６２％，９３．８５％，９７．１８％和１００％。并且残留的活成虫与正常成虫交配后，产卵量及Ｆ１代成虫数量大大降低。用０．５，１，２，３，４，６万拉德辐照成虫，成虫均无直接死亡并能正常交配，但能造成成虫不同程度的     

用赤眼蜂蛹饲养捕食性瓢虫初步试验

本文以赤眼蜂蛹作替代饲料包头捕食性瓢虫初步试验的结果。以赤眼蜂蛹饲养四斑月瓢虫、龟纹瓢虫和七星瓢虫，结果表明赤眼蜂蛹能基本满足三种瓢虫生长发育的需要；发育历期分别为１１．９天（２７℃）、９．７天（２７．５℃）和１７．５（２５℃）；成虫获得率分别为８２．０５％、７８．４％和７０．６％。以赤眼蜂蛹连续饲养四斑月瓢虫１２代，龟纹瓢虫３代。     

苹果金纹细蛾的生物学特性及药剂试验

苹果金纹细蛾（Ｌｉｔｈｏｃｏｌｌｅｔｉｓ ｒｉｎｇｏｎｉｅｌｌａ Ｍａｔｓ．）在鲁中南地区１年发生５～６代,以蛹在苹果落叶内越冬,翌年３月下旬是开始再现越冬代成虫,４月上旬达盛期。成虫羽化后于次日清晨５：００～６：００开始交配,持续交配１．５～３ｈ,交配后不久在叶片背面产卵,单个散产,平均单雌产卵４０余粒。幼虫孵化后直接景入叶片内取食叶肉,并非苞内化蛹。在１５～３０℃,卵、幼虫、蛹的发育历期分别为     

稻白粉虱生物学特性初步观察

稻白粉虱在湖南普遍发生，在攸县观察年发生６代，以老龄若虫（假蛹）越冬，５月迁入稻田为害，田间呈不均匀核心分布，世代重叠，为害程度以晚稻重于早稻，４～６月份和８～９月份的气候是影响其发生量的主导因子，应用扑虱灵１７５ｍｇ／ｋｇ对其若虫防效达９１．５％～９５．７％，对卵防效为２１．３％～４１．８％。     

福寿螺的生长速度和繁殖力试验

福寿螺在广州地区１年可发生３代，螺龄为２０～８０日，每只螺每１０天平均增重：一代０．９０ｇ，（２０．２～２７．６℃）；二代２．３８ｇ，（２６．４～３０．６℃）；三代０．１８ｇ，（１７．４～２５．７℃）。一代每只雌螺平均繁殖幼螺３０５０．１只，孵化率为７０．０８％，二代每只雌螺平均繁殖幼螺１０６８只，孵化率为５９．４％，１只雌螺经１年两代共繁殖幼螺３２．５万余只，繁殖力极强。     

转cry1Ab/cry2Aj玉米对亚洲玉米螟的抗性评价

为探讨转cry1Ab/cry2Aj玉米对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)的抗性,采用室内生测和田间人工接虫鉴定方法评价了6个转cry1Ab/cry2Aj玉米品系对亚洲玉米螟的杀虫效果,并利用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定了Cry1Ab蛋白在各品系主要组织的表达水平.结果显示,亚洲玉米螟幼虫取食转基因玉米各品系雄穗、苞叶、花丝和雌穗48 h后死亡率在90％左右,取食心叶的死亡率在70％左右,96h后大部分幼虫死亡,而取食非转基因玉米的死亡率为3.3％～8.7％;春播和夏播田转基因玉米叶片、茎秆、雌穗基本没有被害,而对照玉米叶片、茎秆、雌穗被害严重,春播和夏播玉米平均每株分别有2.9、2.3头幼虫和蛹,2.8、3.4个蛀孔,隧道长度为7.5、14.2 cm,雌穗被害级别为5.3和5.1;6个转基因玉米品系中Cry1Ab蛋白在心叶、雄穗、花丝、苞叶和雌穗中稳定表达.综合评价认为,转基因玉米各品系在整个生育期内对亚洲玉米螟有很好的抗性,其中N50品系抗虫效果最佳,可以作为抗虫转多基因玉米育种的备选材料.     

苏云金杆菌对小菜蛾取食量、生长发育和生殖的影响

在室内测定了苏云金杆菌制剂对小菜蛾３、４龄幼虫取食量、发育历期、幼虫化蛹率、蛹的羽化率、成虫寿命和雌虫产卵量的影响。结果表明,小菜蛾３龄初幼虫取食Ｂｔ制剂后,３龄幼虫的取食量显著减少,而发育历期显著延长,但对能发育到４龄的幼虫其取食量和发育历期没有显著影响。小菜蛾４龄幼虫取食Ｂｔ后,幼虫化蛹率和成虫羽化率均显著下降,且下降幅度随Ｂｔ制剂浓度的增高而增大。用４００倍的Ｂｔ液剂供给小菜蛾成虫取食,虽然对其寿命没有显著影响,但可导致雌虫产卵量显著减少。     

土壤湿度对东亚小花蝽越冬存活率的影响

１９９１－１９９３年在北京对东亚小花蝽的越冬进行了研究。结果表明：东亚小花蝽以交配或未交配的雌成虫越冬。越冬场所的土壤湿度影响的小花蝽的存活率。３月中旬检查，室外自然条件下，越冬存活率为７．７４％。在控制土壤含水量（４％，１２％和２０％）的条件下，越冬存活率随土壤水分的增加而递增，水分２０％时存活率最高，平均为８１．１１％。３月中旬气温回升后将越冬小花蝽雌成虫移入７℃的冰箱，贮存至５月上旬，存不知     

柳瘿蚊的生物学特性及防治

柳瘿蚊在新疆以老熟幼虫于柳树１～２ａ生的枝条中越冬，翌年３月上中旬开始化蛹，３月底到４月上旬羽化，４月中下旬为第１代幼虫孵化期。柳瘿蚊在喀什地区１ａ发生５代，常规有机磷农药对幼虫有很好的杀伤效果。     

小麦雪霉叶枯病产量损失研究

人工接种试验结果表明，雪腐格氏霉引起小麦成株期叶枯、鞘枯和穗腐。鞘枯使小麦穗粒重减少０．８％～３２．９％，千粒重降低９．５％～１６．９％；穗腐使小麦穗粒重减少９．６％～３９．８％，千粒重降低７．８％～１７．９％；鞘枯－穗腐复合症状使穗粒重减少１０．２％～６５．２％，千粒重下降９．５％～１４．８％，叶斑－鞘枯－穗腐使粒重减少１１．７％～５１．５％，千粒重下降１２．１％～１８．３％。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定烟叶和土壤中丁硫克百威及其代谢产物的残留

建立了气相色谱-质谱法同时检测烟叶和土壤中丁硫克百威及其代谢产物(克百威和3-羟基克百威)残留量的分析方法。土壤样品用丙酮-石油醚[V(丙酮)∶V(石油醚)=1∶4]混合溶液提取,无需净化;鲜烟叶样品用丙酮-乙腈[V(丙酮)∶V(乙腈)=1∶9]混合溶液提取;烤后烟叶用乙腈提取。鲜烟叶和烤后烟叶提取液经旋转蒸发浓缩后,用弗罗里硅土柱净化。结果表明:在0.05~1 mg/kg添加水平下,丁硫克百威及其代谢产物的平均回收率在74%~99%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)在1.5%~9.2%之间。该方法的前处理相对于萃取过程较简单,其准确度、精密度和灵敏度均符合农药残留分析与检测的技术要求,适合于丁硫克百威及其代谢产物在烟叶和土壤中的残留分析与检测。     

The bionomics ofLiriomyza Trifolii on Gypsophila and Bean Leaves

A study was carried out to determine the distribution of feeding and oviposition punctures made byLiriomyza trifolii Burgess on gypsophila(Gypsophila paniculata ) and bean(Phaseolus vulgaris) leaves, and the development times of the immature stages on these plants. The absolute number of punctures per leaf area was much greater on bean leaves than on gypsophila leaves. The number of mines per leaf was also higher on beans than on gypsophila, but the ratio of mines/punctures was higher on gypsophila. Gypsophila leaves were punctured on both sides, but most of the punctures were on the distal third of the upper leaf side. On beans the punctures were dispersed uniformly on the upper side of the leaf. The larval period (±SE) at temperatures of 20, 25 and 30°C was 9.9±0.2, 4.4±0.1 and 3.7±0.1, and 5.5±O. l, 3.7±0.1 and 2.4±0.1 days, on gypsophila and bean, respectively. The pupal period at 17, 20, 25 and 30°C lasted 19.9±0.2, 14.7±0.1, 10.4±0.1 and 7.8±0.1 days, respectively.     

Bacterial Leaf Spot of Ivy Caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. hederae

A bacterial leaf spot disease was observed on Hedera helix (English ivy) and H. canariensis (Algerian ivy) in Japan. The causal agent was identified as Xanthomonas campestris pv. hederae (Arnaud 1920) Dye 1978. Received 13 May 2002/ Accepted in revised form 3 July 2002     

Pattern of damage to early and late maize in southwestern Nigeria by the village weaverbird (Ploceus cucullatus)

Abstract

Village weaverbirds (Ploceus cucullatus Muller) normally feed on early maize in the morning (0800 to 1100 h) and evening (1600 to 1800 h) in southwestern Nigeria. However, when disturbed the birds feed during all the hours of daylight, and to be effective bird scaring would have to persist throughout the day. Developing grains are eaten, but rarely dry grains. The period of active bird scaring can therefore be reduced to about two weeks. In 1977 the mean percentage damage varied from 2.2 ± 0.3% in plots with dry ears to 34.1 ± 12.7% in plots with fresh ears, but in 1978 the situation was reversed with 17.7 ± 3.1% damage in plots with dry ears to 1.1 ± 0.2% in plots with fresh ears. The pattern of damage to early maize is associated with the annual rainfall, which determines the occurrence of lepidopterous larvae and wild sorghum (Sorghum arundicearum Stapf) which form alternative food items for the birds. Less than 2% of late maize ears was damaged since alternative food resources were abundant. Only early maize may need protecting from bird damage, but there was no definite relationship between time of planting and amount of damage caused.     

土壤水分有效性对梨枣叶片光合参数和抗旱性的影响

利用自动称量和补水系统,对三年生梨枣树进行适宜水分、轻度和重度干旱三种土壤水分处理(土壤含水量分别为田间持水量的75%±5%、60%±5%和45%±5%),旨在探究不同土壤水分对梨枣叶片光合参数和抗旱性的影响。结果表明:(1)轻度干旱对梨枣叶片的光合参数没有显著影响,但重度干旱引起净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和光能利用率(LUE)明显降低,而水分利用效率(WUE)和气孔限制值(Ls)增加。(2)轻度干旱对梨枣叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量影响不大,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性则显著上升;而重度干旱下MDA含量显著上升,同时超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性以及抗坏血酸(ASA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量明显升高,但仍不能消除重度干旱对梨枣叶片膜系统造成的严重伤害。因此,轻度干旱并未引发梨枣叶片显著的生物学胁迫,而在重度干旱条件下梨枣叶片的光合能力和膜系统均受到严重影响。     

12％氟唑菌酰胺·氟环唑乳油高效液相色谱分析

本文采用高效液相色谱法,以乙腈加0.1%磷酸水溶液为流动相,使用Eclipse Plus C 18色谱柱和二极管阵列检测器,在210nm波长下对12%氟唑菌酰胺·氟环唑乳油进行分离和定量测定。结果表明,该分析方法条件下氟唑菌酰胺和氟环唑的线性相关系数分别为0.9997和0.9991,标准偏差分别为0.02和0.02,变异系数分别为0.31%和0.32%,平均回收率分别为100.18%和100.44%。     

Alternaria Leaf Spot on Three Species of Pelargonium Caused by Alternaria alternata in Japan

A new disease of pelargonium (Pelargonium domesticum Bailey), ivy geranium (P. peltatum (L.) L'Hér. ex Ait.) and scented geranium (P. graveolens L'Hér.), primarily causing brown spots on leaves, was found in Kawasaki-shi in Kanagawa Prefecture and Tachikawa-shi in Tokyo. An Alternaria sp. was consistently isolated from these diseased leaves, and the isolates were pathogenic to their host leaves. Based on morphological characteristics, the causal fungus in all three cases was identified as Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler. Because Alternaria leaf spot of geranium by A. alternata has already been reported, the pathogenicity of isolates from four groups of genus Pelargonium was investigated. The isolates from scented geranium were pathogenic only to their original host, but the isolates from pelargonium, ivy geranium and geranium were pathogenic to all groups of pelargonium. This is the first report of this disease on pelargonium, ivy geranium and scented geranium caused by A. alternata in Japan. We propose the names for these diseases as Alternaria leaf spot of pelargonium (kappan-byo), Alternaria leaf spot of ivy geranium (kappan-byo) and Alternaria leaf spot of scented geranium (kappan-byo). Received 11 December 2000/ Accepted in revised form 19 July 2001     

烟粉虱传播的番茄褪绿病毒和番茄黄化曲叶病毒对不同番茄品种的复合侵染

为明确烟粉虱传播的番茄褪绿病毒(Tomato chlorosis virus,ToCV)与番茄黄化曲叶病毒(Tomato yellow leaf curl virus,TYLCV)对不同番茄品种的复合侵染情况,于2015年11月在山东省寿光市温室内采集13个番茄品种共390份疑似发病植株叶片,对不同番茄品种的TYLCV抗性和2种病毒的复合侵染以及温室内发病番茄植株上烟粉虱成虫的带毒率进行检测。结果表明,采集的13个番茄品种经分子标记检测鉴定均为TYLCV杂合抗性;不同番茄品种ToCV与TYLCV的复合侵染率存在明显差异,大果番茄粉宴和贝瑞上复合侵染率最高可达73.3%,而樱桃番茄八喜上未检测到这2种病毒的复合侵染。此外,在发病番茄植株上采集的烟粉虱成虫体内可检测到2种病毒,其中烟粉虱ToCV带毒率为90.7%,TYLCV带毒率为80.0%,同时检测到ToCV与TYLCV的概率为71.3%。表明ToCV和TYLCV的复合侵染在山东省番茄生产中普遍发生,烟粉虱可同时携带这2种病毒并广泛传播。     

Indirect interactions between rust (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Melampsora epitea</Emphasis>) and leaf beetle (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phratora vulgatissima</Emphasis>) damage on<Emphasis Type="Italic">salix</Emphasis>

Willows (Salix spp.) are beneficial as a potential source of renewable energy, riparian barriers and riverbank control, yet are considered invasive weeds when they clog watercourses and lead to erosion and flooding. Interactions between willow rustMelampsora epitea (Thüm.) (Uredinales: Melampsoraceae) and leaf beetlePhratora spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) feeding damage have an impact on effective pest management and biological control. The present study investigated the effects of(a) prior mechanical leaf damage on rust development, and(b) rust infection on beetle feeding under laboratory conditions for different time intervals and levels of damage. Willow rust infection significantly reduced the amount of leaf area consumed by beetles. The result was similar when a compatible or an incompatible rust pathotype was sprayed ontoSalix viminalis (L.) ‘Mullatin’ plants. There were no overall significant effects of mechanical damage on rust development, although the lowest level of rust infection was found with the incremental damage treatment. There were, however, differences of significance for leaf position and damage status, with damaged leaves at all positions having fewer pustules and a smaller pustule area than the corresponding undamaged leaves. There was no detectable effect of possible volatile emissions from crushed willow leaves on rust infection and development, although the volatile compoundcis-3-hexenyl acetate significantly reduced pustule diameter and overall pustule area. The results are discussed in terms of the implications for pest management and biological control. Corresponding author http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting April 6, 2003.