气量法快速测定土壤含水量技术

气量法作为一种新的土壤水分测定方法,具有便捷、快速、准确的特性。准确及时测定土壤水分含量有利于研究和了解水土流失变化规律、土壤水分动态变化规律和空间立体分布;同时掌握不同植物在同一时期对土壤水含量的不同要求,同一植物在不同时期对土壤水分含量的不同要求以及土壤水分含量对其产量的影响。其测定方法可分为体积法、失重法。气量法是一种稳定、准确、快速的土壤含水量测定方法,气量失重法与气量体积法相比较,气量失重法所需仪器更为简单,操作更为简捷。可适用于农业、林业试验土壤含水量的测定,另外此装置还可以应用到其他农业科学研究。     

微波消解-原子荧光法测定肥料中砷汞含量

建立了微波消解-原子荧光法同时测定肥料中砷和汞,进行消解条件、精密度、回收率等试验。方法显示,砷的检出限为0.014μg/L,汞的检出限为0.001 6μg/L,6次平行相对标准偏差<3%,3个水平的砷加标回收率90%~110%,汞加标回收率77%~83%。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定土壤中全硫、全磷和全钾

分别采用传统王水消解法和微波消解法处理样品,用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定土壤中全硫、全磷和全钾的含量。该方法简单快捷,检测灵敏度高,线性范围宽,重复性好,准确度高,能同时测定土壤中全硫、全磷和全钾的含量,测定结果准确可靠,重现性及精密度很好,加标回收率在95.1%~100.4%之间。可使分析工作者从传统的分析手续冗繁、耗时的繁重工作中解放出来。     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定水溶肥料中五氧化二磷的含量

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法,实现了对水溶肥料产品中五氧化二磷含量的直接测定,避免了水解不完全导致的结果偏低等问题。该方法五氧化二磷浓度在 0.00～ 200.0 mg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系(r 2=0.9998),相对标准偏差(RSD)在 0.25%～ 0.47%之间,加标回收率在 97.92%～102.0%,检出限为 0.0028%。同时,与磷钼酸喹啉重量法检测结果进行比较,结果相吻合,能够满足样品中五氧化二磷含量的分析检测要求。     

化学发光检测试剂盒对畜禽及水产品中呋喃唑酮代谢物残留检测的验证研究

为了验证呋喃唑酮代谢物(AOZ)化学发光检测(CLIA)试剂盒的检测效果,本研究用化学发光微粒子免疫法和高效液相色谱-串联质谱法分别对市售猪肉、鸡肉、鱼肉、虾肉4种样品中呋喃唑酮代谢物残留量进行检测,比对两种方法试验结果间的差异。经验证,该试剂盒对猪肉、鸡肉、鱼肉、虾肉4种样品的最低检测限分别为0.097、0.098、0.097、0.091μg/kg,试剂盒板内板间变异系数均小于10%;对4种样品做加标回收试验,其回收率82%~94%,变异系数均小于10%;该方法与高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测实际样品的检测结果一致。验证结果表明,该试剂盒稳定、可靠,可满足食品中呋喃唑酮代谢物残留快速检测的需要。     

基于常规Olsen法的全自动化学分析仪(SmartChem 200)测定土壤有效磷的研究

土壤有效磷含量在评价土壤肥力、指导作物磷肥施用等方面有重要的意义。常规测定方法(碳酸氢钠浸提-人工钼锑抗比色法)步骤复杂、费时费力,提高常规方法测试效率和准确性是测土配方施肥研究中亟待解决的技术问题。选取4组不同有效磷含量的土壤为样品,探究基于碳酸氢钠浸提-全自动化学分析仪测定土壤有效磷含量的可行性。结果表明:此方法有效磷含量在0.00~2.00 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数r为1;用于测定土壤样品中有效磷含量,测定结果与常规方法接近,相对误差在0.00%~2.07%之间,有较高的相关性;用于测定土壤标准物质(NSA-2)中有效磷,测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为0.37%,加标回收率为99.00%~101.00%。采用全自动化学分析仪测定土壤有效磷准确度高、精密度好,测定结果达到土壤有效磷的检测要求;同时该仪器操作简单、测试效率高,可用于大批量土壤有效磷含量的分析测试。     

不同土壤有机碳测定方法的比较

对土壤碳的准确定量是研究土壤肥力和农业固碳的前提。本文选择我国不同有机碳和无机碳含量的8个代表性土壤/沉积物样品,比较湿氧化法、酸洗法和间接法三类方法对有机碳含量的测定效果。研究结果表明:对有机碳含量为3.4~11.5 g/kg的土壤和沉积物样品,湿氧化法有较低的平均相对误差(0.32%~4.72%)和变异系数(0.40%~1.22%),间接法的平均相对误差(5.16%~20.46%)和变异系数(0.60%~7.00%)都较高,而酸洗法介于这两个方法之间。说明在保持稳定准确的加热温度情况下,湿氧化法对土壤/沉积物有机碳含量的测定比较稳定和准确,且操作简单。对大部分样品,由于酸对土壤无机碳难以充分溶解,造成酸洗法和间接法的有机碳测定值偏高,且变异系数较大。     

AA3型连续流动分析仪测定有机肥料全氮含量

采用AA3型连续流动分析仪测定有机肥料全氮含量,并与行业标准NY 525-2012测定结果进行比较。结果表明,两种方法无显著性差异。该方法标准曲线相关系数可达1.000 0,加标回收率在98.40%~102.8%之间。     

集约化猪场污染物中铜、锌、铬、砷、铅的检测

通过研究不同的消解体系对集约化猪场污染物猪粪中铜、锌、铬、砷、铅的消解效果,最终确立了以HNO_3-HCl-HF为消解体系的高压密闭消解法,并利用ICP-OES与ICP-MS测定了猪粪中铜、锌、铬、砷、铅5种金属元素。结果表明,本实验的消解方法线性关系均良好,相关系数R均大于0.999 7,ICP-OES精密度为2.2%~9.7%,加标回收率为80.0%~108.9%;ICP-MS精密度为2.0%~10.6%,加标回收率为95.0%~112.5%,说明此方法适用于猪粪中各元素的测定,结果准确可靠。     

ICP-AES同步检测微量元素预混合饲料中多种元素的方法研究

建立了以电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)同步测定微量元素预混合饲料中铜、铁、锌、锰、碘、硒、钴、铅共8种元素的检测方法。通过对ICP-AES法测定微量元素预混合饲料时前处理条件进行研究,确定微波消解样品前处理方法;明确了铜、铁、锌、锰、碘、硒、钴、铅等8种元素的检出限分别为0.002、0.003、0.003、0.003、0.013、0.005、0.002、0.002 mg/L,加标回收率为86.3%~103.8%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.29%~1.53%。在测定铅元素含量时,当试样品中铜元素含量超过0.8 mg/L,则会干扰浓度低于0.020 mg/L的铅元素的测定结果。     

Increased total nitrogen content of poultry manure by decreasing water content through composting processes

Microbial mineralization of urea and uric acid in poultry litter can lead to loss of nitrogen (N) content and its value as a fertilizer. To minimize the loss of N in the composting processes, controlling the water content in litters is a key to reduce the mineralization processes of N compounds. The N content of litter may be influenced by diets, hen age and the type of poultry houses used. The objectives of the present study were i) to determine the relationship between the water content and the decomposition rate of uric acid in poultry litter and ii) to investigate the effect of hen age and crude protein (CP) percentages in diets on the N content of poultry litter. A layer feeding trial was conducted in two poultry farms with windowless and open-floor houses. An incubation study of poultry litter was performed under different levels of water content. Our study found that the diet CP percentage (16.5–18%) and the growth stage of laying hens did not have a significant effect on the amount of total N (52–56?g?kg^?1) and uric acid-N (26–31g?kg^?1) in fresh litters. At the 7^th day of litter incubation study, the concentration of uric acid-N was 22 g kg^?1 in litters with a water content of 35%, whereas it further decreased to less than 1.3 g kg^?1 in litters with a water content of 55% and higher levels. The decomposition rate of uric acid-N in litter was 0.3–3.1g?kg^?1?day^?1 in the windowless house and 3.1–7.1g?kg^?1?day^?1 in the open-floor house. Decomposition of uric acid in litters was positively correlated to the litter moisture content that is controlled to be lower in windowless houses (40–50%) than in open-floor houses (55–80%) during the composting period. Our study suggests that the use of windowless houses for layer chicken production is effective for producing poultry manure with a high N content.     

Vanillin content in boiled peanuts

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for determination of vanillin in boiled peanuts has been developed. Vanillin was extracted with acetonitrile by blending at high speed followed by purification of an aliquot of the extract on a minicolumn packed with Al(2)O(3). Vanillin was quantitated by HPLC on silica gel with n-hexane/2-propanol/water/acetic acid (2100/540/37/2, v/v) as a mobile phase. The recovery of vanillin added to fresh peanut hulls at 0.50 and 2.50 microg/g was 78.7 +/- 2.7 and 79.9 +/- 3.1%, respectively. The detection limit of vanillin in boiled peanuts was estimated at 0.05 microg/g. UV-detector response to vanillin was linear to at least 2.5 microg/injection. Free vanillin has been found in two commercial brands of boiled peanuts at low ppm levels. Both the kernels and the hulls contained vanillin, which was formed during hydrolysis of lignin, one of the major constituents of the peanut hulls. Since vanillin has a low flavor threshold, it could be considered as one of the major ingredients that determines the flavor of boiled peanuts.     

新疆水稻主产区土壤硒含量与水稻籽粒硒含量的相关性

对新疆水稻主产区的44个稻田耕层土壤及收获籽粒进行调查取样,结果表明:稻田13%属于足硒土壤,82%属于富硒土壤且有5%属于高硒土壤。而水稻籽粒硒含量达到国家谷物类食品富硒标准的仅有20%,水稻籽粒硒含量与稻田土壤全硒含量相关性不显著,但水稻籽粒硒含量与土壤有效硒含量呈极显著正相关,且土壤p H值及土壤有效磷含量与土壤有效硒含量呈极显著正相关,说明在新疆水稻主产区土壤有效硒含量是衡量土壤供硒潜力的有效指标,在实际生产中大部分的稻田需要通过施用适量外源硒肥来提高水稻籽粒中硒的含量。     

Estimation of clay content from easily measurable water content of air‐dried soil

Soil texture is one of the main factors controlling soil organic carbon (SOC) storage. Accurate soil‐texture analysis is costly and time‐consuming. Therefore, the clay content is frequently not determined within the scope of regional and plot‐scale studies with high sample numbers. Yet it is well known that the clay content strongly affects soil water content. The objective of our study was to evaluate if the clay content can be estimated by a simple and fast measure like the water content of air‐dried soil. The soil samples used for this study originated from four different European regions (Hainich‐Dün, Germany; Schwäbische Alb, Germany; Hesse, France; Bugac, Hungary) and were collected from topsoils and subsoils in forests, grasslands, and croplands. Clay content, water content of air‐dried soil, and SOC content were measured. Clay content was determined either by the Pipette method or by the Sedigraph method. The water content of air‐dried soil samples ranged from 2.8 g kg^–1 to 63.3 g kg^–1 and the corresponding clay contents from 60.0 g kg^–1 to 815.7 g kg^–1. A significant linear relationship was found between clay content and water content. The scaled mean absolute error (SMAE) of the clay estimation from the water content of air‐dried soil was 20% for the dataset using the Pipette method and 28% for the Sedigraph method. The estimation of the clay content was more accurate in fine‐textured than in coarse‐textured soils. In this study, organic‐C content played a subordinate role next to the clay content in explaining the variance of the water content. The water retention of coarse‐textured soils was more sensitive to the amount of organic C than that of fine‐textured soils. The results indicate that in our study the water content of air‐dried soil samples was a good quantitative proxy of clay contents, especially useful for fine‐textured soils.     

Carotenoid content of 50 watermelon cultivars

The lycopene content of 50 commercial cultivars of seeded and seedless red-fleshed watermelons was determined. Scanning colorimetric and spectrophotometric assays of total lycopene were used to separate watermelon cultivars into low (<50 mg/kg fw), average (50-70 mg/kg fw), high (70-90 mg/kg fw), and very high (>90 mg/kg fw). Cultivars varied greatly in lycopene content, ranging from 33 to 100 mg/kg. Most of the seeded hybrid cultivars had average lycopene contents. Sixteen of the 33 seedless types had lycopene contents in the high and very high ranges. All-trans-lycopene was the predominant carotenoid (84-97%) in all watermelon cultivars measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, but the germplasm differed in the relative amounts of cis-lycopene, beta-carotene, and phytofluene. Red-fleshed watermelon genotypes vary extensively in carotenoid content and offer opportunities for developing watermelons with specifically enhanced carotenoids.     

Nutrient content of precipitation over Iowa

Nutrient content and pH of precipitation samples collected at six sites during 1971–1973 were studied to determine the fraction of rainfall and snowmelt and the amounts of N, S, and P added by precipitation over Iowa The amount of NH₄-N ha^?1 added by precipitation annually at each site was about equal to that added as N0₃-N. The amounts of inorganic N ha^?1 yr^?1 added ranged from 10 kg in north-central to 14 kg in west-central Iowa, and the annual amounts of S0₄-S ha^?1 added ranged from 13 kg in northeastern to 17 kg in north-central Iowa. It is estimated that, on average, precipitation adds about 0.6 kg of NH₄-N, 0.6 kg of N0₃-N, and 1.5 kg of S0₄ -S ha^?1 monthly in Iowa. However, the data indicated that, on an annual basis, the contribution of precipitation to P in soil is very small; at the most, about 0.1 kg of water-soluble P0₄-P ha^?1 was added annually in Iowa. No N0₂-N could be detected in any of the precipitation samples analyzed. Average pH value of the rainfall and snowmelt samples collected at each site during each year was about 6, individual samples seldom reached as low as pH 4. The data indicate that the concentration of S0₄-S in precipitation in this region is seasonal, high during fall and winter and low during spring and summer.     

水溶液中微量尿素的测定

利用尿酶转化水溶液中的微量尿素 ,然后用靛酚蓝比色法测定溶液中铵的含量 ,从而换算出尿素的含量。该方法的关键是酶解时间要足够长 ,在 35℃酶解 5 0～ 60min为宜。该方法灵敏度和精度都很高 ,灵敏度 <0 .0 5mg/kg ,线性回归方程为 y =1 .0 0 36x -0 .0 0 37,R2 =0 .9999,相关性极其显著。此外 ,该方法成本低 ,适合大批量样品的人工或自动化分析。