草鱼生长性状的遗传参数和育种值估计

利用草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)生长性状选育核心群亲本,采用人工授精方式构建21个全同胞家系,并选用动物模型对16月龄草鱼生长性状进行遗传参数和育种值估计。结果显示,草鱼选育种群的生长性状存在丰富变异。采用约束极大似然法估计方差组分,发现草鱼体重、体长和体高性状的遗传力分别为0.39,0.47,0.21,属于中高遗传力;肥满度性状遗传力为0.11,属于低遗传力;4个性状的共同环境效应值相近且较小,范围为0.07~0.17。采用两性状动物模型分析相关性,发现体重、体长和体高性状间表型和遗传相关系数均达到高度正相关(r=0.88~0.97),而肥满度性状与三者间相关系数接近零,只与体高性状存在一定遗传正相关(r=0.43)。结合各性状遗传变异系数和相对遗传进度,分析表明,以体重为目标性状可便捷有效地改良草鱼生长性能。采用最佳线性无偏估计法预测个体育种值,发现4个性状育种值与表型值的相关系数范围为0.77~0.93。基于单性状育种值和表型值分别进行个体选择,按10%留种率,各性状选留个体相同率为68.75%~81.82%,秩相关系数范围为0.19~0.81,两种选择方式显示出较大差异,且差异大小与性状遗传力成反比例。本研究为草鱼生长性状选择育种提供了理论依据和技术支撑。     

镜鲤与建鲤生长性状共享 QTL 标记及优势基因型

本研究以1个镜鲤(Cyprinus carpio L.)全同胞家系(190个个体)构建的微卫星遗传图谱(992个标记)为基础,从体重、体长、体高和体厚的QTL区间内发掘了54个标记,其与性状具有显著相关性,进而通过对不同基因型性状间的比较,筛选出83个优势基因型。在此基础上,用54个镜鲤QTL标记分析了建鲤(Cyprinus carpio var.jian)作图群体,其中40个标记在建鲤中表现出多态性,比例为74.07%;相关性分析结果显示,其中22个标记与建鲤家系的体重、体长、体高或体厚性状具有显著相关性(P0.05),占多态标记的55.00%;镜鲤与建鲤共享的22个QTL标记中,18个标记与至少1个相同的性状具有显著相关性(P0.05),从中筛选出建鲤性状具有优势的基因型30个,可用于指导建鲤的选育。品种间共享QTL的发掘能够扩展QTL标记的使用空间,减少新品种重新构建图谱进行QTL标记定位的工作量和成本。     

草鱼生长相关的微卫星标记在选育群体中的验证

生长性状是水产动物遗传育种中的重要经济性状,利用与性状相关的分子标记与育种相结合的手段,可以大大加速育种进程。在对草鱼生长性状的前期研究中,采用数量性状位点(QTL)定位的方法,在1号连锁群中发现了2个与生长相关的QTL。在此基础上,实验利用这2个QTL侧翼的2对微卫星标记(CID391_2、CID1512、CID973_1和CID254_1),对长江草鱼选育群体的480个个体进行分析,以期基于草鱼QTL定位结果,对草鱼生长相关的微卫星标记在选育群体中进行验证。结果显示:(1)4个微卫星标记在该群体中均具有高度多态性,其中各位点观测等位基因数(N_a)为12～23个,有效等位基因数(N_e)为4～12个,观测杂合度(H_o)为0.607～0.904,期望杂合度(H_e)为0.751～0.902;(2)利用方差分析及多重比较对4个多态性的微卫星标记与选育草鱼群体的生长性状(体质量和体长)进行关联分析,发现CID391_2在雌性个体中,各基因型与体质量和体长之间均无显著差异;而在雄性个体中,各基因型与体质量和体长之间差异显著。CID1512、CID973_1和CID254_1在雌性或雄性个体中,各基因型与体质量和体长之间均具有显著差异。研究表明,对草鱼生长相关的微卫星标记在选育群体中的验证结果,为进一步开展草鱼生长性状QTL定位研究和基于QTL结果的分子标记辅助育种(MAS)实践奠定理论基础。     

构建鲤现代种业的核心技术

对于任何一个农业物种而言,现代种业核心技术包括3个方而：收集与创制最优良的种质资源、建立先进实用的育种技术、方便的可最大化利用上述资源的数据库及网站。针对鲤这个水产养殖种,黑龙江水产研究所及合作单位经过30多年的研究积累和创制了抗寒能力强、生长速度快、肉质好的三大系列种质,在此基础七已经培育出6个水产新品种;构建了基于亲本遗传距离的分子育种技术,并在常规育种技术的使用过程中增加了统计分析和染色体操作技术,如BLUP技术、雌核发育技术等,将现代育种技术充分地运用于鲤的品种培育之中;同时建瓿了涵盖表型、生物学特征、一般遗传参数的鲤种质数据库和涵盖基因、标记及经济性状QTLs的鲤基因组数据库,使鲤具备了现代种业需要的生物学、遗传学、基因组学的完整数据库。综上所述,初步构建了鲤现代种业的核心技术。     

鲫微卫星标记与几个生长性状的相关性分析

鲫(Carassius auratus)遗传多样性丰富,具多种不同倍性的亚种,是研究鱼类进化的独特材料。本研究利用79个SSR标记和22个EST-SSR标记检测了鲫自交F2代的181尾个体的基因型,对体重、体长、体高和体厚4个生长性状进行了单标记回归分析。Permutation检验(10000次)结果显示:有22个标记分别与体重、体长、体高和体厚具有显著相关性(P0.05),其中,HLJYJ15和HLJYJ244与4个性状均呈极显著相关(P0.01)。本研究筛选的101个微卫星标记丰富了鲫分子标记数量,可用于鲫连锁图谱的构建和QTL定位研究;获得了4个与鲫性状相关的标记及基因型,为鲫的分子标记辅助育种(MAS)和生长性状的遗传机制研究提供了工具。     

草鱼幼鱼生长性状和肌肉成分的遗传参数估计

为了研究草鱼幼鱼阶段生长性状和肌肉成分的遗传改良潜力。随机采集288尾人工繁育的4月龄草鱼幼鱼,基于12对微卫星标记,鉴定出来自16个家系（8个母本,9个父本）的273尾个体,各家系、母本和父本对应子代贡献率存在极显著差异（P<0.01）。对草鱼3个生长性状（体质量、体长和肥满度）和2个肌肉成分指标（粗蛋白含量和粗脂肪含量）比较发现,3个生长性状和粗蛋白含量在家系和母系半同胞间存在显著差异（P<0.05）,而3个生长性状和2个肌肉成分指标在父系半同胞间差异均不显著（P>0.05）。基于动物模型和限制性最大似然法,草鱼4月龄体质量、体长、肥满度、粗蛋白含量和粗脂肪含量的遗传力估值分别为0.34、0.33、0.17、0.17和0.20,其中3个生长性状遗传力估值统计检验显著（P<0.05）。遗传相关分析显示,体质量与体长之间呈极显著的高度正相关（0.82, P<0.01）,肥满度与体质量和2个肌肉成分之间存在显著的正相关（0.17-0.29, P<0.05）。研究表明,草鱼4月龄生长性状具有较高的选育潜力,并可通过体长选择实现对体质量的遗传改良;推测在草鱼生长改良过程中,可能会伴随肥满度和粗脂肪含量的变化,这应当引起重视。     

利用OneMap软件构建鲤遗传连锁图谱

首次使用R环境中的OneMap软件包,以荷包红鲤抗寒品系(♂)和云南大头鲤(♀)为祖父母本所培育的110个F2个体为作图群体,以荧光扩增片段长度多态性(fluorescent amplification fragment length polymorphism,fAFLP)为主要分子标记,采用远交全同胞家系模型构建鲤的遗传连锁图谱。结果显示,110个F2个体中共产生1513个清晰的fAFLP标记,其中多态性标记911个;另开发多态性的EST标记12个,最后总计923个标记用于构建遗传连锁图谱;采用OneMap软件包构建的遗传图谱含有238个fAFLP标记和8个EST标记分布在50个连锁群上,总图距为2876.64cM,标记间平均间距为14.68cM,图谱覆盖率为66.56%。     

鳙30日龄生长性状的遗传参数

为了研究鳙早期生长性状的遗传改良潜力,利用2个亲本群体进行群体繁殖(组1)和人工授精(组2)实验,并分别采集672尾30日龄鱼苗,用于开展对早期生长性状的遗传分析。通过微卫星标记分别鉴定了其中628和660尾个体的亲本来源,并依此获取群体双列杂交的信息;亲本对应子代贡献率存在极显著差异。在2个繁殖组中,体质量和体长在家系间均存在极显著差异;在组2中,体质量和体长在交配设计间均存在显著差异。此外,杂交组合的2个生长性状均呈现出中亲杂种优势(0.39%~7.64%),其特殊配合力也均为正值(0.01~0.02)。基于动物模型和限制性最大似然法,鳙30日龄体质量和体长的遗传力估值分别为0.47和0.49,且均达到极显著水平。体质量和体长间存在极显著的遗传相关和表型相关,分别为0.89和0.83。研究表明,通过家系构建和群体杂交,可以获得具有生长优势的鳙鱼苗;鳙30日龄生长性状具有较高选育潜力,而亲本对子代贡献的不平衡现象在选育过程中需要引起重视。     

Fish invasion in the river systems of Guangdong Province,South China: Possible indicators of their success

Although a large number of fish species have been introduced into Guangdong Province in Southern China, a few species, such as tilapia (Tilapia spp.), North African catfish Clarias gariepinus Burchell, mrigal carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Bloch) and the sucker mouth catfish (Hypostomus sp.), have established natural populations and can be considered “successful invaders” in large rivers. The specific mechanisms underlying these contrasting results among different introduced fish species remain understudied. The relationship between multiple abiotic–biotic factors and the success of four invasive species was investigated using survey data for the Guangdong Province river ecosystem. In contrast to previous studies that have considered species‐specific traits, the focus was on economic, ecological and anthropogenic factors to predict invasion success. Four main predictive indicators were found: (1) successful invaders were of low or no commercial value; (2) successful invaders tolerated a wide range of environmental conditions, including poor water quality; (3) biodiversity loss accelerated the growth of non‐native populations; (4) human disturbance facilitated population growth and spread of invasive fish species. To lessen the impacts of invasive fish species, the selection of breeding species and breeding areas, maintenance of water quality and reduction in water pollution, protection of the diversity of fish species and reduction of human interference should be addressed.     

中国鲤育种的主要方法、遗传解析及展望

水产种业是水产养殖业发展的基础,是渔业战略性、基础性核心产业,也是保障未来养殖业绿色、健康发展的核心竞争力。随着水产业全球化、市场化的发展,我国种业正面临着前所未有的机遇与挑战。特别是随着生物技术的快速发展,水产育种也由传统的选择育种和杂交育种,发展至细胞工程育种、分子标记辅助育种、全基因组选择育种、分子设计育种和基因组编辑等精准设计育种。水产动物重要经济性状的基础研究及其遗传改良技术的创建驱动着我国水产种业的蓬勃发展,截止2022年,通过全国水产原种和良种审定委员会审定并由农业农村部公告的水产新品种就有266个,其中鲤新品种数量最多,为31个,表明鲤育种工作卓有成效。本文重点回顾了我国鲤的种质和基因组资源现状,鲤的主要品种及其育种方法;简要介绍了鲤生长、抗病、体色、饲料转化率等经济性状关联的遗传研究进展,并由此提出了新时代背景下鲤种业的发展方向和措施建议,以期为我国鱼类育种提供借鉴。     

草鱼醛缩酶B基因部分序列的SNP多态性及其与生长性状的关联分析

通过佛山市白金水产良种选育场提供的草鱼EST库的醛缩酶B基因重叠群的2个Contig扩增该基因的序列片段,采用直接测序法,经过序列比对,共筛到C+687G、C+1042A和A117C等3个颠换SNPs位点。C+687G位于醛缩酶B基因外显子6的63 bp处,为同义突变;C+1042A位于外显子8的43 bp处,为错义突变;A117C位于内含子7的117 bp处。采用Snapshot方法对同一群体的296尾草鱼的这3个SNPs位点进行检测和分型,并统计基因型频率。3个SNPs位点中AA的频率分别为42.9%、32.8%、32.8%;AB的频率分别为42.9%、45.9%、45.6%;BB的频率分别为14.2%、21.3%、21.6%。利用一般线性模型分析3个SNPs位点与草鱼体质量、体长等重要生长性状的关系,关联分析结果显示,C+687G位点不同基因型只在体长/尾柄长比值上存在显著差异(P0.05),和体质量等重要生长性状不相关。A117C和C+1042A两个位点都在体质量等4个生长性状上存在显著差异(P0.05)。将3个SNPs位点不同基因型两两位点组成3个组合的双倍型(都去掉了频率小于3%的组合),结果显示,C+687G和A117C以及C+687G和C+1042A的2个组合分别组成的7种双倍型在体质量等5个生长性状上都存在显著差异(P0.05);A117C和C+1042A组成的3种双倍型在体质量、眼间距等2个生长性状上都存在显著差异(P0.05)。研究认为,可以考虑将草鱼醛缩酶B基因作为生长相关的候选基因,用于草鱼的分子辅助育种。     

The common carp <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyprinus carpio</Emphasis> in Croatia (Danube and Adriatic basins): a historical review

This review provides the first historical account of the ecology and biology of common carp Cyprinus carpio in the Danube and Adriatic basins of Croatia, and emphasises the species’ economic relevance and management implications. As a semi-native species that is native to the Danube but translocated across the Adriatic Basin, carp plays an important role for aquaculture, recreational and artisanal fisheries. However, original strains have now disappeared, and because of genetic pollution in inland waters there is an increasing demand for restoring populations of the now rare and threatened wild carp, making conservation measures a priority. Translocations of carp across water bodies of the Adriatic Basin mostly for food supply did not prove successful in the long term, as the resulting ecological impacts may have been higher than the expected economic advantages. Measures for the prevention of further (uncontrolled) carp re-stocking are therefore necessary and this will require closer collaboration between scientists and environmental managers.     

熊本牡蛎多嵴和无嵴品系F1生长性状的群体选育

为了改良熊本牡蛎(Crassostrea sikamea)生长性能,以多嵴品系和无嵴品系熊本牡蛎为材料,以壳高为指标,按照10%留种率,采用截头法进行了两个品系的群体选育研究,结果表明:选择反应及现实遗传力随着个体增大而增加,且多嵴品系选择反应略高于无嵴品系。对于多嵴品系而言,幼虫期、稚贝期、养成的选择反应及现实遗传分别为0.33±0.04、0.19±0.02,0.46±0.03、0.26±0.02,0.63±0.11、0.36±0.07;无嵴品系的分别为0.30±0.04、0.17±0.02,0.43±0.03、0.25±0.02,0.58±0.10、0.33±0.06。经过1周年的养成,多嵴品系和无嵴品系的壳高遗传改进量分别为8.41%、7.71%。由此可见,两个品系的现实遗传力相对较高,说明存在着一定程度的遗传变异。研究为熊本牡蛎遗传改良及新品系培育提供了理论与实践基础。     

Genetic improvement for important farmed aquaculture species with a reference to carp,tilapia and prawns in Asia: achievements,lessons and challenges

This study provides an overview of successful genetic improvement programmes for important farmed aquaculture species in Asia, with a focus on lessons and experiences gained as well as challenges remaining. In both fish and prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), conventional selective breeding approaches have resulted in significant improvement in productivity, with genetic gains ranging from 8 to 12% per generation. Selection for high growth has also brought about beneficial changes in fillet weight of fish and edible meat in prawns without detrimental effects on flesh quality attributes and fitness‐related traits. Genetically improved animals show remarkable vigour and high adaptation to a range of culture environments/conditions in Asian countries. Despite these successes, however, the conduct and practical implementation of such breeding programmes still present several challenges. These include the expansion of breeding objectives, management of inbreeding in closed‐selection populations, controlling the effects of genotype by environment interactions, simultaneous production of large number of full‐ and half‐sib families for species with asynchronous spawning behaviour, maintaining pedigree records, dissemination of the improved strains for widespread production, as well as a reluctance by many to carry out systematically designed genetic improvement for aquatic animal species. There are also challenges with regard to the application of genomic information in genetic enhancement programmes and the development of genetically improved strains in response to climate and environmental changes. In this study, each of these challenges is discussed and solutions are proposed to increase efficiency of future genetic improvement programmes for economically important aquaculture species.     

The Influence of Environment on the Morphology of Macrobrachium australiense (Decapoda: Palaemonidae)

The common endemic Australian freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium australiense is recognised as having potential as a culture species. Across the species’ natural range high variation exists for external morphological traits of relevance to culture. Previous studies have demonstrated that morphological variation can often be correlated with environmental factors. The current study demonstrated that when exposed to a controlled environment, offspring of two morphologically divergent wild stocks retain little of their parental morphological characteristics. When crossed and grown under identical conditions, ‘hybrids’ and pure offspring were morphologically uniform. A breeding and growth trial of offspring within a single stock were exposed to a variety of environmental temperatures that resulted in high variability of morphological traits in the offspring. These results suggest that environmental parameters rather than genotype may strongly influence the phenotypic expression of the morphological traits investigated. Morphological traits of interest to culture, such as abdomen length and width show low additive genetic variance and hence may not respond well to traditional selective breeding approaches designed to improve their attributes.     

The interactive effects of paternal size and offspring feeding strategy on offspring fitness of an Indian major carp Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822)

Parental condition‐dependent offspring fitness is a well‐discussed issue in animal breeding research, while offspring environment and its interaction with parental condition are currently another very interesting topic to investigate the plasticity of phenotypic traits across an environmental gradient. The present study was, therefore, conducted following a half‐sib breeding design to test the effects of (a) paternal body size, (b) offspring feeding strategy (everyday and every other day) and (c) their interactions on fitness‐related traits (e.g., survival, total length and body area) of offspring of a commercially important aquaculture species, the Indian major carp (Labeo rohita). The analysis revealed that paternal body size had significant effects on offspring survival rate and total length, while no significant influence was found in body area. The study also showed that the offspring feeding strategy significantly affected all offspring traits. Interestingly, the study unveiled the significant interactive effects of paternal condition and offspring feeding for offspring survival rate and total length. These findings suggest that paternal size, offspring rearing environment and their interactions can influence offspring fitness‐related traits which are very essential information for the sustainable production of good quality larvae under variable dietary conditions.     

基于黄河鲤新品系IGF2b基因SNPs获取体系的建立及在该品系选育中的应用

为了建立鲤 IGF2b (insulin-like growth factor 2)基因全基因组信息 SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism)的获取体系,并验证该获取体系在黄河鲤新品系选育中运用的适用性,本研究首先对 10个不同鲤品种的 33个鲤个体重测序数据进行分析,整体上了解 IGF2b 基因的单核苷酸位点及其在基因组上的分布情况。然后在基因组 DNA 水平上分段获取 IGF2b 基因的 SNPs 信息,并以不同的鲤品种验证引物的适用性,最后在黄河鲤新品系中检测其应用。研究结果:获得 8 对聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)引物进行分段克隆的结果,并通过直接测序和限制性片段长度多态性来获取相应的 SNPs。经过直接测序,本文对黄河鲤、建鲤、黄河鲤和建鲤的正反交后代进行 PCR 检测发现条带单一,目地片段正确;结合黄河鲤新品系的体重数据,本文又以 IGF2b3#引物检测到一个与体重明显相关的 SNPs,同时检测到一个与该基因表达量相关的另一个 SNPs。本研究的方法能够在该基因全基因组范围内开展鲤分子育种中 SNPs 的检测,并验证发现黄河鲤新品系 IGF2b3#引物 227 号位点处,出现的突变位点使体重降低,且有一处 SNPs 与其表达量有关。这将为其他物种、其他功能基因的多态性分子标记研究提供思路。     

遗传改良对世界水产养殖业发展的推动作用

随着全球水产品养殖产量快速增长，水产养殖业在近二十年间正快速替代捕捞业，成为满足人类对优质蛋白需求极具潜力的生产活动。世界水产品消费量近几十年来快速增长，水产品在人类食物系统中具有越来越重要的地位。遗传改良作为发展水产养殖业的关键环节而备受关注，长期以来，以选择育种和杂交育种为主要的育种方法，以生长速度、成活率等经济性状为主要改良的目标性状，对世界水产养殖业的发展发挥了基础性、先导性和战略性作用。随着人们对优质蛋白需求的不断增加以及“大食物观”概念的广泛普及，将水产品打造为更加高效的食物生产系统是大势所趋。但纵观全球，水产养殖业存在遗传改良种类不多、覆盖面不广、改良性状滞后于产业发展需求等问题，需要加强水产育种技术创新和品种培育，培育更多的遗传改良种，推进水产养殖业高质量发展。本文基于已有研究结果，结合渔业各类统计数据，对世界水产养殖业发展概况、重要养殖种遗传改良情况、水产育种技术应用、目标性状改良以及部分主要人工改良种产量数据进行整理概述，总结发展状况，分析存在问题，以期为水产种业研究以及产业高质量发展提供参考。     

齐口裂腹鱼SNP标记与生长性状的关联分析

齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti)是中国特有的冷水性经济鱼类,具有较高的营养和经济价值。为了研究齐口裂腹鱼生长性状关联的分子标记,本研究以114尾同批次繁殖、相同养殖条件的齐口裂腹鱼为研究材料,运用26个齐口裂腹鱼SNPs位点进行生长性状(体重、体高、全长、体长)关联分析。对齐口裂腹鱼生长性状的主成分分析表明,体重占解释方差的93.42%,且特征根大于1,累积方差大于85%,是齐口裂腹鱼生长性状的第一主成分。SNPs位点与生长性状相关分析结果显示:ug17711-0-2201与全长呈显著相关(P0.05),ug24013-0-3669对全长、体长有显著影响(P0.05),ug25050-0-1678对体重、体高、全长和体长都有显著影响(P0.05),ug22712-0-2452对体重、体高、全长和体长都有极显著影响(P0.01)。对与生长性状显著相关的4个SNPs位点进行多态性检测,平均观测杂合度和期望杂合度分别为0.2369和0.2110,平均多态信息含量为0.18,其中ug25050-0-1678具有中度多态性(0.25≤PIC0.5)。综上所述,ug25050-0-1678和ug22712-0-2452与生长性状具有显著相关性,可作为候选位点用于齐口裂腹鱼的分子标记辅助育种。本研究旨为齐口裂腹鱼的遗传改良和选择育种提供基础资料。     

Resistance of genetically different common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., families against experimental bacterial challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila

The objective of this study was to determine the differences in disease resistance against artificial infection with Aeromonas hydrophila between genetically different common carp families. Four strains differing in their origin and breeding history were selected from the live gene bank of common carp maintained at the Research Institute for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Irrigation (HAKI, Szarvas, Hungary) to establish families with wide genetic background: Szarvas 15 (15), an inbred mirror line; Tata (T) scaly noble carp; Duna (D), a Hungarian wild carp and Amur (A), an East Asian wild carp. A diallele mating structure was used to allow the assessment of genetic variation within and between the tested 96 families for a variety of traits. The existing technologies of fertilization and incubation of carp eggs, as well as larval and fingerling rearing had been modified because of the large number of baseline populations. Two challenge trials of the 96 families of carp with Aeromonas hydrophila were done. The 10 most resistant and 10 most susceptible families to A. hydrophila were identified from these two challenges. The crosses that produced the most resistant families were mainly those having parents from Tata and Szarvas 15 domesticated strains, while the most susceptible families were from the wild strains Duna and Amur.