微量元素对种公牛精液品质的影响

选择西门塔尔牛、利木赞牛、夏洛莱牛和安格斯牛4个引进品种的20头种公牛作为供试牛,测定不同品种种公牛的精液品质、精液及基础日粮中微量元素Fe、Cu、Zn、Se的含量.结果表明：精液中Cu含量夏洛莱牛极显著低于安格斯牛、西门塔尔牛、利木赞牛（P＜0.01）;Fe含量利木赞牛、西门塔尔牛、夏洛莱牛均显著高于安格斯牛（P＜0.05）;Zn含量利木赞牛和夏洛莱牛分别与安格斯牛、西门塔尔牛之间差异极显著（P＜0.01）和显著（P＜0.05）;Se含量供试肉牛品种之间差异均不显著（伶0.05）;射精量安格斯牛极显著高于利木赞牛（P＜0.01）,西门塔尔牛与利木赞牛、安格斯牛和夏洛莱牛之间差异均达显著水平（P＜0.05）;原精密度夏洛莱牛与安格斯牛、西门塔尔牛之间差异均极显著（P＜0.01）;原精活力西门塔尔牛与利木赞牛之间差异显著（P＜0.05）;细管印刷量安格斯牛极显著高于利木赞牛,西门塔尔牛和安格斯牛分别与利木赞牛和夏洛莱牛之间差异达显著水平（P＜0.05）;冻后活力西门塔尔牛显著高于利木赞牛和安格斯牛（P＜0.05）;冻精数安格斯牛和西门塔尔牛分别极显著高于夏洛莱牛和利木赞牛（P＜0.01）.因此,精液中铜含量与原精密度呈正相关,铁含量与射精量、原精密度、细管印刷量及冻精数之间的关系为负相关,精液中锌含量与射精量、原精密度之间呈正相关.     

杂交肉牛背最长肌LPL基因与脂肪代谢的研究

为了研究脂蛋白酯酶(Lipoprotein lipase,LPL)对脂肪代谢的影响,进而提高牛肉品质,试验选择红安格斯牛[纯种红安格斯(♂)与蒙古牛(♀)杂交后代]、中国西门塔尔牛、草原红牛和夏洛莱牛[纯种夏洛莱(♂)与蒙古牛(♀)杂交后代]等4种杂交肉牛各6头,在相同饲养条件下育肥180 d后进行屠宰,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术测定背最长肌LPL基因mRNA表达量,用索氏提取法测定背最长肌脂肪含量。结果表明:草原红牛肌内脂肪含量显著高于其他3个品种肉牛(P0. 05),肌内脂肪含量高低顺序为草原红牛夏洛莱牛中国西门塔尔牛红安格斯牛,组间均差异显著(P0. 05);LPL基因mRNA表达量草原红牛显著高于其他3个品种肉牛(P0. 05),LPL基因mRNA表达量顺序为草原红牛夏洛莱牛中国西门塔尔牛红安格斯牛,组间均差异显著(P0. 05)。说明LPL基因对脂肪合成代谢有正向调控作用。     

不同杂交组合与营养水平对牛肌肉中MSTN基因表达的影响

以夏洛莱杂交牛（夏杂牛）和利木赞杂交牛（利杂牛）为研究对象,旨在明确营养水平与不同杂交组合对肉牛半腱肌中肌生成抑制素（MSTN）基因表达量的影响及MSTN基因表达量与产肉率的关系。将夏杂牛和利杂牛随机分成3组,分别饲喂以高、中、低3种营养水平的日粮,饲喂10个月后,屠宰采样,利用实时定量荧光PCR技术测定半腱肌中MSTN基因相对表达量,并对半腱肌的产肉率与MSTN mRNA相对表达量作了相关分析。结果表明,低营养和中营养条件下,夏杂牛的半腱肌中MSTN表达量极显著高于利杂牛（P〈0.01）,而高营养条件下,两者差异不显著（P〉0.05）。对于利杂牛,中营养组牛半腱肌中MSTN基因表达量极显著高于低营养组和高营养组（P〈0.01）,而低营养组和高营养组间差异不显著（P〉0.05）。对于夏杂牛,低营养组MSTN基因的表达量显著高于中营养组和高营养组（P〈0.01）,而中营养组MSTN基因的表达量也显著高于高营养组（P〈0.01）,且高营养水平下的2种杂交组合牛半腱肌的产肉率都与MSTN mRNA表达量成强负相关。研究结果表明不同杂交组合和营养水平对牛MSTN基因在半腱肌中的表达均有显著影响,对于2个杂交组合,高营养水平下牛半腱肌MSTN基因的表达量均显著低于低营养水平下的各组试验牛,且高营养条件下,MSTN基因表达量和产肉率之间存在着强负相关。     

杂交肉牛背最长肌PPARγ基因与脂肪代谢的研究

为了阐明过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)对脂肪代谢的影响,试验选择红安格斯牛、西门塔尔牛、草原红牛和夏洛莱牛各6头,分为4组,在相同饲养条件下育肥180 d,屠宰,采样,采用实时荧光定量技术测定背最长肌PPARγ基因mRNA表达量,用索氏提取法测定背最长肌脂肪含量。结果表明:草原红牛肌内脂肪含量显著高于其他3个品种牛(P0.05),顺序为草原红牛夏洛莱牛西门塔尔牛红安格斯牛;草原红牛PPARγ基因mRNA表达量显著高于其他3个品种肉牛(P0.05),顺序为草原红牛夏洛莱牛西门塔尔牛红安格斯牛。说明PPARγ基因对脂肪合成代谢有正向调控作用。     

塔额垦区饲养主要肉牛品种选育进展研究

【目的】夏洛莱、安格斯、西门塔尔是新疆塔额垦区肉牛主要养殖品种,其中夏洛莱在垦区杂交改良已有50多年历史,养殖数量也最多。本文旨在比较三个肉牛品种的早期生长速度、体尺变化及规模养殖发病死亡的差异,分析不同养殖方式的适宜品种,为垦区养殖者选种和肉牛业发展提供理论和实践基础。【方法】试验选取月龄相近、数量不等、健康状况良好的夏洛莱、安格斯和西门塔尔肉牛,在相同营养水平和管理条件下饲养270天,分阶段逐个测定体重体尺、统计养殖发病和死亡情况,分析各品种间养殖情况差异。【结果】西门塔尔牛8月龄初始重、期末体重、日增重显著高于安格斯高于夏洛莱（P＜0.05）,体尺增长高于夏洛莱高于安格斯（P＜0.05）,患病死亡数量高于夏洛莱和安格斯。夏洛莱牛体重、体尺曲线分布较广,个体间差异相比其他两品种牛大,有40%的个体生长速度高于安格斯平均水平,体尺增长不亚于安格斯、西门塔尔（P＞0.05）,具有较大生长潜力。【结论】夏洛莱生产性能优秀尚欠整齐、抗逆性强,患病率表现稳定,适合在牧区、半牧区放牧养殖,适合在条件较差的农区半放牧补饲育肥。西门塔尔生长性能优越稳定,是规模化养殖很好的品种,农区舍饲商品化养殖生产可以有效提高料肉比和育肥肉牛的直接经济效益。     

遗传基础和营养水平及其互作对肉牛肝GHR基因表达的影响

为探索遗传和营养及其互作对肉牛肝GHR基因表达的影响,部分揭示遗传和营养对肉牛生长性能影响的神经内分泌和分子机制。试验以利杂(利木赞×吉林黄牛)、西杂(西门塔尔×吉林黄牛)和夏杂(夏洛莱×吉林黄牛)为研究对象,设计高、中及低3个营养水平日粮,利用荧光定量(RT-PCR)分析肉牛肝GHR mRNA的水平。结果表明:高营养组GHR mRNA水平显著高于低营养组(P0.05),但不同遗传基础牛组间差异并未达到显著水平(P0.05)。营养水平会影响肉牛肝GHR基因表达量,提高营养水平会增加肉牛肝GHR mRNA丰度。     

草原肉牛新品系育肥屠宰试验研究

选取12月龄的安西F1（安格斯牛×西门塔尔牛）、利西F1（利木赞牛×西门塔尔牛）进行为期90d的育肥屠宰试验,以期为草原肉牛新品系的培育提供理论依据。结果表明：利西F1的增重水平和育肥效果明显优于安西F1,安西F1、利西F1杂交牛头均日增重分别为1．30和1．80kg,利西F1头均日增重极显著高于安西F1（P〈0．01）;宰前重、胴体重、净肉重均为利西F1极显著高于安西F1（P〈0．01）,而屠宰率、净肉率二者相当。     

新疆夏洛莱肉牛群体体重、体尺性能评价分析

夏洛莱肉牛引入新疆已有50余年的历史,为了验证新疆夏洛莱牛在塔额垦区的适应性,更好的开发利用新疆夏洛莱肉牛的种质资源,通过对新疆夏洛莱体尺和体重的测定和分析,以达到为新疆夏洛莱的选育和综合评价提供基础,推进新疆夏洛莱牛对哈萨克牛群体选育效果的目的。本试验方法：选取健康状况良好的导入夏洛莱外血培育后代新疆夏洛莱母牛567头进行了群体体重、体长、管围、胸围、体高等性状的调查。并与报道的西门塔尔牛与哈萨克牛杂交后代（简称西杂牛）、新疆褐牛与哈萨克牛的杂交后代（褐杂牛）做比较分析。采用excel（2019）进行统计分析,结果表明：导入夏洛莱外血培育的新疆夏洛莱牛体重、胸围、体高、体长均明显优于哈萨克牛;出生到3周岁之间,新疆夏洛莱牛在胸围和体重方面比西杂牛和褐杂牛有明显的优势。结论：新疆夏洛莱肉牛经过改良和选育,其生长性能有大幅度的提高,今后应积极运用现代育种技术,加强本品种的保护、选育和利用,构建地方特色肉用牛选育体系有积极的作用。     

夏洛莱牛和西门塔尔牛育肥及屠宰性能对比试验研究

[目的]试验旨在研究青海省引进夏洛莱牛的育肥效果、屠宰性状和肉质品质,评估夏洛莱牛在青海省推广及杂交利用的可行性,[方法]在青海锦绣农业发展有限公司开展了引进6月龄夏洛莱牛与本地自繁6月龄西门塔尔牛的育肥对比试验,最后对15月龄夏洛莱牛和本地西门塔尔牛进行屠宰性能测定,分析其屠宰性能、胴体和肉质品质的差异。[结果]结果表明,夏洛莱牛在青海西宁育肥后可达到屠宰率57.80%,净肉率46.40%,胴体产肉率80.30%,肉骨比4.23,各项指标均优于本地西门塔尔牛;夏洛莱牛肉中必需氨基酸含量及必需脂肪酸含量分别为7.96%和3.29%,与本地西门塔尔牛无显著差异。[结论]综上所述,夏洛莱牛具有良好的生长性能和屠宰性能,其肉质营养水平与本地西门塔尔牛接近,因此,夏洛莱牛适合在本地育肥并推广。     

遗传基础与日粮营养源结构对肉牛生产性能的影响

在相同饲养管理条件下,选购约10月龄、体质量接近和健康状况良好的85头利木赞、西门塔尔、夏洛莱与本地黄牛杂交的后代作为试验对象,设计以玉米秸秆为唯一粗饲料的低、中和高3个营养水平的日粮,采用3×3全因子试验设计方法分成9组进行试验。通过消化试验对3种含不同营养水平日粮的粗蛋白质、干物质、有机物、粗脂肪、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维等营养物质表观消化率的测定,比较各品种肉牛在不同营养水平下各营养物质表观消化率的差异及日增质量效果的研究。结果表明:3个品种肉牛日增质量均随营养水平的提高而提高,利杂和西杂牛高营养水平日粮组日增质量显著高于低和中营养水平组,夏杂牛只有微弱的提高,差异不显著。3个品种肉牛在相同营养水平下,营养物质表观消化率差异不显著;在不同营养水平下,各品种肉牛营养物质表观消化率有显著差异,利杂和西杂牛在中营养水平下对各种营养物质的表观消化率显著高于低营养水平组,同时高营养水平组日粮营养物质表观消化率最低;夏杂牛对干物质、粗蛋白和酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率与利杂和西杂牛相同,但夏杂牛对中性洗涤纤维和粗纤维的表观消化率有别于利杂和西杂牛,低营养水平与中营养水平组差异不显著,二者显著高于高营养水平组。     

郏县红牛与不同品种肉牛杂交后代肉用性能比较研究

为了研究郏县红牛与不同品种肉牛杂交后代的肉用性能和肉品质情况,试验选取红安格斯牛、西门塔尔牛、夏洛莱牛与郏县红牛的杂交1代公牛各5头,纯种郏县红牛5头,分为试验A组（郏县红牛公牛）、B组（红郏F1代公牛（红安格斯牛×郏县红牛））、C组（西郏F1代公牛（西门塔尔牛×郏县红牛））和D组（夏郏F1代公牛（夏洛莱牛×郏县红牛））4个试验组,在同样的饲养管理条件下,持续育肥3个月后屠宰,利用屠宰测定和检验分析的方法对郏县红牛及其不同杂交品种的体尺发育、肉用性能和肉品质进行分析测定。结果表明：采用红安格斯牛、夏洛莱牛改良郏县红牛,在体高、体斜长、胸围和管围方面与郏县红牛纯种牛相比均无显著性差异（P>0.05）;屠宰测定方面,杂交后代组的头重、皮厚、皮重、前二蹄重和尾重,屠体器官食道、气管、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏的重量,以及胴体产肉率、眼肌面积、肉骨比与郏县红牛纯种牛相比均无显著性差异（P>0.05）,但其胴体后腿宽显著高于郏县红牛纯种牛（P<0.05）;红郏F1代公牛高档肉块重和优质肉块重最高,分别为70.22和105.22 kg,但高档牛肉率4组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）,红郏F1代公牛优质牛肉率达到34.43%,显著高于郏县红牛和西郏F1代公牛（P<0.05）,高于夏郏F1代公牛（P>0.05）。在肉品质方面,红郏F1代公牛与肉品风味有关的肌苷酸含量最高,而不饱和脂肪酸含量和与鲜味有关的氨基酸（天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸和丙氨酸）含量均为夏郏F1代公牛含量最高,分别为53.85%和8.04%。结果提示,采用红安格斯牛、西门塔尔牛和夏洛莱牛改良郏县红牛,没有在体尺发育和肉用性能方面表现出显著优势,但采用红安格斯牛改良郏县红牛可提高郏县红牛肉用性能的潜力,可适度提高高档牛肉和优质牛肉肉块重量,而夏洛莱牛改良郏县红牛可适度提高牛肉品质。     

Comparative Study on the Beef Traits Between Jiaxian Red Cattle and Crossbred Beef Cattle

In order to study the beef traits and beef quality of Jiaxian Red bull with crossbred beef cattle, 5 purebred Jiaxian Red bull, 5 Red Angus cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation, 5 Simmental cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation and 5 Charolais cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation were chosen and assigned into groups A,B,C and D for continual finishing for 3 months of age under the same feeding and management conditions and slaughtered at the end of the trial. The results showed that there were no significant difference in body height, body length, chest girth and cannon circumference between Red Angus cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation and purebred Jiaxian Red bull, the same as in Charolais cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation (P>0.05). The weight of head, skin, fore hooves and tail, the skin thick, esophagus, trachea, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and carcass meat percentage, loin eye area and the meat bone ratio in crossbred beef cattle groups were not significant differences compared with purebred Jiaxian Red bull (P>0.05), but its hind legs wide in carcass was significantly higher than that of purebred Jiaxian Red bull (P<0.05). The high-grade meat weight and high quality meat weight in Red Angus cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation were 70.22 and 105.22 kg, respectively, and was the highest in four groups,but the high-grade beef percentage among four groups did not show significant differences (P>0.05). The high quality meat percentage in Red Angus cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 reached 34.43%, was significantly higher than that of Jiaxian Red bull and Simmental cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation (P<0.05), and was higher than that of Charolais cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 generation (P>0.05). In terms of meat quality, the content of inosinic acid that related with the meat flavor in Red Angus cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 was the highest in four groups, while the content of unsaturated fatty acid and the flavor related amino acid, such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine and alanine, in Charolais cattle×Jiaxian Red bull F1 were the highest in four groups,and their values were 53.85% and 8.04%, respectively. To sum up, the results suggested that there was no significant difference in body development and beef traits using Red Angus cattle, Simmental cattle and Charolais cattle to improve Jiaxian Red bull, while Red Angus cattle crossbred with Jiaxian Red bull could moderately improve the weight of high-grade beef and high-quality beef, and Charolais cattle could moderately improve the beef quality of Jiaxian Red bull.     

贵州不同三元杂交肉牛生长性能比较

为了筛选适合贵州生产的三元杂交肉牛,试验选用利木赞牛、安格斯牛和夏洛莱牛冻精对西本母牛进行杂交改良.试验结果表明：不同杂交组合后代犊牛均表现出明显的杂种优势,从初生到18月龄,夏西本牛的体重、体尺指标均最优,依次为利西本牛、安西本牛、西本杂牛;3组三元杂交牛不同月龄的体重、体尺指标均差异不显著（P＞0.05）,但均显著高于西本杂牛（P＜0.05）.结论：虽然夏西本牛的体尺指标和生产性能最好,但由于其产犊难产比例较高,且当地养殖户不喜欢其白色的被毛,因此建议在本省推广利西本牛、安西本牛.     

Candidate gene expression and intramuscular fat content in pigs

Seventy-two pigs of three genetic groups (Brazilian indigenous breed Piau, Commercial line and Crossbred) of both sexes were slaughtered at four live weights (30, 60, 90 and 120 kg). Intramuscular fat (IMF) content in Longissimus dorsi muscle of each animal was extracted and correlated with candidate gene mRNA expression (ATN1, EEF1A2, FABP3, LDLR, MGP, OBSCN, PDHB, TRDN and RYR1). Within slaughter weight of 120 kg, Piau and Crossbred pigs showed higher IMF content (p < 0.05) than commercial animals, with 2.48, 2.08 and 1.00% respectively. Barrows presented higher values of IMF (p < 0.05) than gilts (1.54 and 1.30% respectively). Gene expression of EEF1A2, FABP3, LDLR, OBSCN, PDHB, TRDN and RYR1 were correlated with IMF (p < 0.05) using the whole dataset. For Piau data only, expression of FABP3, LDLR, MGP, OBSCN, PDHB, TRDN and RYR1 showed correlation with IMF (p < 0.05). Genes that have important roles in lipid transportation inside the cell (FABP3) and tissues (LDLR) showed correlation with IMF of, respectively, 0.68 and 0.63 using the whole data set, and 0.90 and 0.91 using data from Piau animals. The highly positive correlation of the LDLR and FAPB3 expression with IMF content may confirm that these genes are important for fat deposition in the porcine L. dorsi muscle.     

Comparing mRNA levels of genes encoding leptin,leptin receptor,and lipoprotein lipase between dairy and beef cattle

Body weight and fat mass vary distinctly between German Holstein (dairy cattle) and Charolais (beef cattle). The aim of this study was to determine whether the expression of the obese (Ob) gene and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene in fat tissues and expression of the long isoform leptin receptor (Ob-Rb) gene in the hypothalamus were different between these two cattle breeds. Body weight and the area of longissimus muscle cross-section of German Holstein were lower (P<0.001), while body fat content, as well as the omental and perirenal fat mass were higher (P<0.001), compared to Charolais. Plasma insulin and leptin levels between two cattle breeds were determined by radioimmunoassay. Compared to Charolais, plasma insulin concentrations were significantly higher (P<0.01), and plasma leptin levels were tended to be higher (P<0.1) in German Holstein. Ob mRNA levels in subcutaneous and perirenal fat depots, but not in the omental fat depot, were significantly higher (P<0.05) in German Holstein than in Charolais. LPL mRNA expression in the perirenal fat depot of German Holstein was greater in abundance than that of Charolais. No significantly different LPL mRNA levels were found in subcutaneous and omental fat depots, and Ob-Rb mRNA levels in the hypothalamus between these two cattle breeds (P<0.05). Both Ob and LPL expression was greater in perirenal and omental fat depots than in the subcutaneous fat depot (P<0.05). Data indicated that in bovine the Ob and LPL gene expression levels in perirenal fats are an important index that is associated with body fat content, while Ob-Rb in hypothalamus is not.     

草原红牛FABP7基因克隆、生物信息学及组织表达差异分析

本研究旨在克隆草原红牛脂肪酸结合蛋白7基因(FABP7)的CDS区序列并对其进行生物信息学分析,同时检测其在牛各个组织中的mRNA表达水平。利用RT-PCR技术克隆草原红牛FABP7基因CDS区序列,并使用多种生物软件和在线工具进行生物信息学分析,通过qPCR技术检测FABP7基因在各组织间mRNA的表达水平。结果表明:草原红牛FABP7基因CDS区全长399 bp,编码132个氨基酸,蛋白分子量为14.96 ku,理论等电点为5.38,属于亲水性蛋白;通过NCBI-BLAST对比发现,草原红牛与普通牛、羊、猪、人、鼠、鸡的核苷酸序列同源性分别为99%、98%、94%、92%、85%、85%,系统进化树结果发现,草原红牛与普通牛亲缘关系最近,与鸡的亲缘关系最远;FABP7蛋白序列有1个二硫键,14个磷酸化位点,1个N-糖基化位点,不存在信号肽和跨膜区;在蛋白的二级结构和三级结构中发现,FABP7蛋白主要存在2个α-螺旋结构和10条β-折叠,为混合型蛋白。FABP7基因在小肠组织表达量最高,在心脏、脂肪和胃中中度表达。     

Association of A‐FABP gene polymorphism and mRNA expression with intramuscular fat content (IMF) in Baicheng‐You chicken

This study aims to assess the association of polymorphisms and mRNA expression of adipocyte‐type fatty acid‐binding protein (A‐FABP) with intramuscular fat (IMF) in the breast muscle (BM) and leg muscle (LM) of Baicheng‐You chickens (BYCs). A total of 180 chickens, including sixty black Baicheng‐You chickens (BBYCs), sixty silky Baicheng‐You chickens (SBYCs) and sixty white Baicheng‐You chickens (WBYCs), were reared from 1 to 120 day. A polymerase chain reaction–single‐strand conformation polymorphism strategy (PCR‐SSCP) was used to detect the polymorphism of the A‐FABP gene in the first exon, and the C51T silent mutational site was found. The IMF content with the AA genotype was significantly higher than that with the AG genotype (p = 0.0473) in the LM of WBYC. Thus, this site could be taken as a molecular marker in selecting a higher IMF content of LM in WBYC. A‐FABP gene mRNA expression in the BM and LM of BYCs was detected, and a significant positive correlation was observed in the LM of WBYC. These findings provide fundamental data that might be useful in further study of the role of the A‐FABP gene in IMF content and fatty metabolism in chickens.     

三种杂交牛的生长发育趋势对比分析

[目的]为了掌握杂种牛生长发育的规律.[方法]对三种杂种牛的生长发育趋势和日增重的变化趋势进行了对比.[结果]表明:从公、母对比看,母牛生长发育速度略快于公牛,二者呈强的正相关;从三杂种对比看,夏杂F1增长最快,海杂F1次之,安杂F1最慢;从日增重变化趋势看,3～12月龄呈下降趋势,12～15月龄呈上升趋势,15～18月龄再次下降.[结论]说明生长发育是有波动趋势.     

南德温肉牛与张掖西杂牛三元杂交效果调查

为了确定本地肉牛主导品种,在原有利木辛、夏洛莱、皮埃蒙特等肉牛品种的基础上,从2004年开始引进南德温牛(冻精)与当地西杂牛进行三元杂交改良,止2007年2月,已产南杂牛3 345头,育肥出栏1 750头.总结了甘肃张掖牛改区三元杂交牛外貌特征,适应能力和繁殖能力的观察和调查结果,同时对初生、3月龄、6月龄体尺,体重进行了测定并与同龄二元杂交牛进行了比较,结果发现南德温三元杂交牛表现出适应性强、生长发育快等特点.为本市选择肉牛主导品种和肉牛良种繁育体系建设提供了多元化的品种来源及理论依据.