城市固体废弃物在动物园凤头鹦鹉丰容中的运用和研究

2017年10—11月对上海动物园3只葵花凤头鹦鹉和2只小白凤头鹦鹉进行展区的社群丰容试验,包括环境丰容、认知丰容和食物丰容。通过运用城市固体废弃物制作丰容物品,将城市固体废弃物和动物饲养管理结合在一起,分析城市固体废弃物在凤头鹦鹉丰容中运用的影响和意义。采用瞬时扫描法记录并分析丰容对5只凤头鹦鹉的行为节律和异常行为的变化,结果表明:丰容期间,凤头鹦鹉的休息和异常行为明显减少,与丰容前后存在极显著差异(P0.01),取食和玩耍行为与丰容前后均存在显著差异(P0.05)。表明丰容有利于减少动物的异常行为,增加动物行为多样性,让其表达自然天性,从而提高动物福利。     

成都动物园鹦鹉馆丰容试验

2010年1-12月,对成都动物园鹦鹉馆的环境进行了改造,并采用瞬时取样法观察了馆内四川鹦鹉在环境改造前后的行为及游客进馆停留时间的变化。结果表明,丰容后鹦鹉出现了一些新的行为,如在假树上休息、走动、理羽、吃食、池中洗澡、草丛中觅食等;丰容后明显增加的行为有：地上觅食,池中饮水,地上走动,在假山上理羽;而原来在架上休息和理羽的一些行为得到了减少。另一方面,动物丰容后,进馆参观的游客数量及其停留时间也明显增加,本次丰容实验获得了圆满成功。     

鹦鹉的人工孵化与育雏研究

2016年2月19日上海动物园收容救助一批鹦鹉卵,对其进行人工孵化与育雏研究。鹦鹉卵27枚,其中受精卵25枚。在孵化温度36.9℃、湿度65%～70%和翻蛋1次/2 h的条件下,出雏23羽,出雏率达到了92%。通过对鹦鹉雏鸟进行温湿度管理、食物选择、饲喂方式和断奶期管理,育成鹦鹉22羽,育成率达到了95.65%。经鉴定,此次收容救助鹦鹉包括折衷鹦鹉、灰鹦鹉、黄冠亚马逊鹦鹉、蓝黄金刚鹦鹉、绯红金刚鹦鹉、戈芬氏凤头鹦鹉、葵花凤头鹦鹉和小葵花凤头鹦鹉共8种。     

笼养鹦鹉啄羽症治疗及体会

<正>啄羽症是笼养鹦鹉常见的一种疾病,临床中常见自啄羽毛和被啄羽毛2种情况,但尚未发现同一个体同时发生自啄和被啄羽毛的情况。该病发病原因比较复杂,主要包括营养、心理及笼舍环境等。1发病及治疗情况笔者根据近2年临床诊治案例,发现发病鹦鹉主要集中于非洲灰鹦鹉、葵花凤头鹦鹉、牡丹鹦鹉、太阳鹦鹉及和尚鹦鹉。发病的非洲灰鹦鹉、葵花凤头鹦鹉通常自啄羽毛,一般啄去胸腹部、双腿内侧及前侧、翅膀内侧等部位羽毛,严重时会导致皮肤外伤;牡丹鹦鹉、太阳鹦鹉及和尚鹦鹉等小型鹦鹉     

笼养折衷鹦鹉啄羽症的诊治

笼养折衷鹦鹉患有啄羽症时影响展出效果,还会出现自残行为。为了提高野生动物福利,对患病折衷鹦鹉饲养设施进行了丰容,采食难度等条件进行了改善,但病情没有得到有效控制。通过对患病折衷鹦鹉持续性粪便检查以及日常行为观察,进行了驱除滴虫以及抗抑郁治疗后,啄羽症得到有效控制,且恢复良好,患病鹦鹉行为较治疗前有明显改善,为笼养鹦鹉啄羽症的诊断和治疗积累了经验。     

环境丰容对圈养琉璃金刚鹦鹉日常行为的影响

2018年9月至2019年3月,对重庆动物园圈养的3只琉璃金刚鹦鹉(Ara ararauna)进行了笼舍环境丰容试验,采用目标动物取样法和瞬时扫描记录法记录并分析3只琉璃金刚鹦鹉在丰容前后的行为分配与区间利用情况。结果表明,环境丰容有效改善了琉璃金刚鹦鹉的生活环境,提高了其对圈养笼舍的区间利用。     

环境与食物丰容对圈养黑熊活动时间分配的影响

为了研究环境与食物丰容对圈养黑熊活动时间分配的影响,试验以郑州市动物园的4只圈养黑熊(Ursus thibetanus)为研究对象,设计环境丰容和食物丰容,观察采集数据,分析丰容前后黑熊活动时间分配变化。结果表明:第1次环境丰容后,黑熊的休息行为和刻板行为明显减少,移动行为明显增加,其他行为均无明显变化;第2次环境丰容后,休息行为明显减少,但刻板行为几乎没有变化;食物丰容后黑熊的休息行为明显减少,刻板行为较丰容前有所减少,但差异不显著(P0.05);黑熊在丰容设施上占用的时间由最初刚刚加入第1次环境丰容的8.96%增加到第2次环境丰容观察阶段的15.36%,食物丰容前后在丰容设施上黑熊行为的时间由最初的2.56%增加到9.84%,且其行为时间分配也发生了变化。     

食物丰容对圈养蜂猴行为的影响

2010年3～4月,对北京动物园的圈养蜂猴分阶段进行不同的食物投喂方式的丰容试验,第一阶段采取分时段投喂方式;第二、三阶段在第一阶段的基础上定时在其生活环境中分别加入装有不同活食（蟋蟀、蝗虫、面粉虫等）的PVC管,采用焦点动物法和瞬时取样技术对其中1只呼名为＂宝宝＂的个体行为变化进行观察记录。结果表明,分时段投喂方式和PVC管活食食物丰容均增加了蜂猴与摄食相关的行为,休息相关行为减少。食物丰容对蜂猴的行为具有刺激作用,减少了刻板行为的发生频率。     

丰容对圈养华南虎行为影响的初探

从2011年12月到2012年4月,应用全事件取样法和目标动物取样法对南昌动物园2只处于育龄期的华南虎进行了丰容前后的行为观察,对丰容前后行为发生的时间分配、行为比例进行了研究比较。结果显示：丰容前主要出现踱步行为（刻板行为）,休息行为和摄食行为（摄食行为的发生受人为控制）等行为,丰容后行为谱明显丰富,行为种类增多,玩耍行为,社会行为占据整个行为谱的时间比重加大,丰容前后行为存在显著的差异。研究结构表明可以通过丰容来改变华南虎的行为节律,从而减少其刻板行为,增加了社会行为,对提高动物繁殖的成功率可能起到一定作用。     

不同饲养措施圈养东北虎的行为表达观察

为了解在圈养条件下,饲养管理措施改变引导东北虎的行为表达[1],达到满足饲养管理的需要、促使动物行为定向表达进而提高圈养动物福利.笔者通过小范围圈养东北虎行为表达进行观察建立行为谱,并分析不同的日常管养、丰容设施及行为训练等措施对其行为的影响.研究表明,圈养东北虎的行为表达及时间分配受日常管养措施、丰容设施及行为训练等饲养措施的影响.     

食物丰容对笼养黑猩猩行为和粪便皮质醇的影响研究

野生黑猩猩花费相当多的时间觅食、处理食物,而在笼养条件下,由于有限的空间和程序化的喂食方式,导致黑猩猩缺少对环境的探索和对食物的搜寻处理,往往发生一些行为和生理的变化,其中刻板行为的出现和较高的粪便应激激素,显示出动物处于不理想的福利状况中。为了改善这一情况,我们于2012年5月1日-6月21日对杭州动物园7只黑猩猩进行了食物丰容,并采用了行为和粪便应激激素——皮质醇作为评价丰容效果的两种指标。行为观察采片焦点动物取样法和瞬时扫描法,记录8：30-10：30和14：00-16：0）0的动物行为并统计其行为频率。通过比较丰容前后每种行为的变化发现：在食物丰容后,黑猩猩的不活跃行为和刻板行为显著降低（T=6.156,P=0.001;T=2.613,P=0.04）,表现出更多的攀爬（T=-4.200,P=0.006）和探究行为（T=-4.902,P=0.005）,而大大减少了玩耍行为（T=8.039,P=0.000）。通过对粪便皮质醇激素的酶联免疫测定显示,3只成年个体的粪便样品中的皮质醇含量呈现下降趋势。通过行为和内分泌的检测结果显示黑猩猩的福利状况通过食物丰容得到了一定的改善,这为继续开展黑猩猩的整体丰容计划提供了一定的经验基础。     

环境丰容对圈养小熊猫室内展区空间利用的影响

本研究通过对上海动物园小熊猫馆5只圈养小熊猫(Ailurus fulgens)增加多组合高度栖架、矮凳结合改变放置食物的方式进行环境丰容,比较环境丰容前后小熊猫行为的变化,采用SPI指数(the spread of participation index)比较丰容前后动物空间利用度的变化,采用空间利用率比较小熊猫对不同区域空间利用率的变化和喜好程度,评估丰容的效果。结果表明:小熊猫在丰容前主要以休息行为(46. 99±21. 78)%、取食行为(16. 68±6. 64)%、刻板行为(12. 09±24. 18)%为主,通过丰容,攀爬行为(3. 49±1. 86)%显著增加(P <0. 05)。丰容后所有小熊猫的SPI指数均降低,空间区域利用的个数从丰容前的20个增加至29个。丰容显著提升了小熊猫对于展区第3层(0. 7—1. 5 m)区域的空间利用率,在丰容设施所在区域标记行为发生频率显著提高。     

上海动物园圈养梅花鹿（Cervus nippon）丰容效果的行为学评价

2013年1～4月期间，对上海动物园圈养梅花鹿进行了食物丰容，并基于动物行为对丰容效果进行了初步评价。采用瞬时扫描取样法观察记录14只梅花鹿丰容前后行为在时间和空间上的改变。研究表明，环境丰容对梅花鹿行为在时间和空间分配上均存在显著影响（P〈0．05）。从行为类型来看，丰容前后梅花鹿的摄食行为、反刍行为、乞食行为和运动行为存在显著差异（P〈0．05）。丰容使梅花鹿的摄食行为频率明显增加，从而使休息和聚群等其他各类行为频率减少。本研究对空间区域划分的手段能够为圈养区建设提供科学建议，对改善梅花鹿圈养条件具有积极的作用和效果。     

Optimization of a culture technique for the isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from faecal samples

A culture technique employing cold enrichment at 4 degrees C followed by selective enrichment and plating at higher temperatures (30 degrees C) was used to isolate Listeria monocytogenes from faecal samples. The samples were held at 4 degrees C for 15 weeks and cultured weekly to assess the sensitivity of the culture after cold storage for different lengths of time. No media, Listeria selective enrichment broth (LSEB), nutrient broth (NB) and saline were used as cold storage medium. Cold storage increased the frequency of Listeria positive samples. The sensitivity of the culture for Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes was 72 and 94%, and 56 and 61% after third and seventh week of cold storage, respectively. When the results of third and seventh week of cold storage were combined, the sensitivity was 100% for Listeria spp. and 94% for L. monocytogenes. LSEB and NB as storage medium increased Listeria positive samples after the first week of cold storage but did not maintain the increase thereafter while saline had an adverse effect on the growth of the bacteria. However, samples held in no media in a pilot study involving monthly sampling of a herd revealed better results. Detection limit of the culture media was also investigated. The lowest concentration detected by culture media was 3.17 organisms/ml. This was seven organisms/g for known Listeria positive sample. The faecal samples spiked with 10-fold dilutions of L. monocytogenes and held at 4 degrees C revealed that the sample spiked with 3.17 x 10-1 cfu/ml organisms resulted in growth after the second week of cold storage. The results suggest that the culture technique employing cold enrichment followed by selective enrichment and plating is more sensitive, the storage of faecal samples in no media when compared with the samples in storage medium, LSEB, NB and saline, during cold enrichment is a better application and culture of faeces, immediately after collection, at third and seventh week of cold enrichment produce more satisfactory results.     

定时饲喂器丰容对笼养环尾狐猴(Lemur catta)行为的影响

2017年3—6月,在上海动物园笼养环尾狐猴展区布设定时饲喂器,探讨其对环尾狐猴(Lemur catta)行为的影响。采用瞬时扫描法记录环尾狐猴行为,分析环尾狐猴的行为变化及其对定时饲喂器的认知。开展定时饲喂器丰容后,环尾狐猴的休息行为显著减少,移动和取食行为显著增加(Mann-Whitney U,P<0.05),对展区空间利用发生了显著变化(chi-square test,P<0.05)。环尾狐猴通过学习,适应了定时投喂器的工作模式,并形成了相应的行为模式。本次丰容在短时间内效果较好,但在后期,动物的反应速度减慢。     

Determination of the minimum enrichment time for the qualitative detection of Listeria monocytogenes in minced pork meat using multiplex-PCR, microarray and ELISA

A qualitative detection of Listeria monocytogenes was performed in spiked minced pork meat using ELISA, Multiplex-PCR, Microarray and cultural reference method. Minced pork meat in batches of 10 or 25 g was spiked with 25 cfu Listeria monocytogenes per gram and incubated in selective enrichment solutions. During enrichment samples were collected continiously and a Listeria monocytogenes-ELISA, a Multiplex-PCR with electrophoretical detection (Listeria duplex) and a PCR with detection by Microarray (NUTRI Chip) were performed.The enrichment time after which all sub-samples were positive was defined as minimum enrichment time. With the cultural reference method Listeria monocytogenes was detected in 100 % of the samples after a total analysis time of 5 days. With the ELISA kit used in this study positive results were achieved after enrichment for 24 h. Multiplex-PCR with electrophoretical detection was positive after only 16 h of enrichment.The most sensitive detection method was the microarray. Using this technique, an enrichment time of 10 h was sufficient to get positive results in all samples.     

Effect of an automatic milking system on milking traits

Recent studies in Japan of the effect of automatic milking systems (AMS) on the behavior of dairy cows have confirmed the labor-saving aspect of AMS, but have not solved some of the problems affecting milking traits. The influence of AMS on milking was examined in 39 Holstein cows at Iwate Agricultural Research Center from June 1998 to December 1999, by measuring and recording the yield per milking, milking finish time, milking frequency, and daily yield of milking. Four milking traits were analyzed separately as the objective variable in a linear model, with parity, days in milking, month after installation of the AMS as independent variables. Primiparous cows milked more frequently in the middle and late stage of lactation, yielded less per milking and less per day in the early stage of lactation than multiparous cows with the AMS. Lower frequencies were observed at noon and midnight for cleaning of the bulk tank. By contrast, higher milking frequency in the forenoon was shown. The yield per milking rose and declined, following a normal lactation curve. However, milking frequency rose slowly, and declined gradually in the late stage of lactation. After installing a one-way gate, the cows milked more frequently, with a lower yield per milking and a greater daily milk yield, than before installation.     

Plasma insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations increase during the estrous phase in goats

The objective of this study was to characterize plasma insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) profiles during the estrous cycle in goats. Frequent blood samples were drawn during the day of estrus and during the luteal phase on Day 10 after estrus, and plasma growth hormone (GH) and IGF-I profiles were examined. Then, daily blood samples were drawn throughout the estrous cycle or during induction of estrus by prostaglandin F(2alpha) (PGF(2alpha)) to further clarify the IGF-I profiles. GH was secreted in an episodic manner in the estrous and luteal phases in goats. There were no significant differences in the mean concentrations, pulse amplitude and pulse frequency of GH between the estrous and luteal phases. IGF-I concentrations during estrous phase were higher than those in the luteal phase (P<0.05). Plasma IGF-I increased approximately two days before behavioral estrus, and the IGF-I peak was observed in accordance with the appearance of estrus. The elevated IGF-I levels then declined to basal values 4 to 5 days after estrus. When estrus was induced by PGF(2alpha), plasma IGF-I concentrations increased after treatment, and the concentration 2 days after treatment (day of appearance of behavioral estrus) was significantly higher than concentrations before treatment (P<0.05). The elevated IGF-I levels then declined during the 3 days after treatment. These results indicate that plasma IGF-I concentrations increase during estrus in goats.