2019年度新疆阿克苏细绒棉棉结和短纤维率分析

测试分析了2019年度阿克苏地区抽检的130批次（机采棉57批次，手摘棉73批次）细绒棉的棉结和短纤维率，并将手摘棉和机采棉进行分类比较。手摘棉与机采棉平均每克纤维棉结数分别为194、240，平均每克籽屑棉结数分别为39、46，平均每克棉结数分别为234、286；12.7 mm短纤维率主要分布在8%～12%，手摘棉在该范围的占比为61%，机采棉仅为36.8%；16 mm短纤维率主要分布在12%～18%，手摘棉在该范围的占比为76.7%，机采棉仅为59.7%。可知，2019年度阿克苏地区手摘棉棉结数和短纤维率均优于机采棉。     

新疆早熟植棉区机采棉和手摘棉纤维品质比较

通过比较分析机采棉和手采棉的纤维品质,发现新疆早熟植棉区机采棉纤维长度较手摘棉差1mm,断裂比强度较手摘棉差1.08cN·tex-1,短纤维率高于手摘棉,棉花主体品级为3级,较手摘棉低1级。由此提出在新疆早熟植棉区应加强断裂比强度高、纤维长、马克隆值适中的机采棉品种选育,以提升新疆早熟植棉区机采棉纤维品质。     

新疆机采棉加工中短纤维率变化分析

为了研究新疆机采棉加工工艺对棉花短纤维率的影响，围绕典型的新疆机采棉加工工艺，在昌吉回族自治州（昌吉）和巴音郭楞蒙古自治州（巴州）各选1条工艺相同的生产线，从籽棉垛（货场）、轧花前、皮棉清理前、打包前等环节取样测试，探讨新疆机采棉加工过程中棉花短纤维率的变化规律。结果：新疆机采棉加工工艺中的籽棉清理环节会降低棉花短纤维率（重量） a，对短纤维率（根数）没有影响；轧花环节会增加短纤维率（重量）、短纤维率（根数）；皮棉清理环节会产生新的短纤维，也会清理掉一部分短纤维，短纤维率（重量）降低，短纤维率（根数）在昌吉和巴州2条生产线的变化趋势相反。认为：以此定量分析结果为参考依据，在新疆机采棉加工中应重视轧花机、皮棉清理机的操作使用，做到因花配车，减少棉纤维长度损失，降低棉花短纤维率，提高新疆机采棉加工质量。     

2021年度新疆阿克苏地区细绒棉品质分析

对2021年度（棉花年度,下同）的新疆阿克苏地区细绒棉仪器化公证检验数据进行统计,分析了细绒棉纤维颜色级、长度、马克隆值、断裂比强度、长度整齐度指数、轧工质量等主要指标,并比对了2019年度、2020年度、2021年度各指标变化趋势,以真实反映阿克苏地区细绒棉品质状况。总体来看,2021年度阿克苏地区细绒棉长度、马克隆值B级以上占比较前2年有较大提升,颜色级白棉3级及以上细绒棉占比较前2年有所降低,断裂比强度指标高于2019年度、低于2020年度,长度整齐度指数及轧工质量变化不大。     

早熟机采棉品种中棉113在新疆引种示范表现及栽培技术要点

中棉113于2019年引种到北疆,在昌吉回族自治州和博尔塔拉蒙古自治州等地示范种植,平均666.7 m2籽棉产量达到400 kg甚至更高,机采条件下多地多年的纤维上半部平均长度超过30 mm,断裂比强度超过30 cN·tex-1.介绍了中棉113作为机采棉在北疆引种示范以来的特征特性表现及高产优质栽培技术要点,为新疆棉...     

特早熟抗病棉花品种辽棉54选育及栽培技术

辽棉54在辽宁特早熟植棉区春播生育期为127 d；植株较紧凑，呈塔形；铃卵圆形；出苗好，后期不早衰；结铃性好，吐絮畅且集中，含絮力适中，适宜机采；高抗枯萎病，抗黄萎病。2019―2020年在辽宁省棉花品种区域试验中，该品种平均666.7 m2籽棉、皮棉和霜前皮棉产量分别为199.405 kg、82.185 kg和77.370 kg。介绍了辽棉54的选育过程、特征特性、适宜种植区域及栽培技术要点。     

新疆机采棉加工工艺对棉花质量的影响

为了研究新疆机采棉加工工艺在清理杂质的同时对棉花品质的影响，围绕典型的新疆机采棉加工工艺，从4道籽棉清理前后、轧花前后、3道皮棉清理前后等环节取样、测试，探讨棉花品质指标（含杂率、上半部平均长度、长度整齐度指数、断裂比强度）在新疆机采棉加工过程中的变化规律，分析含杂率与棉纤维上半部平均长度、长度整齐度指数、断裂比强度之间变化的相关性。结果表明：新疆机采棉加工工艺在清理杂质的同时，降低了棉纤维的上半部平均长度、长度整齐度指数、断裂比强度，其中含杂率与棉纤维上半部平均长度、长度整齐度指数相关极显著。认为：以此定量分析为参考依据，结合各地机采棉品质特征调整新疆机采棉加工工艺，增加籽棉清理道次，适当减少皮棉清理道次，可在保证杂质清理效果的同时，提高棉花品质。     

机采棉品种中棉所131选育及栽培技术

在湖南省植棉区,中棉所131夏播生育期为103.9 d,植株塔形,叶片中等大小,花药白色,吐絮畅,对脱叶剂敏感,耐枯萎病,耐黄萎病,抗棉铃虫。在2019―2020年湖南省机采棉区域试验中,该品种平均籽棉和皮棉产量分别为3 814.43 kg·hm^－2和1 501.38 kg·hm^－2,纤维品质为Ⅱ型。本文介绍了中棉所131的选育过程及其特征特性、产量、纤维品质表现和栽培要点。     

冈杂棉10号丰产性和适应性以及产量构成要素分析

为全面了解冈杂棉10号的选育过程及其在长江流域不同生态区域的高产稳产性、适应性和产量构成因素相关性，依据2018―2019年长江流域国家棉花品种区域试验和生产试验的产量数据汇总资料，采用多重比较（邓肯多重范围检验）、变异系数、高稳系数、环境指数和产量的回归系数及坐标曲线、适应度、相关系数等对试验数据进行分析。结果显示：冈杂棉10号2年区域试验平均666.7 m2皮棉产量为122.3 kg，比对照GK39增产13.3%，差异达极显著水平，表现出高产特性；变异系数分析发现冈杂棉10号属于高产但稳产性一般的品种，但冈杂棉10号的2年区域试验高稳系数分别为83.76%和86.90%，较同组区试品种相对较大，说明冈杂棉10号具有很好的丰产性，且兼顾稳产性；环境系数和产量的回归分析中，2年的回归系数分别为1.10和1.18，但回归线位于群体平均线上方，适应度平均为81.25%，说明其对不同环境的适应性较好；相关分析表明，冈杂棉10号的皮棉产量受总成铃数的影响最大。综上，棉花品种冈杂棉10号具有丰产性，兼具稳产性，能较好地适应不同的环境。因此，该品种在审定区域内具有较高的推广应用价值。     

转基因抗虫常规棉品种——国欣棉32

介绍了转基因抗虫常规棉品种国欣棉32的选育过程、特征特性、适宜种植区域和栽培技术要点。国欣棉32在河北植棉区春播生育期123 d,植株紧凑,铃重6.6 g,霜前花率93.9%。2019―2020年河北省春播常规棉组区域试验中,2019年多点平均籽棉、皮棉、霜前皮棉产量分别为4 529.0 kg·hm^－2、1 843.0 kg·hm^－2、1 734.6 kg·hm^－2;2020年多点平均籽棉、皮棉、霜前皮棉产量分别为3 886.4 kg·hm^－2、1 627.8 kg·hm^－2、1 524.8 kg·hm^－2;2年纤维品质检测结果为上半部平均长度30.6 mm,断裂比强度31.0 cN·tex^－1,马克隆值5.0;抗枯萎病,耐黄萎病,抗棉铃虫。     

兜兰离体快繁技术研究进展

由于生境破坏和人工过度采挖及繁殖的障碍,兜兰已是世界上最濒危的植物物种之一,所有野生种均被列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》附录I而被禁止交易。突破其种苗繁殖技术瓶颈有利于兜兰种质资源的保护和可持续利用。本文对兜兰属植物无菌播种、共生萌发和组织培养技术等离体快繁技术的进展进行综述,并提出了目前存在的问题和解决方法,以期为兜兰属植物离体繁殖技术的深入研究和优质种苗的规模化生产提供参考。     

High variation in frequency of infection by endophytes in cultivars of meadow fescue in Finland

Systemic and asymptomatic Neotyphodium fungal endophytes infect numerous species of the Poaceae. The frequencies of Neotyphodium endophyte infection in Finland were investigated among and within seven Nordic cultivars of meadow fescue, Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P. Beauv., which is a widely grown pasture and forage grass species in Scandinavia. The cultivars were Kasper, Salten, Antti, Fure, Ilmari, Inkeri and Kalevi. Frequencies of infection of cultivars varied from endophyte-free cultivar Fure to highly infected cultivar Inkeri [mean (standard deviation of mean) of 0·95 (0·023)]. Mean frequencies of infection of three cultivars remained lower than 0·10, and two of the cultivars, Kasper and Salten, were intermediately infected. In most of the cultivars, frequencies of infection varied only slightly among seed lots. In cultivar Kasper, however, the frequency of endophyte infection was highly variable (0–0·96) among the 45 seed lots examined. The relative importance of cultivar, seed lot and infection by Neotyphodium endophyte to the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi L. was studied experimentally, using both endophyte-free and endophyte-infected plants of four seed lots of the two intermediately infected cultivars. Endophyte infection increased plant resistance to R. padi , overriding the influences of seed lot and cultivar. It is proposed that variation caused by endophyte infections in cultivars of meadow fescue should be taken into account in assessing plant breeding programmes in Europe.     

Investigation of Polymorphisms in Coding Region of OsHKT1 in Relation to Salinity in Rice

Rice(Oryza sativa) is sensitive to salinity, but the salt tolerance level differs among cultivars, which might result from natural variations in the genes that are responsible for salt tolerance. High-affinity potassium transporter(HKTs) has been proven to be involved in salt tolerance in plants. Therefore, we screened for natural nucleotide polymorphism in the coding sequence of Os HKT1, which encodes the HKT protein in eight Vietnamese rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance level. In total, seven nucleotide substitutions in coding sequence of Os HKT1 were found, including two non-synonymous and five synonymous substitutions. Further analysis revealed that these two non-synonymous nucleotide substitutions(G50T and T1209A) caused changes in amino acids(Gly17Val and Asp403Glu) at signal peptide and the loop of the sixth transmembrane domain, respectively. To assess the potential effect of these substitutions on the protein function, the 3D structure of HKT protein variants was modelled by using PHYRE2 webserver. The results showed that no difference was observed when compared those predicted 3D structure of HKT protein variants with each other. In addition, the codon bias of synonymous substitutions cannot clearly show correlation with salt tolerance level. It might be interesting to further investigate the functional roles of detected non-synonymous substitutions as it might correlate to salt tolerance in rice.     

Role of invertase in the accumulation of sugars in cold-stored potatoes

Freshly harvested potatoes contain low levels of total invertase and high levels of invertase inhibitor. Total invertase increases sharply when potatoes are placed in cold storage, but the inhibitor is not depleted in all varieties. The absence of basal invertase activity in Norchip tubers indicates that an excess of invertase is not required for reducing sugar formation. Analyses of 37 varieties and seedlings after 3 months cold storage revealed that the reducing sugar content is not proportional to the invertase activity. High sugar contents are associated with low inhibitor levels, but low sugars are not necessarily associated with high inhibitor levels. The results indicate that invertase participates in reducing sugar formation, but other factors are responsible for the regulation of starch-sugar conversion in potatoes during cold storage.     

马铃薯试管苗组织培养及微型薯诱导技术的研究

通过加入不同浓度的BA、NAA和KT,以探讨外源激素对马铃薯试管苗生理性状的影响,发现低浓度的外源激素较适合用来进行试管苗的增殖。本试验利用香豆素进行微型薯的诱导,结果表明低浓度的香豆素对提高薯重和大薯率有利,而高浓度有利于提高微型薯的结薯数量。     

Quantitative assessment of metals in local brands of tea in Pakistan

In present study, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Co, Pb, Cr, Ni and Cd were analyzed by FAAS in green and black tea samples of locally available in the Pakistani market. Na and K were also determined by Flame Photometer. Tea leaves can be the source of mineral components and trace elements, as well as some undesirable substances due to exposure to the environment. Among the metals tested, K was the most abundant one followed by Na, Mn and Fe. Fortunately, toxic heavy metals, Pb and Cd, had the lowest contents in tea samples and also in tea aqueous extracts. Concentration of heavy metals in tea aqueous extract was markedly lower than their total contents except that of K. The solubility of studied metals in tea aqueous extract varied widely and ranged from 0.0-95%. The lowest ranges of solubility were listed for toxic heavy metals Pb and Cd. The possible uptake of metals by the human body from tea aqueous extract has also been determined. The amounts of metals that one may take up through consumption of tea aqueous extract were found to match the acceptable daily intake even taking into account exposure from air, food and drinking water.     

我国发展能源油料作物的策略分析

分析了国内外植物油脂的供需形势、我国耕地和边际地利用潜力、油脂植物资源的种属分布特点等,提出发展我国能源油料作物和生物柴油产业的3点建议：加大对边际地、油脂植物资源的调查等基础平台性研究,为政府决策和产业服务;加强产学研结合,形成研究、推广、产业的良性循环;制定能源植物推广应用优惠政策、推动能源油料作物生产发展。     

玉米耐盐性研究进展

综述了玉米耐盐生理机制和耐盐育种的研究进展。