基于3S技术的甘南草地覆盖度动态变化研究

以像元二分法模型为基础,构建了基于改进归一化植被指数(NDVI)的植被覆盖度定量估算模型,并利用MODIS卫星遥感数据,基于3S技术(GIS,RS,GPS)空间分析功能,分级计算得到了甘南2002,2004,2006,2008年的草地植被覆盖度,分析了甘南2002-2008年植被覆盖度变化的空间动态演变过程和趋势。结果表明,2002-2008年,甘南植被覆盖度质量总体呈下降趋势,一级盖度植被的退化比较严重,草地植被的演变情况主要由优等植被覆盖(一、二级)向低等植被覆盖(四、五级)演变。研究结果揭示了甘南州草地退化状况日趋严重的事实,为相关研究和政府草地管理提供了有效依据。     

1990—2019年阿拉尔垦区植被覆盖时空变化特征分析

监测植被覆盖变化对区域生态环境评价和可持续发展具有重要意义。本文基于Landsat遥感影像和相关统计数据,运用像元二分模型和重心转移模型等方法分析阿拉尔垦区1990—2019年近30年的植被覆盖时空变化特征。结果表明：1990—2019年,阿拉尔垦区平均植被覆盖面积呈增加趋势,高和极高植被覆盖区的面积呈增加趋势,差异显著,分别增加了674 km²和1 147 km²;阿拉尔垦区植被覆盖变化存在时段性和区域性差异,时段上,2005—2010年垦区西北部开始出现植被,以中覆盖类型为主,区域上,垦区西北部植被覆盖的增加趋势最显著;近30年,垦区植被覆盖重心整体向东北方向转移;气候对阿拉尔垦区植被覆盖变化有一定的影响,但人类活动影响最直接。在未来发展中应注重保护自然植被,有计划地开垦土地,合理调整垦区农业结构,科学分配水权,保证垦区生态用水,实现可持续发展。     

基于RS与GIS的三峡库区植被覆盖度时空变化研究——以湖北省段为例

以1987、2007和2013年三峡库区湖北省段3期Landsat TM、ETM为数据源,在RS和GIS技术的支持下,提取不同时期三峡库区湖北省段的植被指数NDVI,并根据DEM数字高程模型提取地形因子,研究了三峡库区湖北段1987-2013年植被覆盖度的年际变化特征及地形关系。研究结果显示:(1)研究区1987-2013年间总体上植被覆盖度明显改善,处于高植被覆盖度,较高植被、高植被覆盖面积明显增加,由1987年34.83%上升到2013年的73.29%。(2)三峡库区湖北段的植被覆盖度从1987年到2007年呈明显上升趋势,从2007年到2013年呈略微下降趋势,表明三峡库区湖北段近年来的植被覆盖状况有所下降。(3)研究区植被覆盖变化呈现明显的地形分异特征。不同海拔级上植被覆盖度随高程的增加相应呈增加趋势,1200m海拔以上的植被覆盖度为49.72%;不同坡度级上植被覆盖度随坡度的增大而增加,坡度大于15°的植被覆盖度为67.26%;不同坡向级上植被覆盖度分布较均匀,阴坡植被覆盖度为50.06%,阳坡植被覆盖度为49.94%。表明三峡库区湖北段植被覆盖度与地形因子相关性较大,近年来植被覆盖状况有所恶化,应当引起政府和相关部门的重视。     

基于像元二分模型的艾比湖湿地NDVI指数对微气候的响应

本研究提取了艾比湖湿地不同年份(1998、2007、2011、2014年)的NDVI指数,并进行了实地考察,然后利用像元二分模型对研究区植被覆盖状况进行估算,并分析其在时空分布上的特征及形成原因,建立影响植被覆盖与微气候变化的线性回归模型。结果表明,1)在空间分布上,西南部冲积平原植被覆盖等级最高,东北部覆盖等级略低于西南部,无覆盖和低覆盖等级分布面积最为广泛;在时间分布上,无覆盖面积处于下降趋势,低覆盖和中覆盖面积有所增加,较高覆盖与高覆盖等级面积处于下降趋势;2)不同植被覆盖度对气候变化的响应存在一定的差异;植被覆盖对降水量变化的反应最为强烈,在时间上具有一定的滞后性,对湿度变化的响应不明显,气温与植被覆盖水平之间存在线性函数关系。     

北京市植被覆盖对地形和土地利用的响应

植被覆盖与地形、气候等自然因子密切相关，但短期内则更受人类活动的影响。为分析北京中心城区植被覆盖时空变化及其地形分异规律以及土地利用转变对于植被覆盖度变化的影响，本研究借助遥感技术，通过改进后的像元二分模型获取北京市中心城区不同时间段植被覆盖以及通过监督分类获取对应的土地利用类型，并结合数字高程模型(DEM)数据，通过地理信息系统(GIS)对所得数据综合分析。结果表明：研究区1992-2020年植被覆盖度总体上呈现出由早年的退化为主到近些年来的改善为主，1992-2011年低植被覆盖度不断增加，而2011-2020年则是高植被覆盖不断增加；植被覆盖度受到地形影响显著(P <0.01)。总体上，植被覆盖度与海拔和坡度呈正相关关系；坡向上除平地外，其余坡向植被覆盖度差距不大，阴坡较高，阳坡较低；研究区城市扩张不断占用林地、草地和耕地，是植被覆盖退化的主导因素，而未利用地开发、城市郊野公园建设、退耕还林还草为植被覆盖增加的主导因素。研究可为快速城镇化地区的土地利用与生态环境协调提供有力的科学支撑。     

基于NDVI的植被覆盖度的变化分析——以甘肃省张掖市甘州区为例

为了分析张掖市甘州区自1987-2006年19年间的植被覆盖的变化,以归一化植被指数(NDVI)和植被覆盖度遥感定量模型为基础,以1987年、2006年2期的TM影像和张掖市1∶10万地形图为数据基础,提取两期的植被覆盖等级图,定量的分析该地区植被覆盖度的变化情况。结果表明：近19年来,该区的植被盖度总体略呈下降趋势,荒漠化草地等植被覆盖状况较差的地区植被退化较为严重,绿洲地区的植被覆盖较为稳定,部分地区植被盖度呈上升趋势。     

三江源植被覆盖区NDVI变化及影响因素分析

为研究三江源植被覆盖区归一化植被指数(Normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)的变化及其影响因素,本研究利用植被类型、中分辨率成像光谱仪(Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer,MODIS) NDVI产品和气象数据等,结合趋势分析和偏相关分析等方法,分析了三江源植被覆盖区2000—2019年NDVI时空变化和引起NDVI变化的主要影响因素。结果表明,三江源植被覆盖区NDVI主要呈增加趋势,明显增加比例为38.49%,局部地区出现减小趋势,明显减小比例为1.49%。气候变化促进研究区NDVI增加,温度升高在研究区西部起主导作用,降水增加在东部地区的作用效果较明显,日照时数对局部地区的影响较大。另外,气温上升引起的冻土消融会造成高坡度地区土壤水分流失,进而导致对水分较敏感的植被如草甸的NDVI减小。     

黑河下游额济纳旗植被动态遥感监测解析

选用2001～2010年的MODIS NDVI数据,采用统计学的分析方法,研究了黑河下游内蒙古额济纳旗植被10年来年度NDVI变化趋势、波动程度、植被指数差值的变化区间、面积等植被特征,分析植被指数的变化状况和地表植被长势。结果显示,10年来额济纳旗植被总体趋于好转。年度NDVI平均值趋于增加;NDVI介于(0,0.091)之间的低覆盖度植被面积趋于减少,NDVI介于(0.1,0.59)之间的高覆盖度植被面积趋于增加;空间上,约98.15%的植被长势基本保持不变,1.47%的草原面积植被状况趋于好转,0.38%的草原面积植被状况趋于恶化。     

生态政策驱动下的内蒙古自治区杭锦旗植被覆盖变化

采用1991、2001和2011年的Landsat-TM卫星遥感影像数据,基于NDVI像元二分模型,对生态政策实施前(1991-2001年)与实施后(2001-2011年)杭锦旗的植被覆盖变化进行了对比分析,并结合研究区的气候变化和生态建设历程对影响植被覆盖变化的因素进行了探究。结果表明,生态政策实施后,杭锦旗的植被覆盖度显著提高,植被覆盖度的年际平均增长速度约为实施前的10倍;植被覆盖状况显著好转,年净好转面积占区域总面积的18.83%。生态政策是驱动2001-2011年间杭锦旗植被覆盖好转的主要因素,降水和气温等对植被覆盖变化的影响并不显著。     

2000-2014年浑善达克沙地植被覆盖变化研究

基于2000-2014年间植被生长季(4-10月)的MODIS NDVI数据反演浑善达克沙地地区植被覆盖变化,结合2000-2013年该地区周边11个气象站点的气温和降水数据,分别从年际变化和月变化角度分析该地区植被覆盖变化对气候变化的响应。研究表明,浑善达克沙地植被NDVI,不论是植被生长季平均值,还是其各月份值都呈上升趋势。研究区植被覆盖度的显著增加是气候和人为因素综合作用的结果, 一定程度上反映了生态恢复重建措施的有效性,但其植被NDVI年际变化趋势与降水量的关系更密切,其相关系数达到0.75,是驱动植被覆盖年际波动的最直接因素。在空间分布上,研究区的南部、中部和北部边缘区域的植被覆盖增加趋势较明显,而中部和西部部分区域未发生明显的趋势性变化。从月变化来看,4月草地植被变化受气温变化影响较明显;5-8月与前一月降水变化关系密切,说明植被生长对降水变化具有一定的滞后性。从沙地类型植被覆盖年际变化趋势看,所有类型都呈增加态势,增加态势最大的类型是移动沙地,最小的是固定沙地。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.