胡椒园间作槟榔对胡椒产量及养分利用的影响

胡椒园间作槟榔是海南胡椒间作体系中应用较广的一种模式,为探明其间作优势来源,以海南胡椒优势种植区4个试验点的胡椒单作与胡椒/槟榔模式为研究对象,调查了2009~2011年各点胡椒产量与养分投入状况,测定2011年土壤养分与胡椒植株叶片养分含量,从而对比了间作模式与胡椒单作模式下胡椒产量、土壤养分状况、肥料产量贡献率和胡椒叶片养分含量的差异。结果表明：在各试验点不同产量水平下,同一地点间作模式的胡椒产量均极显著高于单作。间作模式土壤氮、磷、钾全量含量略低于单作,但未达到显著水平;间作模式土壤速效磷和速效钾含量高于单作,且速效磷差异达到显著水平。在养分投入相同的条件下,间作模式氮、磷、钾肥料偏生产力均极显著高于单作。间作模式下胡椒叶片磷、钾养分含量周年大于单作。上述结果表明胡椒/槟榔间作提高了土壤中速效养分的含量,促进了胡椒对磷、钾等养分的吸收,从而提高了其肥料利用效率,并最终提高胡椒产量。胡椒/槟榔的间作优势可能与二者地下部互作有关。     

胡椒与槟榔间作对群体养分吸收利用的影响

选用胡椒与槟榔种子苗为材料,比较胡椒与槟榔间作和二者单作条件下,胡椒与槟榔的根系形态、地上部和根系的养分浓度和含量、养分吸收和利用效率、地上部和根系生物量的差异。结果表明:胡椒与槟榔间作显著提高了胡椒根系有效形态及地上部氮、磷、钾、钙和镁的养分含量,胡椒对磷的利用效率和地上部生物量均表现出明显的间作优势。分析胡椒根系形态参数与养分效率相关关系,发现胡椒的根长密度、比根长和比表面积与磷的利用效率显著正相关,其中比根长对磷利用效率提升的贡献率达94%,胡椒/槟榔体系显著提高了胡椒的这3个根形态参数和生物量,所以,胡椒/槟榔体系通过改变胡椒根系形态,增加了对养分的吸收量和利用效率,从而提升了胡椒的生物量。间作还提高了槟榔根系氮和磷的养分含量,提高了槟榔对氮和磷的利用效率。间作体系中槟榔对氮和磷的利用效率增加,有利于提高槟榔抵抗病虫的能力,还可以改善槟榔黄化现状和防止其发生。可见,间作体系通过改变胡椒和槟榔的根形态,提升了二者对养分的吸收利用效率和胡椒生物量。     

不同氮肥施用量对胡椒生长及花穗的影响

以热引1号胡椒为材料,研究不同施氮量(0、3.5、7、10.5、14 g/株)处理对幼龄胡椒叶片SPAD值、叶片氮含量、土壤硝态氮含量、胡椒长势和花穗发育的影响及叶片氮含量与花穗发育的相关关系。结果表明:施氮量由0增加到7 g/株,胡椒叶片SPAD值、叶片氮含量均逐渐增加,促进胡椒生长。施氮量为10.5~14 g/株时,胡椒叶片的SPAD值降低,叶片氮含量减少,胡椒株高和冠幅均受到抑制,开花时间晚,花量较少,且土壤中残留的硝态氮增加。因此,在本试验条件下,幼龄胡椒适宜的施氮量为3.5~7 g/株。在生产中,除了应控制氮肥的施用量外,还应增加磷钾肥的施用。      

胡椒果实的生长规律及其在不同发育阶段的养分含量研究

对胡椒花穗、果实的生长规律和果实在不同发育阶段的养分含量进行研究。结果表明,胡椒从开花、果实生长发育到成熟,需要8一9个月。随着胡椒果实的发育膨大,果实N、P、K、Ca和Mg的含量逐渐增加,但不同养分增加幅度有所不同。胡椒果实中还含有一定的微量元素,如锰、铁、硼、铜和锌等。     

种植年限对胡椒园土壤化学肥力指标的影响

系统探讨了不同种植年限胡椒园土壤化学肥力指标的变化状况,结果表明:随种植年限的推移,上层土壤有机质和全氮、土壤有效锰含量明显下降,有效硼与下层土壤有效铜含量明显上升,部分养分含量有下降趋势,须通过强化土壤养分管理、改进施肥方式等措施,阻止老龄胡椒园部分养分继续下降。     

幼龄橡胶树生长与叶片养分的相关性

通过分析研究幼龄橡胶树生长量与叶片养分的相关性,以实现幼龄橡胶树的养分诊断,为幼龄橡胶园的养分管理提供依据。在橡胶树定植后的第2～5年,每年9月采集叶片样品测定养分含量,同时测量橡胶树茎围与树高。在对测定结果进行相关性分析的基础上,利用多元逐步回归分析和聚类分析,研究橡胶树生长量与叶片养分的相互关系。结果表明:茎围与叶片的N、P、Mg、Fe、Cu具有显著的正相关关系,树高与叶片中的N、P、K、Ca、Fe、Cu、Zn具有显著的正相关关系;包含N和Ca的方程为橡胶树茎围的最优方程,包含N、P和Ca的方程为橡胶树树高的最优方程。通过聚类分析将橡胶树分成4种养分类型,不同类型的生长量及养分含量有明显差异,其中第4种类型茎围和树高相对较小,N、P含量也处于缺乏范围;K、Ca的含量较丰富,4种类型均处于正常范围以上;Mg的含量较低,4种类型均低于正常范围。幼龄橡胶树养分不均衡状况较显著,叶片中镁的含量整体较低,幼龄橡胶园的养分管理过程中,增加镁肥施用量的同时,还应调整不同养分间比例,以保证橡胶树的正常生长及养分间的平衡。     

橡胶与胡椒复合种植模式分析

橡胶与胡椒间作栽培模式对于推动我国热区橡胶和胡椒2大产业的发展,以及改善长期单作对土壤环境造成的不利影响具有重要理论与实践意义。综述橡胶和胡椒2种间作物的生物学和养分吸收特性,评价2种作物间作的空间资源利用、小气候环境条件和土壤资源利用的适宜性和生产效率,并对橡胶与胡椒间作栽培模式的生态效益和经济效益进行深入剖析,提出橡胶间作胡椒栽培模式存在的主要问题和橡胶用于胡椒活支柱栽培的研究重点和应用前景,为生产上橡胶胡椒间作提供依据。     

海南橡胶林落叶特征研究

以海南幼龄和成龄橡胶林为对象,采用野外凋落框收集和关联分析等方法,研究2019年5月至2020年4月海南儋州区域橡胶林落叶特征和影响橡胶落叶的主要气候因子。研究结果表明:(1)海南橡胶林落叶产量呈"双峰"型动态变化,当年7月出现小峰,翌年3月出现最高峰;翌年2—4月为集中落叶期,该时期幼龄和成龄林分别占全年落叶总产量的73.04%和70.61%;成龄林落叶产量显著高于幼龄,增幅为14.77%。冗余分析表明,月均温度与月落叶产量呈极显著负相关关系,解释度为49.9%,贡献率为58.6%;(2)幼龄和成龄林间落叶C、N、P、K、Ca、Mg含量月动态变化趋势相似,各元素含量在秋冬季呈下降趋势,而冬春季出现养分富集的现象,年均含量在成龄和幼龄林间差异不显著;(3)落叶养分归还量月动态与落叶产量动态变化相似,受落叶月产量影响较大,而归还量受落叶产量和养分含量共同影响,落叶归还量表现为C>N>K、Ca>Mg>P,成龄显著高于幼龄,各元素增幅分别为16.3%、17.1%、16.7%、27.4%、15.3%和17.7%;(4)幼龄林各元素养分利用效率总体高于成龄林,其中幼龄钾素养分利用效率显著高于成龄(P<0.05);(5)月均温度是影响2019—2020年海南儋州橡胶林落叶格局的主要气候因子。该研究成果可为海南橡胶割胶制度以及养分管理提供技术支撑。     

海南橡胶林落叶特征研究

以海南幼龄和成龄橡胶林为对象,采用野外凋落框收集和关联分析等方法,研究2019年5月至2020年4月海南儋州区域橡胶林落叶特征和影响橡胶落叶的主要气候因子。研究结果表明:(1)海南橡胶林落叶产量呈"双峰"型动态变化,当年7月出现小峰,翌年3月出现最高峰;翌年2—4月为集中落叶期,该时期幼龄和成龄林分别占全年落叶总产量的73.04%和70.61%;成龄林落叶产量显著高于幼龄,增幅为14.77%。冗余分析表明,月均温度与月落叶产量呈极显著负相关关系,解释度为49.9%,贡献率为58.6%;(2)幼龄和成龄林间落叶C、N、P、K、Ca、Mg含量月动态变化趋势相似,各元素含量在秋冬季呈下降趋势,而冬春季出现养分富集的现象,年均含量在成龄和幼龄林间差异不显著;(3)落叶养分归还量月动态与落叶产量动态变化相似,受落叶月产量影响较大,而归还量受落叶产量和养分含量共同影响,落叶归还量表现为C>N>K、Ca>Mg>P,成龄显著高于幼龄,各元素增幅分别为16.3%、17.1%、16.7%、27.4%、15.3%和17.7%;(4)幼龄林各元素养分利用效率总体高于成龄林,其中幼龄钾素养分利用效率显著高于成龄(P<0.05);(5)月均温度是影响2019—2020年海南儋州橡胶林落叶格局的主要气候因子。该研究成果可为海南橡胶割胶制度以及养分管理提供技术支撑。     

海南胡椒优势区土壤pH值与养分肥力指标的相关性分析

对海南省胡椒优势区胡椒园土壤分0～20 cm和20～40 cm两层取样,用以研究海南胡椒种植区土壤pH值与养分含量之间的关系。结果表明,海南胡椒优势区土壤pH值在3.76～5.26之间,极强酸土壤占样品总数的54％,强酸土壤占样品总数的46％;约98％胡椒园土壤有机质含量在较低含量区间;碱解氮含量有85％在适宜值范围内;有效磷含量有54％低于适宜值范围;约54％胡椒园缺乏速效钾;交换性钙、镁含量均低于适宜值范围。线性相关性分析结果表明,土壤pH值与速效钾、交换性钙、镁含量有显著正相关关系,与有机质、碱解氮、有效磷含量相关性不显著;岭回归分析结果表明,土壤pH值与养分因子的相关性由强到弱为：速效钾>交换性钙>有机质>交换性镁>碱解氮>有效磷。因此,应该适当增施草木灰、石灰和有机肥,以提高胡椒园土壤pH值和培肥土壤。     

广西沿海地区豇豆健身控害技术途径

根据广西沿海地区豇豆生长发育气候环境条件和病虫发生为害特点,提出通过创造有利于豇豆正常生长发育而不利于病虫发生为害的栽培环境条件,有效地改善豇豆生育状况,使植株健壮生长,增强自身抗逆性,减少、控制病虫滋生、蔓延和为害,控制豇豆产品农药残留不超标,实现豇豆健身栽培。     

以新发展理念建设现代农业强市

从坚持统筹协调以强化现代农业规划引领、坚持开放兼容以推进一二三产业融合、坚持绿色安全以加快农业供给侧改革、坚持改革创新以保障农业可持续发展、坚持合作共享以提升农业产业化经营水平5个方面阐述加快推进江门市的农业现代化建设，旨在将江门市建设成产出高效、产品安全、资源节约、环境友好的现代农业强市。     

152个黄淮地区小麦主要品种(系)的多抗性鉴定

为给小麦抗病抗虫育种提供依据,于2004～2006年在山东济南对152份来自黄淮地区的小麦主栽品种(系)进行了抗小麦条锈病、叶锈病、白粉病及蚜虫鉴定.结果表明,在供试品种(系)中表现高抗条锈病的品种(系)占46.71%,中抗品种占25.66%;高抗叶锈病的品种占23.68%,中抗品种占24.34%;高抗白粉病的品种占28.29%,中抗品种占55.92%;高抗蚜虫的品种(系)占5.26%,中抗品种占13.16%.综合来看,对小麦条锈病、叶锈病和白粉病表现中抗以上的品种(系)47个,占30.92%;兼抗(中抗以上)小麦条锈病、叶锈病、白粉病和麦蚜的有5个品种(系),占3.29%.     

Field evolution of insecticide resistance in the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål) in China

The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål) is one of the most destructive pests of rice crops in Asian countries including China, Vietnam, Thailand, etc. Evolution of resistance in this pest insect to isoprocarb, buprofezin, pymetrozine, imidacloprid and other neonicotinoid insecticides has been reported. In order to investigate the current status of resistance to commonly used insecticides, nine field populations of N. lugens were collected from Central China, East China and South China, and resistance to insecticides was monitored from 2009 to 2012. All the 9 field populations collected in 2012 had developed extremely high resistance to imidacloprid, with resistance ratios (RR) ranging from 209.3 to 616.6. Resistance to imidacloprid was much higher in 2012 than in 2009. The RR of thiamethoxam varied from 17.4 to 47.1, and the RR of nitenpyram varied from 1.4 to 3.7 in 2012. Of the 9 field populations, six populations showed higher resistance to nitenpyram in 2012 than in 2011. RR for buprofezin varied from 110.1 to 221.6 in 2012 whereas resistance was at a medium level (RR 20.4 ∼ 39.4-fold) in 2009. RR for pymetrozine ranged from 34.9 to 46.8 in 2012. As for isoprocarb, RR ranged from 21.7 to 38.1 in 2012. The obvious increase in resistance to widely applied insecticides indicates that insecticide resistance management strategies are urgently needed to prevent or delay further increase of insecticide resistance in N. lugens.     

Recycling of sewage sludge to grassland: a review of the legislation to control of the localization and accumulation of potential toxic metals in grazing systems

The recycling of sewage sludge or biosolids to grassland is strategically important in the European Union (EU) and its use is tightly regulated to control the risk of pathogen transfer to animals and the food chain. Sewage sludges not only contain valuable concentrations of beneficial nutrients, but also elevated concentrations of potentially toxic metals (PTM) compared with average background concentrations in the soil. The EC and UK regulations refer to six PTM, Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni and Hg, with provisional regulations for Cr, that have to be controlled to prevent detrimental effects on soil and animal health. Despite these regulations, there is still a danger that grazing animals may ingest elevated concentrations of PTM. Biosolids may adhere to herbage after the surface application of sewage sludge to grassland. The repeated surface application of sewage sludge to grassland can lead to elevated concentrations of PTM at the soil surface that may be ingested, together with soil and herbage, by grazing ruminants. This may lead to accumulation of Cd or Pb in liver or kidney. The risk to the human food chain is considered to be low, but the impact on the environment is still unknown. There is little information, for example, on the amount of soil and PTMs that may become incorporated into conserved grass. At present EU and UK legislation and voluntary codes of practice have been developed to protect animal from pathogens in sewage sludge and to minimize any potential risks from accumulation of PTM. The background and implementation of the legislation are examined in this review, and the source and mechanisms of accumulation of PTM by the grazing animal are evaluated.     

贵州主栽杧果品种果实品质及香气成分分析

为了解贵州主栽杧果品种的果实品质特性,分析了‘金煌杧’‘贵妃杧’‘玉文杧’‘桂七杧’‘红玉杧’5个主栽杧果品种果实的12个品质指标和香气成分。结果表明：5个杧果品种的平均单果重在380~898 g,果形指数在1.60~2.14,可食率72.10%~77.74%,水分含量82.06%~85.10%,总灰分含量1.30%~1.70%,粗纤维含量在0.90%~1.10%,可溶性糖含量在7.75~13.90 g/100 g,可溶性固形物含量在11.05%~17.10%,总酸含量在0.120~0.233 g/100 g,维生素C含量在0.0018~0.0073 g/100 g,糖酸比在40.26~123.88,固酸比在61.30~153.39;5个杧果品种共检测出50种香气成分,以萜烯类化合物为主;‘金煌杧’‘贵妃杧’‘玉文杧’‘桂七杧’‘红玉杧’分别检测出香气组分14种、14种、21种、21种、16种,其中萜烯类化合物的含量分别达56.34%、73.95%、82.47%、97.32%、64.16%。5个杧果品种的香味均以松木香味为主,略带青香、苹果香和柠檬香等香味。     

Development of resistance to insecticides in the invasive mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Pakistan

The mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis has been a serious pest of cotton, vegetables, ornamentals and other plants since its invasion into Pakistan in 2005. Its susceptibility to commonly-used insecticides was monitored during 2005–2013 by a nymphal dip bioassay. Initially, P. solenopsis was found susceptible to a range of insecticide classes. Lethal concentration values were particularly low for organophosphates and pyrethroids. After a year of its exposure to insecticides, P. solenopsis developed moderate to high levels of resistance to pyrethroids. After two years, resistance to organophosphates methidathion and chlorpyrifos also rose to moderate to high levels. After five years of use, resistance to pyrethroids, organophosphates, neonicotinoids, endosulfan, carbosulfan, and thiocyclam was generally high to very high. Acetamiprid resistance was slow to develop, as it reached moderate level of resistance after seven years of its extensive applications. Insecticide resistance in P. solenopsis could have been managed in Pakistan if the effective and diverse insecticides were used in rotation, along with other integrated pest management tactics, at the initial stages of resistance development.     

Effects of Lodging at Different Filling Stages on Rice Yield and Grain Quality

The effects of lodging of rice plants from 20 d after full heading to maturity on yield and grain quality were investigated with a hybrid rice combination Liangyoupeijiu and a japonica rice cultivar CY-6.The results showed that,except for brown rice rate,almost all parameters for yield and grain quality including ratio of grain length to grain width,gelatinization temperature and gel consistency,were significantly influenced by lodging and thus deteriorated.Regression analysis suggested that,lodging one day earlier at the grain-filling stage could cause 2.66% to 2.71% of yield loss,1.8 to 2.6 percentage points decrease of seed-setting rate,0.26 to 0.32 g reduction of 1000-grain weight,0.097 to 0.155 percentage point decline of milled rice rate,as well as 0.13 to 0.27 percentage point increase of chalky grain rate,and 0.021 to 0.024 percentage point rise of protein content,and subsequently lower the eating quality.     

甘蔗对梢腐病菌Fusarium不同病原种的室内离体抗性评价

为研究甘蔗梢腐病不同病原菌的致病力差异,利用4份野生菌株(2份Fusarium sacchari、1份F.proliferatum和1份F.andiyazi)与2份诱变菌株(F.sacchari和F.andiyazi的EMS诱变菌株),采用室内离体接种方法对9份甘蔗种质材料进行梢腐病病原菌致病力测定及甘蔗抗性鉴定,根据...     

辽宁省杂交育成大豆品种主要农艺性状的遗传改进

辽宁省从１９６７年到１９９３年杂交育成大豆品种主要农艺性状遗传改进的趋势是：单株粒重、单株荚数、每荚粒数、单株粒数、百粒重、分枝荚数、分枝粒数、分枝粒重、茎粗增加，生育期、株高、倒伏度减少，其中单株粒重、单株荚数、单株粒数、生育期、株高、茎粗先期变化大而后期变化小，每荚粒数、百粒重、分枝荚数、分枝粒数、分枝粒重先期变化小而后期变化大；主茎节数、主茎荚数、每节荚数、主茎粒数、主茎粒重、生育后期、粒茎比呈先增后减趋势；节间长度、分枝数、生育前期、干茎重呈先减后增趋势