唐山红小豆地方品种资源数量性状的遗传变异分析

以71份唐山红小豆地方品种资源为研究对像,对资源各数量性状的平均表现、遗传变异、遗传力及预期遗传进度进行了分析。结果表明,唐山红小豆地方品种资源生育期类型单一、株型高大、产量性状较好,子粒大小中等;主茎分枝、单株荚数、单株生产力、小区产量、生育前期、百粒重、单荚粒数具有中等以上的遗传变异系数和遗传进度,对其选择有一定的效果;在选择效果明显的性状中,生育期、百粒重、主茎分枝遗传力较高,可在早代选择;小区产量遗传力中等,可在遗传基础相对稳定的较高世代选择;而株高、单株荚数、单荚粒数、单株生产力的遗传力较低,应在遗传基础纯合稳定的高世代选择。     

胡麻主要经济性状遗传参数的研究

本文估算了胡麻主要经济性状的广义遗传力、遗传相关系数、遗传进度和选择指数等遗传参数.结果表明;千粒重、株高、工艺长度的遗传力、遗传进度较高,遗传变异系数较大,在早代进行一次选择即可;每果着粒、开花期的遗传力和遗传进度也较高,而变异系数较小.对其也应加强早代选择,并加大选择群体;单株粒数、主茎分枝的遗传力和遗传进度中等,应进行几代连续选择;单株粒重、单株结果的遗传参数值均较小,直接选择效果差,可通过显著相关的性状进行间接选择.特别是对于单株粒重,还可以用相对效率高的选择指数进行间接选择.     

攀西地区大豆地方品种资源遗传特性研究

对攀西地区118份大豆地方品种遗传特性进行了初步研究,结果表明,攀西地区大豆地方品种的主要农艺性状均有较大的遗传变异和选择潜力,尤以分枝数、单株粒数和单株荚数的变异最大;茎粗的遗传率最高,株高、分枝数、主茎节数其次;各性状对产量的遗传相关系数的大小顺序为单株粒数＞单株荚数＞主茎节数＞分枝数＞株高＞百粒重＞茎粗,单株粒数对单株粒重的影响最大,茎粗对单株粒重的影响最小.从中筛选出6个植株高度适中,分枝多、结荚多,单株产量较高的大豆地方品种,可以通过提纯改良用于生产或作为育种的基础材料.     

栽培大豆(G.max)×半野生大豆(G.gracilis)后代主要农艺性状遗传参数的初步分析

本试验利用三个不同结荚习性的栽培大豆(G.max)做母本,分别与三个半野生大豆(G.graeilis)按NCⅡ设计配制的9个杂交组合,估测了F_1、F_2代主要农艺性状的优势指数;F_2代主要农艺性状的平均数、变幅、遗传变异系数、遗传力和预期遗传进度。试验结果表明:F_1代除百粒重、主茎有效节数以外,其余性状均有明显的杂种优势;F_2代除有效分枝、主茎粗以外,其余性状的优势指数均明显下降;F_2代遗传变异幅度大小的趋势为有限组合>亚有限组合>无限组合;生育日数、株高的遗传力高,可在早期世代进行选择;单株粒数、单株荚数、主茎粗的遗传力低,应在较晚世代选择;单株粒重及其主要构成因素均有较大的遗传进度绝对值,无限组合的遗传进度明显低于有限、亚有限组合。     

蚕豆主要数量性状的配合力和遗传力分析

以性状差异明显的4个青海蚕豆为母本,与具有互补性状的4个外来种质进行不完全双列杂交,配制16个组合。分析了株高、始荚高、有效枝、单株荚数、单株粒数、荚粒数、百粒重和单株产量等8个主要性状的配合力及遗传力。结果表明:(1)加性效应和非加性效应对蚕豆杂交后代性状都有重要作用,且这些性状的基因加性效应均对杂种后代的性状起主导作用,尤其是有效枝、单株荚数、单株粒数和单株产量完全受基因加性效应控制;(2)应根据一般配合力和特殊配合力的大小和育种目标的要求选择合适的亲本和较优的杂交组合;(3)8个主要性状的广义遗传力由大到小的顺序是:百粒重>株高>荚粒数>有效枝>单株荚数>始荚高>单株粒数>单株产量;狭义遗传力由大到小的顺序为:百粒重>株高>有效枝>荚粒数>单株荚数>始荚高>单株粒数>单株产量。在改良品种粒重时,可进行早代选择,而其他性状的遗传力中等偏低,易受环境因素影响,应连续多代选择。     

晋北地区引种苦荞麦的生态适应性与主成分分析

为了探讨晋北地区14份引种苦荞麦的生态适应性,比较了各品种的生育期、主要农艺性状的遗传变异,并运用主成分分析方法对生物学性状进行评价。结果表明,一级分枝数、单株粒数和单株粒重的变异系数较大,株高和主茎节数的变异系数较小;一级分枝数与单株粒重、单株粒重间相关性显著(P0.05);单株粒数和单株粒重间相关系数达极显著水平(P0.01);前4个主成分的累计贡献率达93.216%,对苦荞产量贡献的主成分顺序是籽粒数量构成因子籽粒质量构成因子植株高度构成因子主茎构成因子;在选择苦荞麦品种时应着重第一、二、三主成分的综合选择。根据主成分分析综合得分,筛选出‘云荞1号’和‘黔苦6号’,在晋北地区综合性状表现良好。     

贵州芝麻种质资源调查、收集及鉴定评价

调查了贵州主要地区芝麻种质资源的类型及地理分布,种皮颜色类型多样,芝麻资源主要分布在贵州黔西北和黔西南地区.对108份贵州芝麻资源材料的26个主要农艺性状进行了遗传变异及主成分分析.结果表明:质量性状间遗传多样性指数在0.329 3～2.387 3之间,性状间遗传多样性差异水平大;数量性状的变异系数在7.32％～69.05％之间,变异范围广,遗传类型丰富.10个农艺性状主成分因子的主要信息集中在前6个主成分,其累计贡献率为90.75％,主成分分析确立了单株蒴果数、千粒重、单株籽粒重3类主要影响因子,表明芝麻优良品种的选择应集中在对单株蒴果数、千粒重、单株籽粒重性状等性状优良的资源材料进行选择.     

美国BSSS玉米群体穗部性状分析

为筛选优良种质资源,拓宽玉米的遗传基础,对引进的美国BSSS玉米群体中143个单株的穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、千粒重等性状及其与穗粒重的关系进行了相关分析.各性状均分离出优于对照自交系掖478的群体单株,其中穗粒重优于对照的占79.24％.选择到各性状均优于对照的群体单株15株.行粒数和千粒重对单株产量的直接作用为较大正效应,穗行数通过行粒数对单株产量的间接作用为较大正效应.因此,在BSSS玉米群体中选择行粒数偏多,千粒重偏重,穗行数适当偏多的后代,更有可能选育到丰产性好的种质资源.     

夏大豆产量与主要农艺性状的遗传、相关与选择

本文以河北省不同类型夏大豆为材料，研究了株高、单株有效分枝数、主茎节数、单株有效荚数、百粒重、单株粒重及群体产量等10个农艺性状的遗传力、表型相关、遗传相关及相关遗传力。结果表明，用相关遗传力代替相关系数和遗传力分析确定与夏大豆产量等性状的间接选择方法简便、准确度高。通过研究认为：丰产型大豆的重要辅助性状依次为：单株有效荚、单株粒重、单株有效分枝、每荚粒数。     

福建省近年来育成春大豆品种农艺性状的遗传变异、相关性及主成分分析

对福建省11个春大豆品种的10个农艺性状进行了遗传变异分析、相关性分析和主成分分析。结果表明,大豆有效分枝数、主茎节数、单株荚数、单株粒数和单株粒重等变异系数较大;单株粒重与有效分枝数和单株荚数呈显著相关。主成分分析表明,前3个主成分,其累积贡献率为83.78%,分别为荚粒性状因子、产量性状因子和株型性状因子。     

Genetic control of alfalfa seed yield and its components

Seed yield is of little agronomic importance in alfalfa (lucerne) but is critical in the marketing of varieties. In order to develop breeding criteria, the quantitative genetics of seed yield components must be studied. The objective of this study was (1) to evaluate combining ability for seed yield and its components and (2) to estimate the genetic control of these same characters. A 7 × 7 diallel mating design, including reciprocals, among parents from different varieties, and a 7 × 7 factorial design within the ‘Flamande’ population were evaluated. In the diallel design, where the progenies were evaluated over two growing seasons, a high genotype effect was found for seed yield and its components while genotype × year interaction was only significant for seed yield per plant. General combining ability (GCA) effects explained most of the variation due to genotype effect. Specific combining ability (SCA) and reciprocal effects were only significant for seed yield per plant. ‘Europe‐1’, ‘Rival‐5’ and ‘Medalfa‐7’ were the most promising parents, conferring the highest GCA for most of the characters evaluated, especially for seed weight per inflorescence. In the factorial design, seed weight per pod was the only character for which the year effect was not significant. Male and female effects were significant for all characters and these effects were larger than the male × female interaction variance for all the characters. These results were stable over the 2 years for most characters. Additive variance was larger than dominance variance, for all traits. This resulted in high narrow‐sense heritabilities, especially for seed yield per plant, seed weight per inflorescence and number of seeds per pod. Seed weight per inflorescence and number of seeds per inflorescence were highly correlated with seed yield per plant among the full‐sib (FS) families, in both experiments. Increase in seed yield potential in alfalfa could be achieved by the use of seed weight per inflorescence as a selection criterion.     

Genetic Variation for Seed Yield in Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

In perennial ryegrass seed yield is low and unreliable and little is known about the seed-yielding capacity of different cultivars. Therefore, genetic variation for seed yield was studied for therefore, genetic variation for seed yield was studied for three years at two locations. Twelve trials consisting of drilled plots of nine diploid, late-flowering cultivars in four replications were harvested for seed. Significant gentic differences for seed yield and seed weight weight were detected. The ranking of the cultivars for seed yield differed from that for seed weight. The levels of seed yield and seed weight were affected by such environmental factors as year, soil type and crop production year, but interactions of these factors with cultivars were generally not significant. Variation in seed yield was more related to variation in seed number than to variation in seed weight. There were no significant cultivar differences for yield stability. The highest yielding cultivar was superior over a wide range of environments and the seed yield of the poorest cultivar was on average only 64% of that of the best cultivar.     

Genetic and environmental variation in architecture and yield components in determinate white lupin (Lupinus albus L.)

Summary Determinate architecture is of great interest for lupin production in Europe but the extent of genetic and environmental variation in the structure and yield of determinate lupins must be evaluated. Forty-three genotypes of determinate autumn-sown white lupin were studied in four environments in France in 1991/92 and 1992/93. Wide variation was observed for phenological (dates of mainstem and branch flowering, date of end of flowering and date of maturity), morphological (numbers of branch orders, branches and leaves) and seed characters (seed yield, mean seed weight, number of seeds/m²). Both genetic and environmental effects contributed to the observed variation. Heritabilities were high for all characters, and the interaction between genotype and location effects was low. There were significant positive correlations of flowering dates with vegetative plant development including the number of branches, number of leaves and number of branch orders. Seed yield and phenological and archtectural characters were significantly correlated. Distribution of yield on the vegetative orders showed important variations according the genotype, and the variations were related to variation for the architecture. There are possibilities for yield improvement using morphological characters in determinate autumn-sown lupin.     

Genetic divergence in parental genotypes and its relation with heterosis, F1 performance and general combining ability (GCA) in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)

Summary Genetic divergence in 110 population (20 parents and 90 F₁ hybrids) of opium poppy was studied by multivariate analysis. All the entries were grouped in 14 clusters. Out of 20 parents, ten were accumulated in one cluster and rest 10 distributed over seven clusters. Estimates of cluster distance showed that maximum intra-cluster distance was in -cluster IX (25.62) followed by cluster I (22.41), V (22.23) and IV (21.06). The inter cluster distances varied from 16.62 (between cluster XII and XIV) to 195.10 (between cluster IV and IX). The cluster analysis indicated substantial diversity among the parental genotypes, which had the potential to release considerable variation in their crosses. The first four principal components (PCs) with eigen values >1 accounted for 68% of variation among the population. The first and second components could account for 29 and 20% of the total morphological and alkaloidal variations, respectively. The PC1 was closely related to yield and yield related traits. The characters contributing greatest positive weight on PC1 were opium yield, plant height, stem diameter, capsule weight/plant and seed yield/plant. The possibilities of relationship between genetic divergence, F₁ performance, heterosis and GCA of parents have been explored.     

南通扁豆品种主要农艺性状的相关性和通径分析

对16个南通地方扁豆品种的10个主要农艺性状进行相关性分析及通径分析。结果表明,小区产量的变异系数较大,达到44.62%,而始收天数性状的变异系数仅为3.15%;百荚重与荚长等4对性状间呈极显著相关,7个性状与小区产量呈正相关;每荚粒数对小区产量的直接通径系数最大（P＝0.7054）,因此对每荚粒数进行直接选择是扁豆高产育种的有效方法;荚宽对小区产量的负向直接作用最大（P＝-0.5299）,因此在育种过程中选择荚宽较小的品种有利于获得高产,但荚宽过小会降低每荚粒数,从而影响产量性状。     

Path analysis of the relationships between seed yield and some morphological and phenological traits in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)

Path analysis was performed on plant characters of six safflower genotypes grown in a two year field experiment to determine for seed yield, the direct and indirect effects of the following traits: total biomass, stem yield, number of primary branches/plant, number of secondary branches/plant, number of seeds/m², number of seeds/capitulum, number of capitula/plant, capitulum diameter, 1000-seed weight, seed weight/capitulum, distance between ground level and the first fertile branch, plant height, number of days to the beginning of branching, number of days to the beginning of flowering, number of days to 50% flowering, number of days to full flowering and flowering duration. Seed yield was significantly correlated with the following traits: total biomass, stem yield, capitulum diameter, 1000-seed weight, seed weight/capitulum, distance between ground level and the first fertile branch, number of days to the beginning of branching and flowering duration. Total biomass, seed weight/capitulum, distance between ground level and the first fertile branch, 1000-seed weight and flowering duration had substantial direct effects, in that order, on enhancement of seed yield. The significant positive correlation coefficient of capitulum diameter with seed yield resulted from positive indirect effects of total biomass, seed weight/capitulum and 1000-seed weight. Conversely, the significant negative correlations between number of days to the beginning of branching and distance between ground level and the first fertile branch and seed yield resulted from negative indirect effects of the same three traits. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that 94% of the total variation in seed yield could be explained by variation in total biomass and by number of days to the beginning of branching (84 and 10%, respectively). Results suggest that total biomass and number of days to the beginning of branching are primary selection criteria for improving seed yield in safflower.     

陆地棉配合力与杂种优势、遗传距离的相关性分析

 用10个陆地棉亲本进行不完全双列杂交,共配置了45个组合,计算亲本的一般配合力（GCA）、特殊配合力(SCA)、杂种优势,并结合SSR标记研究了陆地棉亲本配合力与杂种优势、遗传距离之间的相关关系。配合力分析发现,10个亲本的一般配合力和特殊配合力存在显著或极显著差异。分析亲本配合力、杂种优势和遗传距离的相关性发现,子棉产量、皮棉产量、衣分的一般配合力和杂种优势呈显著或极显著相关,纤维长度、比强度、麦克隆值、株高、果枝数、单株铃数、铃重、子棉产量、皮棉产量、衣分的特殊配合力和杂种优势均呈极显著正相关,而与遗传距离相关均不显著。单株铃数、铃重、子棉产量、皮棉产量、衣分的杂种优势与遗传距离均为正向显著或极显著相关。在育种实践中这些显著或极显著相关的性状可能具有较高的改良潜力。     

Reproductive growth inLolium 1. Evaluation of genetic differences within an established variety by means of a diallel cross

Summary A genetic evaluation of S23 perennial ryegrass has been made by means of a 6 × 6 diallel cross. The characters studied were those associated with seminal reproduction and included seed yield and several of its primary components.The pattern of variation between the parents indicated a mainly additive system, itema of the Hayman analysis being significant for yield and all the other characters. Maternal effects were not a constant feature, but were evident for seed yield, plant weight and spikelet numbers/inflorescence. Dominance was a prevalent feature and invariably acted in the direction of the greater expression of the character.While a high level of incompatibility was evident from the paucity of seed setting on selfing, the variation between progeny yields following open pollination gave a range from the highly acceptable levels of commercial production to very low uneconomic levels. The results indicate that improvement in seed yield is feasible by breeding even though in this variety selection pressure has tended towards a restriction of variability for essentially agronomic features.     

陆地棉高品质系数量性状的遗传变异与选择指数

 研究了20个高品质陆地棉品系12个数量性状的遗传变异、广义遗传力、遗传相关及产量的选择指数。结果表明,单株产量和株铃数具有较大的遗传变异,纤维品质性状的遗传变异较小,说明继续改良高品质系的产量性状潜力较大。纤维品质性状的广义遗传力介于79.07%~89.47%之间,产量及产量组分性状中以衣分和铃重最高,广义遗传力分别为89.1%和81.85%,单株皮棉重最低,为55.05%。单株皮棉重与株铃数、株铃数与果枝数成极显著遗传正相关。利用与单株皮棉重遗传相关较强的多个性状构建的选择指数,比单纯选择单株皮棉重的效果好,其中以单株皮棉重、株铃数、果枝数和果节数结合选择的效果最佳。