得内贸者得天下——国内对虾产业发展思考

曾几何时,对虾作为水产品摆上餐桌,实属国人高档消费,北方人要吃顿虾那才叫"金贵"。上世纪80年代初开始,中国养虾业逐步兴起,对虾工厂化人工繁育技术取得阶段突破,苗种实现规模化生产,为对虾养殖业的快速发展创造了条件,使我国对虾养殖进入大发展时期。1992年,全国对虾养殖面积达到200万亩,年对虾养殖产量约20万吨,一跃成为世界对虾养殖大国。特别是1998年南美白对虾和全人工繁育技术的引进,实现了南美白对虾苗种的规模化生产,有力地推动了南方地区南美白对虾养殖业的发展。2006年全国对虾养殖总量突破100万吨,人均年消费量仅535克,刚刚过一斤。2009年全球对虾养殖总量为338万吨,其中海水养殖量为287万吨,淡水养殖量约51万吨。中国仍为全球主要对虾生产国,对虾养殖总量为130.3万吨,占全球总量的38.6%,其中海水养殖约占六成,淡水养殖约为四成。目前,从养殖品种上看,南美白对虾是我国对虾养殖业骨干品种,占国内对虾总量的73%;从养殖区域上看,淡水养殖分布相对较广,其中珠江三角洲占42%,长江三角洲为38%;而海水养殖则以广东、广西、海南、福建等南方四省为主,占全国海水养殖总量的近80%,其中仅广东养殖对虾产量近50万吨,占全国对虾养殖总量的38%,接近四成!(其他省份,广西为21%,海南为16%,福建4%)。广东是名副其实的对虾养殖大省,而湛江又是我省对虾海水养殖的重点区域。继2009年多次湛江调研后,2010年5月初,笔者再赴湛江,走访饲料企业、水产药品企业、养殖户,并在湛江南三岛就对虾养殖模式和技术需求作了调研,以期为养虾业发展提供思考。     

凡纳滨对虾的维生素和矿物质营养需求研究进展

<正>凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei Boone,1931)也称南美白对虾,自然分布于太平洋沿岸水域的秘鲁北部至墨西哥桑诺拉一带,已成为世界上养殖规模最大、产量最高的对虾品种(Liao等,2011)。2010年,仅我国凡纳滨对虾养殖产量就达134.8万吨(2011年渔业统计年鉴)。随着甲壳动物养殖业的不断推进,对凡纳滨对虾养殖技术研究以及其饲料研发工作也随之增     

南美白对虾主要疾病及防治

南美白对虾(Penaeus vannmei)又称凡纳对虾或万氏对虾,原产于美洲太平洋沿岸水域,主要分布秘鲁北部至墨西哥湾沿岸,以厄瓜多尔沿岸分布最为集中。1988年由中国科学院海洋研究所引入我国,因其具有对水环境抗逆能力强、营养要求低、生长速度快虾体含肉量大、对盐度适应范围广、离水存活时间长和抗病力强等优点,与斑节对虾、日本对虾成为目前世界养殖产量最高的三大虾种。我国成功地进行了南美白对虾人工育苗,1994年开始在全国各地进行了人工养殖。随着养殖规模的扩大,养殖强度不断增加,养殖生态环境也在不断恶化,目前世界上各地虾类养殖遇到了很多的困难。其中对虾类养殖业发展威胁最大的问题是虾病的流行,每年因虾病造成的损失巨大。     

果树、花卉、经济林木及药用植物的快繁技术

南美白对虾又称万氏对虾、凡纳对虾、白虾。它生长快、抗环境能力强、对饵料的要求低、肉味鲜美和加工出肉率高,是目前国际水产品市场和世界虾类养殖业者深受欢迎的对象。     

南美白对虾的营养需求及饲料加工技术要点

自1988年中国科学院海洋研究所从美国夏威夷引进南美白对虾开始，南美白对虾养殖业和饲料制造业互相促进，相伴成长，走过了不平凡的二十年。二十年之中，在政府、科学家和从业者的共同推动下，中国的对虾产业已经居全球首位。恒兴集团研发中心总结了国内外学者关于南美白对虾的营养研究结果，结合自身的饲料配制经验提出饲料加工技术要点，仅供参考。     

南美白对虾营养与饲料研究进展(1)

南美白对虾是南美洲最重要的对虾养殖品种。1998年,美洲地区(13.2万t)超过90%的养殖品种是南美白对虾,特别是在厄瓜多尔和墨西哥。南美白对虾生长性能良好,抗病能力强,如抗IHHN、WSSV等病毒(取决于养殖管理),对虾对饲料蛋白质的需要量低,能较好的利用植物蛋白和碳水化合物。南美白对虾营养研究的重点集中在降低成本、池塘利用和增加产量上。南美白对虾对蛋白质、铜、锌、钙、磷和维生素等营养素的研究主要来自于国外一些研究中心提供的试验数据。池塘养殖结果为网箱、池养以及一些大型的精养和半精养等养殖模式提供参考数据,“菌落”试验证明细菌发挥有益作用。温度27℃左右时,如果饲料营养均衡,在不使用添加剂(微生态制剂和免疫刺激剂)的精养条件下,对虾年产量也可能增加1倍。当前对南美白对虾研究焦点主要是对虾营养、生理以及营养与基因的内在联系。     

南美白对虾高位池养殖技术

<正>南美白对虾又称凡纳滨对虾,是当今世界养殖虾类产量最高的品种之一,在我国南方沿海各省得到了广泛的养殖。与其他养殖模式相比,高位池养殖模式对养殖技术的要求更高,养殖风险更大,因此需要较高的养殖技术和管理水平才能获得较好的收益。下面即是南美白对虾海水高位池养殖中需     

2008’南美白对虾产业发展研讨会圆满成功

南美白对虾产业是湛江市的重要产业,已成为湛江的一张名片,同时湛江在全国南美白对虾产业中也具有举足轻重的作用。据了解,湛江的南美白对虾养殖规模占全国近1／3,同时养殖技术也属同行翘楚;湛江的对虾饲料规模也很大,诞生了如粤海饲料集团、恒兴集团这样在全国南美白对虾饲料行业中数一数二的企业;如何采取有效措施在保证饲料安全的前提下,根据市场的需要开发出高效、环保的对虾饲料,以促进饲料和对虾产业的协调健康发展。同时,湛江的对虾加工和流通企业也有几十家之多,对虾加工的产量和技术水平都居全国之首,特别是湛江国联水产开发有限公司在对虾质量安全危机和反倾销诉讼事件中取得突破成就,对整个产业意义重大;同时,湛江的与南美白对虾相关产业也非常发达。     

如何选择虾饲料

目前华南地区对虾料系列主要有南美白对虾料、斑节对虾料、日本对虾料,其中南美白对虾饲料因为养殖面积日益扩大而销售量也逐渐增大。粗蛋白含量日本对虾料高于斑节对虾料,斑节对虾料高于南美白对虾料。     

南美白对虾虾苗的选择与放养注意要点

<正>南美白对虾又称凡纳滨对虾(Penaeus Vannmei),是当今世界对虾产量最高的品种之一,具有生长快、盐度适应范围广、抗病力强等特点,风味鲜美,目前在世界各地得到大面积推广养殖,现已成为我国对虾养殖规模最大     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.